Mutemo wengozi mbiri unomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinokatyamadza zvikurusa dzinopiwa kuvanhu vakatarisana nesimba rehurumende. Mumamiriro ezvinhu eutsotsi hwemari hwakakwirira, umo nzvero dzinogona kupedza makore, dzinobatanidza mamirioni ezvinyorwa, uye kuyambuka miganhu mizhinji yamarudzi ose, kushandiswa kweiyi nheyo yakare inova yakaoma zvikuru. Inobatira segadziriro yokupedzisira, inomanikidzira hurumende kusimbisa ufakazi hwayo nerondedzero yokukwirira mumhaka imwe, inowirirana. Kundikana kuita saizvozvo hakusati kuri banza rokuedza kwechipiri; ibhawa rinodzivirira vapomeri munhamo inodzoreswa.

Mavambo Ekutonga Kuviri Kwengozi

Kudzivirirwa pakuiswa mungozi kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kunosimbiswa zvikuru mutsinhirano yeBritain neAmerica. Kubatana kwayo kwakakurumbira zvikurusa muUnited States iFindrence yeshanu kuBumbiro reMitemo: "Hakuna munhu upi noupi achadzorwa nokuda kwokuramba kuiswa mungozi imwe cheteyo youpenyu kana kuti makumbo. Iyi gadziriro inoshanda kunyika kupfurikidza neGaramende re145. Chinangwa chikuru ndechokudzivisa hurumende kusashandisa pfuma yayo huru kuderedza mupomendirwi kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kunodzokororwa kwadzokororwazverwa, nokudaro ichichengeta perero nokupedzisira zvemitongo yedare.

Apo Kuora Mwoyo Kunoisa Pamberi

Kunzwisisa apo njodzi dzinobatanidzwa kunenge kwakakomba nokuda kwemhosva dzemari. Mudare redare rinobetsera vatongi, ngozi inobatana apo vatongi vanopikirwa. Mudare redare redare, inobatana apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa. Iyi nguva inokosha nemhaka yokuti kana mhaka ikadzikwa pamberi pepfundo rino, kutongwa kwakatevera hakudzivisiki. Zvisinei, kana vatongi vangoiswa panzvimbo yakaiswa dare ndokupikirwa, mukwirirwi ane kodzero yokusarudza kubva kudare iroro rakananga, achifanira kuganhurira kusingawiwiwiwiwi sedare risiri pamutemo raiziviswa nokuda kwechinodikanwa chakatanhamara.

Kusiyana Pakati Pokurevererwa Nokudzingwa

Kureurura kwechokwadi chisarudzo chokupedzisira chokusava nemhaka yakavakirwa paidi renhau yacho. Kudzingwa, kuno rumwe rutivi, kungavakirwa pazvikanganiso zvetsika, kushaikwa kwoufakazi pachikamu chokutanga, kana kuti kusazvibata kwemuchuchisi. Kazhinji kazhinji, kurambwa kwechokwadi bedzi kunoparira dziviriro inopa njodzi huru. Kana dare rikaramba mhaka panzvimbo dzinonzi dzinotemwa, hurumende inogona kutsiva kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kana urema hwamagariro huchiporeswa, kana yakagoverwa kuva nengozi isati yabatanidzwa. Munzvimbo youtsotsi hwemari, uyu musiano unomuka apo murairo unova pachena unotungamirira kukuva pakati pokuramba.

Kushandiswa Kwengozi Huviri Mumativi Ezvemari Outsotsi

Mhosva dzemari dzakafanira nenzira yechienzi kuedza miganhu yengozi mbiri nemhaka yokuti kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza nhevedzano yamabasa akafanana anobatanidza mitemo mizhinji. Chirongwa chimwe chokunyengera chingaumba kubiridzira kwapawaya, kusachengeteka, kubiridzira mari, uye chirongwa. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewokuti iyi imhaka [ yakafanana here kana kuti [FLT:] mitaro yakavhengana [[FLT:] [FLT]] nokuda kwezvinangwa zvengozi dzakapetwa kaviri.

Muedzo Webrickburger

Dare rapamusoro rakatanga muedzo unodzora mu United States v. Blockburger [1932]. Muiyi divi yapamberi, mhaka mbiri dzinorangarirwa kuva dzakafanana nokuda kwemadonzo akapetwa kaviri kana imwe neimwe isingatsvaki chibvumikiso chechinhu icho imwe isingadani. Mumamwe mashoko, kana Sigte A ichida masero X na Y, uye Statu B imhaka yakasiana nemhaka yokuti imwe neimwe inoda chibvumikiso chechimwe chinhu hachisati chiri (X neZ). Zvisinei, kana Chirevo B chichida mate masangano aX bedzi uye Y (akarongwa chaizvoizvo), iwo imhakano imwe cheteyo.

Munyaya dzemari, iyi muedzo unowanzobvumira vachuchisi kupomera mukwirirwi pasi pemirau mizhinji nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo wakaoma. Munhu anonyepa kubhangi kuti awane chikwereti akaita unyengeri hwemari yebhangi. Kana vakashandisa mari yacho kutenga motokari youmbozha, vangavewo vakaisa mari muhomwe. Mu Isita yepaborburger [, nemhaka yokuti mari inoda uchapupu hwemari inobatanidza mari, uye kubiridzira bhangi kunoda chibvumikiso chemari inoshatiswa, ivo vangava utsotsi hwakasiana, kunyange zvazvo vachibva mumufambiro mumwe chete. Mano aya okupomera mhaka dzakawanda nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho chinopa varovereridzo huru, asi inomutsawo mibvunzo yakaoma kukuva nenyaya dzakaoma kupfurikidza kuedza kuunza dare.

Mufambiro Wakafanana.

Nokuda kwenhambo pfupi inotevera nhau ye Grady v. Corbin (1990), Dare rakashandisa kufutunuka "mufambiro mumwe". Uku kurambidza kana hurumende yaigona kubvumikisa pomero dzakamira ichishandisa mufambiro mumwe chetewo wakaumba hwaro hwechitongeso chakapfuura. Zvisinei, Dare rakatonga iyi nhevedzo makore matatu chete gare gare United States v. Dixon [1993]), richidzorera zvakasimba ku [[FLT:] stiberburg . Iyi rondedzero inodzosera kurondedzero yakamanikana yemari inobvumira zviitiko zvikuru zvemari, kubvumira kupiwa kwapamhene.

Dzidziso Youchangamire Huviri

Zvichida kusiiwa kune simba zvikurusa kumutemo wengozi mbiri muutsotsi hwemari idzidziso mbiri youchangamire. Muiyi nheyo, chiito chimwe chingaputsa mitemo yavatongi vakawanda (munzira yakati, hurumende nehurumende yehurumende, kana kuti nyika mbiri dzakasiana). Nemhaka yokuti uchangamire humwe nohumwe hune maruramiro ahwo humene okushandisa mitemo yahwo, mukwirirwi anogona kupiwa mhaka nomumwe nomumwe nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo pasina kuputsa mutemo weChiviri Jeopardy Claus.

Zviito Zvehurumende Nezvehurumende Zvinowirirana

Iyi dzidziso inowanzoshandiswa mumhaka dzemari huru. Mukwirirwi anoita unyengeri hwekuchengetesa chikwereti muCalifornia angatongwa naCalifornia Attorney General nokuda kwokutyorwa kwapamutemo kwehurumende uye neBato reRuramisiro nokuda kwokubiridzira kwembiriso dzehurumende. Kuregeredzwa mudare rehurumende hakudzivisi mutongo wehurumende, kunyange kana ufakazi hwakafanana. Ikoku kunoparira chimbambaira chapamutemo nokuda kwavakwidziridziri, uyo anofanira kunzvera nenzira inowirirana uye angatarisana nokutongwa kaviri nokuda kwerangariro imwe cheteyo.

Nhamburiko Dzamarudzi Ose

Mugadziriro yemari inowedzera kuva inodzorwa munyika yose, nhau dzengozi dzinoparirwa nengozi dziri kuva dzinozivikanwa zvikuru. Nepo dzidziso youchangamire huviri ichishanda kuhurumende dzakasiana, kupomera mhaka kwamarudzi ose kunobatwa nenzira yakasiana mumutemo weU.S. kazhinji kazhinji, kurovererwa nehurumende yokumwe nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe hakudzivisi kutevera kutongwa kweU.S.. zvisinei, Department of Justices inowanzorangarira kupomera vamwe vakumwe senhau yemiitiro nechisarudzo, uye zvimwe zvibvumirano zvokuwedzera zvinodzivisa zvakananga kudzivirira pamaidi mamwe. Magweta mumirwe emhosva dzemari munyika yose anofanira kusano kunzvera nenzira yokungwarira bvumirano yomutauro nemiraudzo yeDOJ kuti ivake zvibvumikiso zvinogombesairwa.

Zvirongwa Zvakarongwa Zvevapari Vemhosva Vapamutemo

Mutemo wengozi mbiri hausati uchingovawo zvawo nheyo yebumbiro remitemo risiri repamutemo; chishandiso chinoshanda chinoumba nzira yokuchinja nayo mari muzvinoitika zvemari zvakaoma.

Kupa Mhosva

Nokuda kwavachuchisi vehurumende, kuvapo kwechiteshi chengozi chakapetwa kaviri kunoisa basa rokugadzirira kwakawanda. Kana vatongi vangopikirwa, hurumende haigoni kuparadzanisa mhaka yavo kana kuti kuunza pomero itsva dzakavakirwa pabvumirano imwe cheteyo mukutonga kwakasiyana. Iri mauto anochuchisa kuti abatanidze mabasa ose anozivikanwa outsotsi mumhaka imwe. Kupa mhaka ibasa rinoitirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kana chiverengero chakati chikakundikana, vamwe vanopukunyuka, asi vanewo ngozi yokuvhiringidza vatongi nenhau inopfupikisa. Chisarumbidzo chokuronda chibvumirano chenyika yose kana kuti kupomera mhaka yakaganhurirwa pamiganhuro yezvipo zvinoda kurangarirwa nenzira yokungwarira kuti chii chicharambidzwa zvhotera kana muedzo wacho ukaguma mukuvanzi.

Kuzvidzivirira

Magweta edziviriro mumhaka dzemari dzinotora mhaka huru anofanira kudzivirira nokungwarira chinyorwa kuti achengetedze maruramiro aviri. Kana chapupu chokuroverera chikapupurira pamusoro pechiito chokuti mukwiridzirwi akasunungurwa kare mune rumwe rutivi, dziviriro inofanira kukurumidza kuganhurira chipupuriro kana kuti kutsvaka matare. Mukuwedzera, zano rokuzvidzivirira rinofanira kuva rinoziva nezvokushandiswa kwechinyorwa chokutonga. Kana hurumende ikaramba kurangarirwa kwapakati pedare, mukwirirwi angataura kuti nechikonzero chapashure paripo zvino chinova nengozi yakapetwa kaviri. Kufamba kwenguva yakasanotenderwa kugona kuva chishandiso chine simba chokuva chitsatina kukuva chitsarudzo chenhau yokutonga kana kuti kunyange kuuraya utsotsi chose chose chose chose, zvikurukuru apo hurumende yakaunza kutongwa kunotemwa kunotemwa.

Ngozi Yenjodzi Yezvinetso Zvakakomba

Miedzo yemari inowanzova yakaoma zvikuru uye nenzira yakaoma kunzwisisa, inowedzera ngozi yokutongwa zvisina kururama. Kutonga kunoziviswa nemvumo yomukwirirwi kazhinji kazhinji hakudzivisi kutambudzwazve. Zvisinei, kurambwa kusingabvumirwi pamusoro pekuramba kwomupomerwi kunobvumirwa bedzi nokuda kwe "zvinodikanwa zvikuru" muzvinoitika zvemari, kungaoneka chinodikanwa chingamuka kubva kudare rinobetsera rapamberi pedare ramatare (dare rinosungirwa) kana kuti kuzivisa kwokusarura uko kunokanganisa dare redare. Kana mutongi akazivisa mhaka isina hwaro hwakasimba, mukwikwidzirirwi anogona kutaura kuti kutonga kupi nokupi nokupi kunopesana nekaviri, achigovera hwaro hune simba nokuda kwokuramba mhaka yose.

Kutonga Kwezviitiko uye Kwezviratidzo Zvepasi Pacho

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakagovera zvose zviri zviviri kujeka nenharaunda itsva dzegakava.

Gamble v. United States (2029)

Mu Gguedge v. United States, Dare Gurusa rakasimbisazve dzidziso mbiri youchangamire mu 7-2 chisarudzo. Mukwirirwi akataura kuti dzidziso yacho yakanga isingawirirani norugwaro nenhau yeChiviritinari che Jeopardy Claus, asi Dare rakati mutongo wehurumende hauna kurambidzwa nedare rapamberi rehurumende nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho. Ichi chakanga chiri chisarudzo chikuru nokuda kwokukunda nokuda kwavachuchishushi vehurumende vanoronda mhaka dzemari dzinoputsawo mutemo wehurumende. Irondedzero yokuti muhesvuri wetsoro yetsoro yemari mudare rehurumende yaigona kutarisanazve nepomero yehurumende yemhoshori yemhodzo yedare rakanyengera.

SEC Yakafanana Nezviito ZveDOJ

Nzvimbo inokosha yefambiro mberi inobatanidza zviitiko zvehurumende neutsotsi. SEC kazhinji kazhinji inounza zviito zvokuchengetedza pamutemo zvichitsvaka kuputsa nokuranga nokuda kwokutemerwa miganhu, nepo DOJ ichironda pomero dzoutsotsi nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Nemhaka yokuti zviito zvavagari vemo hazvisati zvichirangarirwa kuva "kuparadza," hazvisati zvichiisa mutongo wedare wemhosva unotevedzerwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, chisarudzo cheDare repamusoro redare mu [FL:0] kesh v. SEC[FLT] [207] [2017]) zvinojekesa kuti SeCgorgeea chiratiso kumutemo weda muganhu wegore shanu. Chisarudzo ichi chakamanikidzira , sezvo nhambo yechirangogona kusano muganhu uye kutarisana nenhau youtsotsi. Chibvumikiso chokutarisana nokungwarira nechino chapamutemo mukurwisana nekodzero youtsotsi. Chipomendero chetso chetso mukurwisana kudzo inopesana nemhosva.

Kutakura Mukati uye Kukura Kwechinovhariridza

Munhau dzokutengesa dzinopa denho dzakasiana nedziviri. Tsananguro yeicho chinoumba "kubetsera" muaya mashoko akapoteredza yakashanduka kuva inokosha. Kutevera chisarudzo cheNguva Yechipiri mu United States v. Newman[ (2014, yakadzika zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokubvumikisa "kubetsera kwemunhu", vakwiridziridziri vamashoko vazhinji vakataura kuti mufambiro wavo hauna kutongowirazve muukuru hwoutsotsi. Nepo Newman yakanga isiri njodzi yakananga, inosimbisa kuti chinjo yenhau yomutemo inogona sei pamberi pokubatwa. Kana mukwidzwa wacho akapomerwa mukati pamutemo mududziro yakafara, uye gare gare gare gare, kudzivirirwa kwomutemo kunenge kwaparirwa kwaparirwa kwokupedzisira, kana kuti kupera.

Vane Makakatanwa uye Dzikamo Yeruramisiro

Mutemo wengozi mbiri hausati uri usina vatsoropodzi vawo, zvikurukuru mumashoko akapoteredza outsotsi hwemari hwakaoma.

Mhosva Yokuzvidavirira

Mapoka evatongi nanyajambwa vevatsoropodzi anotaura kuti mutemo wacho unogona kuva wakaoma zvikuru, uchibvumira matsotsi akaoma kutiza kuzvidavirira pamabasa. Kana mari yakaoma kudarika kana kuti kuongorora kwokubiridzira ichiguma nokutongwa kwemhosva kana kuti kupiwa mhosva nemhaka yechikanganiso chetsika, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti zvinodiwa neruramisiro zvinoda mukana wechipiri. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro nguva dzose rakadavira kuti kudzivirirwa kwemitemo panjodzi yakapetwa kaviri hakusi kungwarira asi kodzero inokosha inodzivisa hurumende kupfeka vagari vemo vasina mhaka kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwadzokororwazve.

Ufakazi Hutsva Hunopesana Nohumwe

Mumigariro yakawanda yehurumende, boka rinorasikirwa rinogona kutsvaka nyaradzo parutongeso kana ufakazi hutsva hukaoneka. Mumutemo woutsotsi, zvisinei, ufakazi hutsva hunobuda pashure pokunge kutendeka hakupi zvikonzero zvekuvanza mhaka itsva. Uku ndiko kushandiswa kwakakwana kwomutemo: kana angosunungurwa, mukwirirwi akasununguka, pasinei zvapo nezvinowanwa gare gare. Pamhosva dzemari, apo ufakazi hunogona kuvanzwa muzvivako zvakaoma zvikuru zviri kunze kwemhenderekedzo kana kuti kukurukurirana kwakavanzika, ikoku kunoparira sundo ine simba nokuda kwavapo kuti vapomerwi kuvanza ufakazi kutozosvikira mutongo wasvika. Nenzira yakapesana, inomanikidza hurumende kuita chinyorwa chose chose chose pamberi pokutongwa, uko kunowirirana nechibvumikiso chikuru chinodikanwa muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi.

Kuronga Nguva Yemberi Yokuva Nemari Iviri Mumari

Sezvo mhaka dzemari dzinova dzakaisvonaka zvikuru uye dzinoitwa munyika yose, kushandiswa kwomutemo wengozi mbiri kuchapfuurira kushanduka - shanduka. Kuwanda kwemari inocherekedzwa, yakaisvonaka, uye kutengeserana kwemari kunopa denho itsva nokuda kwokurondedzera "mhaka imwe" kugura mativi akasiana - siana apamutemo.

Vatongi namatare vachada kukurukura kana hurumende itsva dzinotonga dzakaparadzana kana kuti kana zvibvumirano zvebatira pamwe zvamarudzi ose zvichifanira kugovera dziviriro dzakafara zvikuru dzengozi kudzivirira kutenga kunoitwa navachuchisi. Kuvatongi vemitemo, kuziva misiyano yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri kunokosha nokuda kwokumirira nenzira inobudirira vatengi mumabhadharo emari.

Mutemo wengozi mbiri unoramba uri chinhu chinokosha, kunyange zvazvo chakaoma, shongwe yegadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica. Mukuita kwakakwirira kwoutsotsi hwemari, inomanikidza hurumende kuhuwana nguva yokutanga, ichidzivirira vakwirirwi mumiedzo yokukwidziridza kwakawanda vachichengeta perero yegadziriro yedare. Kunzwisisa iyi nheyo inokosha inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukukwirira, dziviriro, kana kuti kushuma mhaka huru dzeutsotsi hwemari.