Mavambo Enhau E Amendedzero Yechina

Gadziriro yechina haina kubuda muchinhu chisingakoshi. Mavambo ayo ari mukurwisana kwechikoroni neBritain. Mumakore anotungamirira kuChinjo yeAmerica, zviremera zveBritain zvakashandisa general bvumo uye [[FLT]] mifungo yorubatsiro [ yokushambadzira misha, mabhizimisi, uye ngaasave nemhosva chaiyo. Idzi nyanzvi dzetsika dzakabvumira vakuru vakuru vakuru vemibato kunzvera nzvimbo ipi neipi yezvibereko panguva ipi neipi, kazhinji kazhinji pasina chiziviso kana chinodikanwa chokutaura nzvimbo kana kuti zvinhu. Varwi vamaruwa vai vairangarira iyi sedenho yakananga parusununguko nezvinhu zvomunhu oga.

Mhaka imwe yapamberi payakanga iri 1761 Writs of Assiderance Case muMassachusetts, umo gweta duku James Otis rakataura kuti maruramiro akadaro akanga ari “chishandiso chakaipisisa chesimba ramapfupi, chinoparadza zvikurusa chorusununguko rweEngland.” Chibvumikiso chake chakasakisa nyika ndokudyara mbeu nokuda kwechaizova Wechina Amendmenterment. Pakasvika nguva apo Bill of Rights yakanyorwa muna 1789, maFramers akanga akatsunga kudzivisa hurumende itsva yehurumende kuti irege kudzokorora uku kushatadzira. Ivo vakaomerera kuti kutsvaka kupi nokubvuta kupi nokupi nokupi nokupisha kunofanira kururamiswa zvakananga, inotenderwa nomutongi asingatori rutivi, uye muuwa wakaderera.

Nokuda kwenzvimbo yakadzika zvikuru pamusoro pechinoitika chokumwe kudzorwa nezviratidzo zvavose, ona [[FLT: 0] National Constitution Center kunzvera [[[FLT: 1]].

Mutauro We Amendement Yechina

Rugwaro rwacho pacharwo rwakananga asi rune simba:

“ Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukupesana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, haisati ichizoputswa, uye hapana maruramiro achabudiswa, asi pazvikonzero sezvinobvira, zvichitsigirwa kana kuti kusimbiswa, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kutsvakwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.”

Uyu mutsetse mumwe unosimbisa dziviriro mbiri huru. Chokutanga, unovimbisa maruramiro avose okusununguka pa kusanzwisisa kunzvera nokusurimuka — asi cherekedza kuti haidzivisi kunzvera kwose, bedzi uko kusina mufungo. Chechipiri, inoisa zvinodikanwa zvakasimba nokuda kwezvibvumikiso: zvinofanira kuvakirwa pachisakiso chakati, zvinotsigirwa neshoko rakapikirwa, uye zvinofanira kurondedzera nenzira chaiyo nzvimbo inoda kutsvakwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Pamwe chete, izvi zvirongwa zvinogadzira gadziriro inodzikamisa kuvandika munhu oga mukurwisana nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kwapamutemo zvinodikanwa.

Dzidziso Dzamanyoro Nemipimo Inochinja

Tariro Ine Mwero Yokuva Woga

Nokuda kwenhau zhinji dzeAmerica, matare akasarudza kana kunzvera kwakanga kwaitika kupfurikidza nokutarira pamhaka chaiyo — kana hurumende yakapinda munzvimbo yakavanzika. Iyo yakachinja zvikuru nenhau yeDare Gurusa ra1967 Katz v. United States. [[FLT:]] Mu [FLT]] Katz [[[FLT:], Dare rakatonga kuti Gamende yechina inodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo. Chisarudzo chakavamba kariro ine mufungo yechivandero [[: kunzvera kunoitika apo munhu akaratidzira kariro chaiyoiyo, yechakavanzika, uye (2) ikoko ndiko kunodikanwa kuti nzanga inozivikanwa sechinhu chakanaka.

Iyi muedzo wazova muedzo wenzvero yazvino uno yeFirstment yeChina. Somuenzaniso, munhu anoshandisa tende ravose rine kariro ine mufungo yokuti kurukurirano yavo haigoni kunzwiwa pasina maruramiro. Nenzira inopesana, izvo munhu anofumura vanhu nechiziva — zvakadai sokunzwika kwenzwi ravo mumunda wapachena — haidzivirirwi. [[FLT:] Katz

Chisakiso Chinosarudzwa

Chisakiso chakarurama [ idi rebumbiro remitemo rinofanira kusvitswa rugwaro rusati rwagona kubudiswa. Kunoreva kuti munhu ane mufungo, akavakirwa pahwerengedzo yemigariro, angadavira kuti utsotsi hwakaitwa kana kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huchawanwa munzvimbo yakati. Chisakiso chinobvira chinoda zvinopfuura chitsotsi kana kuti fungidzirowo zvacho, asi hahudi kuva nechokwadi. Ipfungwa inoshanda, isiri yapamutemo inoyerera kubva kumaidi nemigariro zvinopiwa kumoni.

Mubasa, vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanowanzoratidzira chisakiso chinobvira kupfurikidza nenyanzvi dzinorondedzera mufambiro wakacherechedzwa, mazano anopiwa nemhedziso, ufakazi chaihwoihwo, kana kuti nzvero. Basa ramejasitiri nderokuita rutongeso rwakasununguka urwo maidi anopiwa anoenzana nechingabvira. iyi nzvero yokutonga inokosha kudzivisa muitiro wekuzivisa kuva chitambi cherabha.

Chinodikanwa Chisingarambiki Nezvakasiiwa

Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kuti kuda gwaro mumugariro uri wose kungadzivisa kuchengetwa kwomutemo uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuisa mungozi chengeteko yavose. Somuuyo, Dare rakaita mhesano dzinoverengeka dzakasanorongwa. Uku kusasarura hakusi kunzvenga; kunotsamira munheyo imwe cheteyo yokuva nomufungo uko kunopfuudzira gadziridzo yose.

Zvimwe zvacho ndeizvi:

  • Shonase: Kana munhu akabvuma nokuzvidira kusecha, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa. Zvisinei, mvumo inofanira kupiwa pachena, kwete kumanikidzwa, uye ukuru hwokutsvaka hunoganhurirwa pane izvo munhu wacho akabvuma.
  • Murangariro uPractifica: Kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo ndokuona chikanganiso kana kuti ufakazi mukuona kwakajeka, chinhu ichocho chingabatwa pasina maruramiro. Chinhu chacho chinofanira kuva pachena nokukurumidza somutongi.
  • Kutsvaka Chinoitika Chokusungwa: Apo kusungwa kwapamutemo kunoitwa, mukuru mukuru angatsvaka musungwa nenharaunda iri mukati moudzori hwavo hwapakarepo kuti adzivirire chengeteko yemapurisa ndokudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Uku kusiiwa hakutambanudziri kumusha wose kana kuti motokari pasina ruramiso yokuwedzera.
  • Migariro yakakomba: Mumigariro yekurumidziro — zvakadai sokurondwa kwokukurumidza kwefungidziro yokutiza, ruparadziko rwava pedyo rwoufakazi, kana kuti ngozi yekuvadziko kuvamwe — vakuru vakuru vangapinda ndokutsvaka pasina mvumo. Mutoro uri pahurumende kubvumikisa kuti migariro yacho yakaruramisa zvirokwazvo chiito chisina maruramiro.
  • Mota inoshanda:[[FLT 1] Nemhaka yokuti motokari dzinofamba uye dzingasundwa rugwaro rusati rwagona kuwanwa, vakuru vakuru vane chikonzero chingabvira chokudavira kuti motokari ine ufakazi hweutsotsi vangatsvaka motokari pasina rugwaro. Uku kupfuudza motokari yose, kubatanidza mabhokisi akavharwa anowanwa mukati.
  • Kumira na Frisk (Nhau yeTrini): Pasi [[FT:] Terry v. Ohio (1968), mukuru mukuru angamisa munhu akavakirwa panyuko ine mufungo yomubato woutsotsi uye, kana mukuru mukuru mukuru achifunga kuti munhu wacho akashonga uye ane ngozi, anoitisa nhambo yakaganhurirwa yezvombo. Uku kunzvera, asi kushoma zvikuru kudarika chiitiko chokutsvaka chizere kuti asungwe.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakazara pawirirano, Cornell Legin Information Institute inogovera ufakazi hwakakwana.

Chiratidzo Chezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Mitongo yakawanda yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa yakanatsiridza mutemo weGavhuremhedry weChina.Pazasi pane mimwe yemifungo inopesvedzera zvikurusa, nengwariro paidzo iyo inoumba nzwisiso yazvino.

Weeks v. United States (1914)

Pamberi pa Weeks, pakanga pasina mushonga unobudirira wokuputsa mutemo weGavhura rechina. Kana mapurisa akaita kutsvaka kusiri kwapamutemo, ufakazi hungagona kushandisirwa mudare. Weeks[ yakachinja kuti kupfurikidza nokugadzira [[FLT:] actibrations [, inodzivisa kupokanwa kupfurikidza nokuputsa mutemo unowanwa mukuputswa kweGeneties. Kuvamba, uyu mutemo wakashanda bedzi kumatare ehurumende, asi gare gare gare gare wakatambanurwa kumatare mu [[FL:]].V.196]

Mapp v.O. (1961)

Mu Mapp, Dare rakati mutemo wokubvisa unoshanda kumatare ehurumende kupfurikidza neGute Exprom Clausse yeMiitiro ye 144th Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chakachinja zvinoshamisa hurumende nokudzikamiswa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo, kuchimanikidzira mapurisa kuwirirana nemipimo yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti kurasikirwa noufakazi hunotsoropodza. Vatsoropotedzi vanotaura kuti mutemo wokubvisa mhaka unobvumira vakwiri vemhosva kuti vaende vakasununguka, asi vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti ichenge iri chiteshi chiri madikanwa kutsika kutsika kwemapurisa.

[[FOL:0] Terry v. Ohio (1968)

“ Mira nefrisk” yakabvumwa kuti Firstment yeChina haidi chisakiso chinobvira nokuda kwechisangano chiri chose chamapurisa. Panzvimbo pezvo, mupimo wakaderera — nyumwiro ine mufungo — wakakwana nokuda kwokumira kupfupi kwokunzvera uye kuderedza kwakaganhurirwa kwezvombo. TY] dzikamo yekotsekano yamapurisa nekodzero dzomunhu oga uye inoramba iri nzvimbo inokwikwikwidza zvikuru, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvokutsvaka dzinza.

[[FL:0] New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

Nyaya iyi yaitaura nezvekodzero dzechina dzeEndment of reculture yavadzidzi vechikoro. Dare rakatonga kuti vakuru vakuru vezvikoro havadi kodzero kana chikonzero chinobvira chokutsvaka mudzidzi; panzvimbo pezvo, vanoda bedzi kunyumwira kune mufungo [[[FLT:] kuti kunzvera kuchabudisa ufakazi hwekuputswa kwemutemo wechikoro. Kunzvera kunofanirawo kuva kune mufungo. Mupimo wakaderera unoratidza fariro yechikoro mukuchengeta nhevedzano asi uchiri kudzivirira vadzidzi pakunzvera kwounyengeri.

[ RILEY v. California (2014

Muchisarudzo chakabatana, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti mapurisa anofanira kuwana maruramiro kazhinji kazhinji pamberi pokunzvera zviri munhamba dzeserura dzakabatwa mukati mokusungwa. Dare rakaziva kuti serura dzazvino uno dzine zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko akavanzika — maemail, mapikicha, mahofisi, mashoko enzvimbo — kupfuura zvikuru izvo kunzvera munhu kungazivisa. Riley ichiratidzo chezvakavanzika zvemichina uye inosimbisa kudikanwa kwechinjo yeChinjo yeChina yokuchinja ruzivo rwokugadzirwa nemishonga.

[ Karplate v. United States (2017)

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, mu Carcenter Dare rakatonga kuti muunganidzwa wehurumende wemashoko enhau enzvimbo yesero (CSLI) kubva kumunhu anotakura serura inoumba nzvero muGaramende reChina. Dare rairangarira kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika muzvinyorwa zvemibato yavo yomuviri sezvinoteverwa nefoni dzavo. Chisarudzo ichi chakaganhurira mano ehurumende okuwana mwedzi yemashoko enzvimbo pasina maruramiro akavakirwa pazvikonzero zvakafanira. Icho inomirira nhano huru mukushandisa nheyo dzemitemo yeDhosvemhestry Redenderlinement kusvikira kuzera rezvikamu zvegore.

Nokuda kwenhau dzine udzame, shanyira Oyez[[FL:1], chirongwa chomutemo chapachena chakabva kuCornell’s Legal Information Institute.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina Muzvikoro: Kodzero Neganhuriro

Vadzidzi havaregi kodzero dzavo dzeGedefini reChina pagedhi rechikoro, asi kodzero idzodzo dzinochinjwa nemhoteredzo yakasiyana nezvikoro zvavose. Sezvinoita New Jersey v. T.L.O. yakatangwa, vatungamiriri vechikoro vangatsvaka vadzidzi vakavakirwa pafungidziro dzine mufungo, kwete chisakiso chinobvira. Zvisinei, kunzvera kunofanira kururamiswa pamavambo pakwo uye kuva nomufungo. Somuenzaniso, kutsvakwa kweiPhokono kungaruramiswa kana mudzidzi akaonekwa achiviga, asi kutsvaka kwakavakirwa pakokwa kusina kujeka kungabvira kusina mufungo.

Kuedza Mirimo Nokuchengeteka Kwechikoro

Mu Dare rakatsigira kuedzwa kwemirimo kusina kurongwa kwavadzidzi vari kutora rutivi mumibato yepashure pechikoro, richidudza fariro yechikoro mukudzivisa kushandiswa kwemirimo. matare eUnionthod akatambanudzira uku kurangarira kusingafungidzirwi, kwakadai sokunzvera kwesimbi nokunzvera, chero bedzi ivo vasina kunyanyopinza. Vadzidzi vanofanira kuziva kuti apo vane kodzero dzakavanzika, vakuru vakuru vechikoro vane radiro huru kuti vachengete kotsekano.

Kunzvera Zvishandiso Zvavadzidzi Nemadhigita

Kukwira kwemarapy neserura muzvikoro kwakaparira mibvunzo mitsva. Matare anowanzoshandisa T.L.O. gadziriro yokunzvera runhare rwavadzidzi nemidziyo yechikoro, asi nemimwe miganhu. Kubvumirana kunowedzera kunoisa kuti vakuru vakuru vechikoro vangatsvaka chinhu bedzi kana vane chikonzero chakananga, chinokwanisa kudavira kuti chine ufakazi hwokupunza, uye kunzvera kunofanira kuganhurirwa kudata ine chokuita. Vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidziswa pamusoro pekodzero dzavo noukoshi hweshoko rokudzivirira nokunyora shoko nekero.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Zvokudzidza, uye Kuva Woga

Gadziriro yeChina yeFizire yakatarisana nedenho dzisina kumbobvira dzavapo muzana ramakore rechi21. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzokunzvera, dzakadai sedzinoziviswa naEdward Snowden, dzinobatanidza muunganidzwa mukuru wemitemo yemetameter, marekodhi erunhare, uye weInternet. Matare akatamburira kushandisa nheyo dzechi 18 dzemitemo kuruzivo rwemichina yazvinogadzirwa zvakadai semadrone, GPS, vazivi vezviso, uye vadzori veAI vanoona zvinofambwa.

Mu United States v. Jones (202), Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti kubatanidza mukwara weGPS kumotokari uye kuongorora mafambiro aro kwaiumba kunzvera kwamavhiki kwaiumba kutemwa kweGenetimende. Kurangarira kweDare kwakatsamira pamhosva yomumuviri — batano yomuchina wacho — asi vatongi vashanu vakasainawo murangariro unowirirana unokarakadza kuti kunzvera kwenguva refu kunyange pasina mhaka kungaputsa kariro dzine mufungo dzechivande. Izvi zviratidzo zvokuti Dare rinoziva nezvokudikanwa kwokuvandudza dzidziso yeChina yeFimendeji.

Imwe nhau iri kumuka i dzidziso yechitatu yedipatiti. Maererano namagamuchidzanwa, Dare rakataura kuti mashoko anogovera nokuzvidira namativi matatu — zvakadai sezvinyorwa zvebhangi kana kuti nhamba dzefoni dzinodudzwa — haina kudzivirirwa. Zvisinei, [ Karpart yakaganhurirwa dzidziso iyoyo nokuda kwemaidi enzvimbo yesero, uye nhau dzenguva yemberi dzingaibvisazve. Kutemerwa kwemitemo kwakafanana ne [[FLT:] ACLLY] zvikarakadzo zvokunzvera zvapa.

Nokuda kwezvizhinji pamusoro peMitemo Yechina yeElectronic Frontinent Foundation, Electronic Frontinent Foundation inogovera zvinhu zvakawanda pa PFF - Prific Sycture [[[FLT: 1]].

Kunetsa Vadzidzi Nevadzidzisi

Kunzwisisa Mutezo Wechina We Amendment hakusi kungoshandisawo zvako unyanzvi hwedzidzo, kunoshongedzera vadzidzi kuziva ndokushandisa maruramiro avo, uye kunobetsera vadzidzisi kuparira mhoteredzo yokudzidza iyo inoremekedza zvose zviri zviviri chengeteko nokuva voga.

Mabasa Okudzidzisa Anoshanda

  • Nzira yeChinoyera: Vadzidzi vaverenge ndokukurukura mirangariro yedare rapamusorosoro. Somuenzaniso, enzanisa kurangarira mu T.L.O. ne [[FLT:] [[FLT]] RiLT [[[FLT]] kunzvera kuti ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runochinja sei kariro dzakavanzika.
  • Tsika dzeChikamu cheChirungu:[[FLT: 1] vadzidzi varipo vane mamiriro ezvinhu echokwadi okutsvaka — mupurisa akamira motokari, mukuru anotsvaka chibhegi — ndokuvakumbira kuti vataure kana kunzvera kwacho kuri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wazvino uno.
  • Dare rapamhene reDare rapamusoro: Anogovera mabasa (mudzokorori, mugamuchiri, ruramisiro) ndokuita teerero yokunyomba panhau yengano kana kuti chaiyoiyo. Ikoku kunovamba kufunga kwokutsoropodza nounyanzvi hwokutaura pachena.
  • C Zvinoitika zvazvino Anakisi: Kurukura nhau dzenhau pamusoro pokunzvera, kushandiswa kwapakarepo, kana kuti makamera omutumbi wamapurisa. Kurudzira vadzidzi kunzvera kuti nheyo dzeGadziro Yechina dzinoshanda sei kumagakava azvino uno.
  • Guest Speak:[[FLT: 1] Kukoka gweta romunzvimbomo, mutongi, kana kuti rusununguko rwavagari vemo kuti vatsigire pamusoro pezvikumbiro chaizvoizvo zvenyika zvokutsvaka nokubvuta.

Kupa Vadzidzi Simba

Vadzidzi vanofanira kuziva kuti vane maruramiro okuramba vakanyarara uye kuramba kubvuma kusechwa, kunyange mumugariro wechikoro (kunyange zvazvo vakuru vakuru vechikoro vangave vachiri kuitisa kutsvaka kwakavakirwa panyumwiro ine mufungo). Vanofanirawo kunzwisisa kuti Refemendement yeChina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo kunoitwa nehurumende, kwete navanhu vamwe navamwe.Kudzidzisa iyi misiyano kunobetsera vadzidzi kuronga kurukurirano nemitemo nezviremera zvechikoro.

mhedziso

Nheyo huru dzemitemo, zvimwe zvikonzero, zvirevo, uye kuva nomufungo — dzinopfuurira kutungamirira rutongeso rweAmerica, kunyange sezvo ruzivo rutsva rwokugadzira zvinhu rwuchidenha kushandiswa kwarwo.

Pakupedzisira, Mutezo weChina weMitemo hausi chisaririra chakare; igwaro benyu rinoda kutsanangurwazve kwenguva dzose mukuwirirana nemigariro inochinja.