Kutanga: Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu Sechiratidzo Chepamutemo

Good Founder Advrence, yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, inorangarirwa zvikuru seimwe yenzvimbo dzinogarwa dzorugare dzinoshamisa zvikurusa dzezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Yakagumisa makore makumi matatu erwisano yamasimba masimba muNorthern Ireland inozivikanwa seNhare, nhambo yakauraya upenyu hunopfuura 3 500 uye yakasiya mavanga akadzika midzi echikwata. Nepo Chibvumirano chinowanzochengetwa nokuda kwounyanzvi hwacho hwezvamatongerwe enyika (chinoumba simba rinovanza iro rakavanza simba iro rakabatanidza kuvamba kwaro pakati pemasangano echikwata nenyanzvi dzamarudzi avanhu) inoziva kuti mavakirwo emitemo epamutemo anooma zvikuru. Chibvumirano chacho chinomira panzvimbo chakaoma zvikuru chemitemo yemitemo yehurumende, zvibvumirano zvechipfupiso chenyika dzose izvo zvakaumba gadziriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwekodzero dzavanhu, uye kuyananisa. Kunzwisisa pamutemo pakuitwa kwacho hakuratidzi kuti chakangoratidza kuti chigadziri kuitwa mugadziriro chapamutemo chamakore achangobva kupfuura kare.

Mavambo Epamutemo Echibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Chibvumirano cheRedhindi yeChibvumirano cheChishanu hachisi chinyorwa chimwe asi muunganidzwa wemagwaro anobatana. Zvinhu zvacho zviviri zvikuru iMiltive Party Act, inosvika pakati pemapati ezvamatongerwe enyika eNorthern Ireland, uye chibvumirano cheBritain, chibvumirano chenyika yose pakati peUnited Kingdom neRwanda reIreland. Izvozvi zvakapiwa pamutemo zvikurukuru kupfurikidza ne [FLT][1] Northern Ireland Act , iyo yakatanga masangano anobvisa devodvuridhesiti ndokubvisa mugariro webumbiro remitemo reIreland yoKumpoto. Chibvumirano chemitemo chekudzivisawokudzivisa kupfurikidza nehurumende dzenyika dzose dzinodzivisa kutongwa nehurumende dzeruwa. Chibvumirano chacho chinenge chikabatanidzawo Hurumende pamutemo kupfurikidza nehurumende dze-Ireland. Chibvumirano chinoitwa muKunze kwechipiri chenyika dzose kupfurikidza nehurumende yokwarongeri ye-Urilande kana kuti chikasaveri chenyika yehurumende inodzivirira kupfurikidza nehurumende dzenyika dzemitemo kutsigira nyika dzose.

Basa Rechiito cheNorthern Ireland 1998

Northern Ireland Act 1998 ibwe renheyo yemitemo yemumhuri yakatangwa neChibvumirano. Yakagadzira Dare reNorthern Ireland neDare Rinodzora (simba rinotonga hurumende), rakarondedzera masimba avo, uye rakatanga masangano esangano. Act yakatangawo Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission uye Eregiraty Commission, zvose zviri zviviri zvinoita mabasa okutarisira kuti zvienderere mberi nekodzero dzevanhu uye kuenzana. Crucily, Act inobatanidza gadziriro dzekudzorosa masangano edevoreji kana kuchizovawo kuputsika musimba, chirongwa chakakumbirwa kanoverengeka pakati pa2002, zvikurukuru na 2007 pashure pokupunzika kwechi. Act inodawo kuti Mutendi weHurumende yeNyika yeIreland ashandukire kana kuchiratidzika kuva nokuvhotera kukuru nokuda kwechibvumirano kwechimubatanidzwa kwehurumende muIreland.

Chibvumirano CheBritain Nemutemo Wenyika Dzose

British - Irish Agreement, yakanyoreswa neChibatanwa chaMarudzi ose zvawo sechibvumirano chenyika dzakawanda, inopawo hwaro hwepamutemo hwakafanana hwegadziriro yorugare. Chibvumirano ichi chinobvumira hurumende dzose dziri mbiri kutsigira nheyo dzeChibvumirano cheGovernFrever Ad, kubatanidza nheyo yokubvumirana nokuda kwokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo, kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye kusimudzirwa kwebatira pamwe yokumusoro nemabvazuva nokumadokero. Yakatangawo Interpresementisy Interrication sechibvumirano chokukurukura nhau dzenhau dzinoda kudarika. Nyika yose inowedzera kuzvidavirira kwenhau dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi ndedzedzeitwe pamusoro penhau dzepamutemo: nharo pamusoro pokuita basa, uye hapana kana rimwe raunogona kusimuka pasina kuputsa mutemo wamarudzi ose. Izvi zvakasimbiswa mukati mamiriro ezvinhu eBrekit'uganda kuti risavingwe zvakasimba mumiriro yehurumende yehurumende yeUK yaidzose iri muganhu yemitemo yeBritain pasi pechibvumirano cheBritain.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Negadziriro Dzokuenzana

Chikamu chikuru cheChibvumirano cheGood Chishanu Chibvumirano cha1998 chinosimbisa kodzero dzevanhu uye kuva vakaenzana. Chibvumirano chacho pachacho chinorayira kuti pave nekodzero dzeNorthern Ireland, chibvumirano chinoramba chisina kuzadzika anopfuura makore makumi maviri gare gare. Zvisinei, zvishandiso zvinokosha zvakaiswa papamutemo. Northern Ireland Act zvakarambidza zviremera zvehurumende kutsaura pazvikonzero zvechitendero kana kuti pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvakada kuti masangano ose atsigire kuva nomwero wemabanza. Human Rights Act, iyo yakabatanidza chibvumirano cheEuropean Rights on Human Rights in UK, yakatsigirwa nemitemo yeChibvumirano sedziviriro chehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende. Chibvumirano chakatungamirirawo kutangwa kwe [FLD] [5] , chinova nekodzero dzehurumende dzinobudirira muhurumende. Chibvumirano chakavakwane simba muhurumende chakabudirira mukupa Hurumende. [5]

Mukuru Mukuru Wesimba Nezvigadzirwa Zvaro Zvepamutemo

Chikamu chapamutemo chinosianisa zvikurusa cheGood Frinder Account iGungano raMakurukota anobatira simba. Kusafanana nemiitiro yeparamende inogamuchirwa umo boka gurusa rinoumba hurumende, Chibvumirano chinoda kuti Gurukuro ribatanidze vose vari vaviri mapoka omubatanidzwa nevenyika, naMutungamiriri weForst uye muteveri woMumiririri wokutanga (zvino vakabatana seHofisi yeMufundisi wokutanga uye muteveri woMutungamiriri weMakuru weForst) yakasarudzwa neGungano pahwaroro yemuchinjikwa. Chivako ichi chinogadzirirwa kudzivisa nzanga ipi neipi kuti idzore rimwe risarudze rimwe uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo pamusoro penguva yemberi yeNorthern Ireland zvinoitwa nebvumirano. Magentirwe epamutemo anonyorwa muNowerst Ireland Act uye akaedzwa kakawanda nechinetso nezvamatongerwe enyika.

D’Hondt Muitiro Nokuva Nomuitiro Wokutenda

Chitsama chezvikamu zviduku zvinosarudzwa neD’Hondt, mutoo unovimbisa kuti mumwe nomumwe anogamuchira chiverengero chakati chezvigaro zvake muGungano. Iyi tsika inobvisa chisarudzo choMutungamiriri wokutanga kusarudza vabati biyake, kuita kuti chinodikanwa chapamutemo chemibatanidzwa chive chinonzi kugona kusarudza kuti vatevedzeri vehurumende kutoti vabva mumaitiro avo, izvo zvinoparira kubviswa chaikoiko kwemaposvo muIntene. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kumigumisiro yokusashanda zvakanaka kwemitemu yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, apo Democratic Union Union Union Partion (DUP) inoramba kuzviisa pasi pomuteveri mukuru mukuru pashure porusaru, kuderera. Dare racho rakawana kudzosera kudzokororo mune pamutemo muiyi mitwarongedzero yedare repamusorosorosorosorosoro paMadokero.

Kubvuma Uye Zvikumbiro Zvokuitira Hanya

Kudzivirirazve fariro dzenzanga dzose dziri mbiri, Chibvumirano chinoda kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru zvive kuti zvakadai sechinjo huru kumira kwemira yeGungano, kusanangurwa kwemukurukuri, uye kugamuchirwa kwemari dzinoshandiswa kunzi “zvinofanira kugamuchira tsigiro inoyambuka. Ikoku kungaratidzirwa zvimwe nevoruzhinji vemitezo mibatanidzwa yose iri miviri nevorudzi vanosarudza mukuda kana kuti noukoshi hwemitengo 60% yemitezo yose inovhota, ine inenge 40% yenzanga imwe neimwe. Mukuwedzera, Kudiwa kwechirongwa cheChaunga kubvumira 30 kana kuti mitezo yakawanda kukumbira kufamba, kuraira kugamuchirwa kwokurera kwacho. Kutanga kuitirwa itiro hanya yezvo kunoitwa sedziviriro, kukumbirwa kwokuitira hanya kwakaitirwa mhoshonga kunopesana panhau dzinofambira mberi panhau dzakafanana neiyi roorano. Kuramba kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwechirongwa kwechirongwa kwechiito chokutonga chirongwa chokuvaka mubato kupfurikidza nechiito chikuru.

Kukunda Zvinetso

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yaro yepamutemo, Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chakatarisana nezvinetso zvikuru. Kusavimbana mune zvematongerwe enyika, basa rehondo, uye zviitiko zvokunze zvakaedzazve kurongwa kwacho.Makore okutanga eChibvumirano chacho aizivikanwa nokukakavadzana pamusoro pokubviswa kwezvombo, kuchinja mapurisa, uye kusunungurwa kwevasungwa (8) nhau dzose dzaida kudzikamiswa mumutemo uye mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kurega Zvombo

Imwe yenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa yakanga iri kubviswa kwezvombo zvehondo. Chibvumirano chakataura kuti vatori rutivi vose vaizoshandisa “pesvedzero ipi neipi yaizova nayo” kuti vawane kusunungurwa mukati mamakore maviri, asi haina kugadza nguva yapamutemo. Kuramba kweIrish Republican Army (IRA) kukanda zvombo nokukurumidza kwakava nzvimbo huru, kwakatungamirira kukuputsika kweGungano rokutanga muna 2002. Kuramba kwakaguma kwaita kuti kugadziriswe muna 2005 apo IRA yakapedza kunyoreswa pasi poudzori hweIndec International Commission on Decomming. Kusvika kwapamutemo kwokurega kunyoresa mutemo kwakatsamira pakuteerera kwokuzvidira panzvimbo pokuchengeta utsotsi, chisarudzo chakabvumira mauto kuponesa mauto kutarisana asi chakatangwawo. Chinotonge chakagadzwa chakaitwa pashure pezviito chakazoitwa sechiitwa nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika chinoitwa nedare rezvamatongerwe enyika chisati chagona kupfumiswa.

Kuchinja Kwemapurisa Nebasa RechiPuti

Good Foundter Agreement yakaraira nokuda kwechinjo itsva, inomirira mapurisa muNorthern Ireland. Mushumo wakavapo somuuyo Patten Commission wakatungamirira kuchinjo yeRoyal Ulster Consabulary (RUC) kuva Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). Chinjo dzapamutemo dzakabatanidza miraudzo itsva yetsika, yakawedzerwa kutarisirwa nePolice Ombudsman, uye chinodikanwa cha50: 50 Katurike chibvumirano chokutaura nokusadzikamiswa kwenhau. Iyi chinjo yakasimbiswa muPolice Ireland (Northern Ireland) Chirevo cha 2000, chinjo dzakasangana nenyuko huru yefungidziro dzama namasangano echipolitiki, ayo akazviona sokudenha parambwa nemhiko dzechipotenzi dzechiRuc, uye vaongorori venyika dzose vakabudirira kunzvera chiverengero chakakura. Chinjo yakaitwa pasi pePromende, yakaitwa mumitevedzo yenhau dzinopfumisa kunzvera, uye kunzvera kwechikatongedzero yeKaturike.

Nharo Dzinopfuurira Panhau Dzenhaka

Rimwe redenho dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira zvikurusa inzira yokubata nayo nenhaka yeZvinetso neyakaitwa namauto ehurumende ose ari maviri pakati pama1960 na1998. Good Wearday Account yakagovera kusunungurwa kunowedzera kwevasungwa vakarongwa, gadziriro yakanga ine nharo huru asi yairangarirwa kuva inokosha nokuda kworugare. Zvisinei, haina kutanga zvokwadi yakakwana kana kuti gadziriro yeruramisiro yakaitwa navose nemauto pakati pemibatanidzwa yeIndaneti seHistorical Enquisition Empies Empies nePromman vaice Consticial Consticial Consticial Consticition, asi iyo yakanangana kutsoropodza nokuda kwokuva nekodzero dzoro, yakadzorwa, uye kukundikana kugovera kugovera mhuri dzavanyajambwa zvikurusa. Mutemo wakadaro sechiNgeri yakaitwa noMusitina weNorthern Ireland (Egles Actal Act), uyo aizopa maruramiro eWest Memony anobetsera kubatira pamwe chete neNmento yoMutemoricisoto weChibvumirano chiT, chiT. Chibvumirano chinomende chenyika chenyika chenyika chenyika inopesana chinosha, chino

Kutapura KweBrexit

Chisarudzo cheUK muna 2016 chokusiya European Union chakamutsa dambudziko nokuda kweChibvumirano cheGood Wevert. Chibvumirano chakatema muganhu wakazaruka pakati peNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland, wakaitwa kuti ubvire nenhengo dzavo dzose dzeEU yemusika mumwe chete netsika. Brexit yakatyisidzira kudzosa muganhu wakaoma, waizova nenjodzi yerugare, upfumi, uye kuyambuka kwadzo. Chigadzikiso chepamutemo chakavapo nehurumende yeNorthern Ireland Protocoticrotory.[8] Chiva chimwe chenhau dzinonyanya kupikisana muPress - Britik UK.

Mutemo Wemitemo Wokuchamhembe kweIreland Nebasa Rokufema

Northern Ireland Protocol, rutivi rweUK-Eaflyavel Agreement, yakagadzira muganhu wepamutemo mugungwa reIreland kupfurikidza nokuchengeta Northern Ireland ikabatana nemitemo yetsika dzeEU nemirau yezvokutengeserana imwe yezvinhu. Ikoku kwakadzivisa muganhu chaiwo pachitsuwa cheIreland asi kwakagadzira miganhu yezvokutengeserana pakati peGreat Britain neNorthern Ireland. Mutemo wakaitwa mudvumo yedzvinyiriro yenguva huru uye pasina kubvumira kwakananga kwemasangano eNorthern Ireland, kuchitungamirira kukupomera kuti yakashora mudzimu weChibvumirano. Varwi veDUP, zvikurukuru vakataura kuti gadziriro dzeChibvumirano patsikano chetsika patsika nekudzorwa kwenzvimbo yeIreland yakabatwa nenzira inobudirira nenzira yakasiyana neyasara yeUK, vachiputsa nheyo yokubvumirana nokuvimbisa muRugare rweNorthern Ireland.

Muna February 2023, UK neEU zvakabvumirana pa [FLT] Windsarect yeFrame, iyo yakaparira chinjo kuMutemo weProto, kubatanidza mitsetse yegirini netsvuku yezvinhu, uye kubvisa mhinganidzo dzokutengesa zvinhu mukati meUK. Basa reFramendium rakapawo Northern Ireland Assembly purogiramu ya “‘ Somster Brake'.'Chorn's'. [5] (* inobvumira kuti vashoma veMMCS vatsigiriki vasa pamusoro pezvinhu zvitsva zveEUS varacs varange vari kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu makuru oupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nepo WindsFrames yakaderedza kusawirirana, haina kugutsa kukumbira simba, uye kudzosera kwomukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende kusvikira paFokeri 20 yeSangano remitemo yeEurope.

Kusawirirana Mumutemo Nekakavadzano Dzematongerwe Enyika

Mutemo wave uri musoro wezviito zvakawanda zvapamutemo. Dare Rapamusoro muNorthern Ireland rakabvisa denho yakaitwa navezvamatongerwe enyika vakabatana avo vakarangarira kuti Mutemo wakaputsa Mabasa eUnion 1800, asi wakabvuma kuoma kwemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo. Hurumende yeUK pachayo yakagadza mutemo(Ndom Ireland Protocol Bill muna 2022) iyo ingadai yakapa vashumiri simba rokubvisa zvikamu zvemitemo zvisina kufanira, zvichisunda EUC kutangazve kurangarirazve nhau dzomutemo UK. Mutengo wacho wakaregwa pashure pokunge Windsar Framento yabvumiranwa, asi chinoitika chakasimbisa kuti chibvumirano chemitemo chaigona sei kubviswa nechiito chikuru nechiito chisiri chemunhu oga. Kukakava pakati peProtoko naChishanu Chikuru chinoramba chinopfuurira, sezvo yaichimbova dare rinobvumiranwa mubatanidzwa mukuwirirana nemitemo. Chibvumirano chapamutemo chakabvumiranwa kupfurikidza nokusaregerekasa kupfuurwa neveri mberi nemitemo chinopfuudzwa neveri pamusoro penyika inopfuudzo huru neveri kupfurikidza neveri mberi.

Mirangariro Yapamutemo Yenguva Yemberi

Kutarira mberi, kuvakwa kwapamutemo kweChibvumirano cheGood Chishanu kuchada kuchinja kuti kugonane nedenho itsva. Idzi dzinobatanidza nhaka isina kugadziriswa yeNhaka, miuyo inodzima yeBrmitaliss, chinjo dzechiverengero chavagari vemo idzo dzinogona kubvisa dzikamo yebumbiro remitemo, uye ukoshi hunokura hwekodzero dzavanhu neuenzani munzanga ichiri kurwisana nemapoka. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinonongedzera kunzvimbo dzinoverengeka uko chinjo kana kuti kuchinjika kunodikanwa.

Kubatsira Kunoita Nhungamiro

Masangano esimba anobatira mamiriro ezvinhu akabvumikisa kuva asina kusimba, nenhambo dzenguva nenguva dzokuputsika. Komishoni yapamutemo yakatangwa nehurumende dzeUK neIreland muna 2021 iri kunzvera nzira yokuita nayo kuti masangano ave anosimba zvikuru. Zvirongwa zvinobatanidza kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvikumbiro zveitiro reitiro, kuchinja muitiro wokugadza nokuda kweMufundisi wokutanga nomutevedzeri weMutungamiriri wokutanga, uye kubvumira Gungano kuti rishande kunyange kana mukuru mukuru asina kuumbwa zvizere. Vamwe vanoitirana nharo kuti vabviswe pamubatanidzwa wetsika dzinodiwa nemubatanidzwa wokuzvidira, asi izvi zvingada kuderedzazve mamiriro ezvinhu omuNorthern Ireland munzanga 1998 uye zvingada kukanganisazve kusawirirana. Chinjo ipi neipi inofanira kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwokutsigarira nokuumbwa kwechibvumirano kwemitemo yemuchinjiko.

Kukurukura Zvakaita Kuti Vanhu Vatambure

Gakava pamusoro pomutemo wakapiwa nhaka rinopfuurira. Kutanga kweIndependent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery(mapire) kunopesana nedenho dzapamutemo nemhindi dzose huru dzeNorthern Ireland. Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu akapikisa kuti chirongwa chacho chinokundikana kuwirirana neChikamu 2 cheChibvumirano cheEurope (kodzero kuupenyu), chinoda kuongorora kunobudirira muhurumende nokuuraya kwechiuto. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu ringatonga nhau yacho pakupedzisira, richikwanisa kumanikidza UK kugadziridza mutemo wacho. Kana kuti, kumwe kubvumirana kwakawanda kunotendwa, sokutaurwa muSponsont House Regiement ye 2014, uko kwakakarakadza kuongorora kwenhau, konheswo, uye chisaririra chenhau yazvigaro chehurumende kana chikadzokoro chezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chapamutemo chirongwa chenhau chapamutemo chenhauro chapamutemo chibvumirano chakako.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Gadziriro dzemitemo dzekunzvera muganhu dzinorongwa muNorthern Ireland 1998, asi udzame huzhinji hunowirirana nechiverengero chavagari vemo cheKaturike kana kuti chenyika. Ikoku kungagona kutungamirira kukudzorwa kwechiIrish kubatanidzwa mumakumi amakore mashomanene anotevera, sezvinogoverwa neChibvumirano. Chirongwa chapamutemo chenzvero yemuganhu chinorongwa muNorthern Ireland Act, asi udzame hwakawanda "sokufanana nemavambo okubvumirana, nguva, uye kunyorwa kwemashoko neaposswname . Hurumende yomunguva yemberi ichafanira kuisa miganhuro nokuda kwemashoko akarurama akarurama. Uyezve, mugumisiro wokuvhotera wapamutemo waizotanga mumiitiro yepamutemo inobatanidza kodzero dzogaro yevagari vemo dzeavo vanoda kuramba vari muBritain, kuchinjwa uchangamire, uye kurongwazve kwehurumende. Masangano emitemo emitemo yapamutemo yakarongwa nokuda kwetsika uye kudzokororo yemitemo, kupfurikidza nokuko kuisa mitemo yemitemo yemitemo kumirati yapamutemo.

mhedziso

Chibvumirano cheGood Chikuru cheChishanu chinoramba chiri chiitwa chapamutemo chinoshamisa, icho chakaunza rugare kunharaunda yakakamukana zvikuru kupfurikidza nokusanodzikanisa kodzero, kuratidzirwa, uye kuyanana. Gadziriro yacho yapamutemo yakabvumikisa zvose zviri zviviri kuva nesimba ($kupukunyuka njodzi dzakawanda dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuderera kwedongo), sezvo kukundikana kusingadzokeki kwakawanda kunooneka. Kuedza kukuru kwetsika yeChibvumirano kwabva kuBretit, kwakauya kupfurikidza neRogn, uko kwakabudisa imwe yemifungo yeChibvumirano, iyo yakabatanidza mipimo isingachinjiki, dzvinyiriro isingadzorwi yesimba resimba reSivis, muganhu unoza, uye kudzo yezvamatongerwe enyika izvo pakupedzisira zvinogona kutungamirira kubatanidzwa kurumbidzo yomutemo kupfurikidza neMutezo. Kurangarira mberi kwechibvumirano kwemitemo yeChibvumirano chemitemo chemitemo chemitemo kupfuurira kupfuurira kupfuurira kukuita kuti pave nezvinhu zvitsva zvitsva zvitsva zvitsva zvitsva uye kupfurikidza nemitemo inopfuudzongedzerwa mumugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Asina wezvematongerwe enyika chinoitwa muChiuru chinopfukusingaperi, pasina kubvumira kubvumira kurwisana