Gadziriro dzinoumba mavambo okudzora kwedemocracy, kushandura zvisarudzo zvomunhu mumwe nomumwe muzvisarudzo. Mutoo uyo mavhota anoverengwa nawo nezvigaro zvinogoverwa unogona kuumba kwete bedzi mugumisiro wesarudzo asiwo magariro ezvamatongerwe enyika akafara zvikuru ((influending masangano ebato, mufambiro wevhoti, uye kuva apamutemo kwehurumende. Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi mibato ichishandiswa chinoshanda zvikuru mukubatanidza nomuitiro wokuvhotera uye kunzvera zvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kutarira nenzira hurusarudzo mumasangano okuvhotera anoshandiswa nhasi, simba ravo noutera, uye mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika yemashandiro avo.

Chii Chiri Tsika Yokufambisa Zvinhu?

Gadziriro yokuvhota (jere, kusarudza mumwe, vanokwikwidza) inonongedzerwawo segadziriro inosarudzwa inoita kuti mavhoti aitwe, averengerwe, uye ashandurirwe muzvigaro kana kuti mahofisi. Inorondedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva muforoma yebhorati (mutoo., kusarudza mutevedzeri mumwe, vanokwikwidza vazhinji) kunzira nzira yokuzivisa vakundi. Sarudzo yetsika inogona kuva nemigumisiro iri kure: inogona kukurudzira kana kuti kuodza hurumende dzine mibatanidzwa, tuso kana kuti kuranga mapoka maduku, uye inotapura kumirira kuwanda kwemitumbi yakasarudzwa. Hapana tsika yokusaita rutivi; kushambadza kuteverwa kwemitengo pakati poumbidzano, kuenzana, uye kuzvidavirira.

Mitemo yeElectoral inowanzoiswa mumativi maviri: digion hediciation (nhamba yavamiriri vakasarudzwa paruwa rumwe) uye trable transplator[ (mavhoti anochinjwa kuva zvigaro). Zvinhu izvi pamwe chete zvinosarudza kana tsika ichida mutezo mukuru kana kuti mumiririro.

Marudzi Makuru Egadziriro Dzokufambisa Mazaya

Kunzwisisa izvi kunobatsira kujekesa pfungwa dziri mugadziriro imwe neimwe nemigumisiro yayo chaiyo.

Pultural Voting System (Past-the- Post)

Gadziriro yokubatanidza zvinhu zvizhinjisa inozivikanwa seyokutanga-kare-post (FPTP), ndeimwe yemitoo yakapfava zvikurusa yevhota. Voters vanosarudza muvvutsi mumwe mukushanda kwavo, uye muvhoti zhinjisa anokunda (nyange kana vakagamuchira zvishoma kupfuura voruzhinji. FTP]FP inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, India, uye United States[[FTLT:1]. Betsero hurusarudzo dzemitemo). Betsero huru ndi: kuinzwisisa zviri nyore nyore nyore, miuyo inozivikanwa, uye inowanzoparira kubatana kwehurumende.

Zvisinei, FPTP ine miuyo inotapurwa. Inowanzotungamirira ku miuyo isingadzoreki, uko boka ringawina ruzhinji rwezvigaro zvine mibatanidzwa yorudzi rumwe chete. Inogonawo kuva namavhoti mavhoti [ [mavhoti okurasikirwa kana kuti mavhotera nokuda kwokuwina havana tapuro pagoverwa chigaro chokupedzisira. Ikoku kunogona kudzivisa kuvhura nokuisa masangano maviri echikamu, semapati maduku kuwina kunyange nezvigaro zvakakurumbira., kubatanidza FPT inogona kubudisa [FFFFFF:]

Masangano Akuru Anoita Kuti Zvinhu Zvifambe

Gadziriro huru dzinoda mutsigiri kudzivirira inopfuura 50% yovhoti kuti ahwine. Kana pasina munyuko unosvika mudanho iri mudenderedzwa rokutanga, mativi maviri kana sarudza kuti uone kana kuti inoitwa pakati pezvitsigiri zvepamusoro. Varits anobatanidza:

  • . . . . . . . . .
  • Runkn-voff Voing (IRV):] Anonziwo vhoti yemadhigirii (RCV), tsika inowana mvumo yavazhinji musarudzo imwe. Voterss vadatendi munhevedzano yedanho. Kana pasina mutevedzeri ane voruzhinji vevhoti dzechoce yokutanga, muvhoti wokupedzisira anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinochinjirwa kuzvimwe zvisarudzo zvinowanika. Muitiro wacho unodzokororwa kutozosvikira apo musiyano mukuru. IRV inoshandiswa nokuda kweHouse of Australian Transviers uye zvisarudzo zvekambani mumaguta anoverengeka. US.

Gadziriro huru dzinovimbisa kuti mukwikwidzi ane tsigiro yakafara, kudzivisa chinoitika apo mukwikwidzi anowana nouzhinji hwakaderera. Zvisinei, gadziriro dzamativi maviri dzinogona kuva dzinodhura uye dzingatambura nokuderera muruvara rwechipiri. IRV inobvisa kudikanwa kwokumhanya kwakaparadzana asi inogona kuva yakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwavavhoti navasaruri.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Kumirira kwePropotical kunoronga zvigaro muimba yomutemo mukuenzanisa namavhoti anogamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe. Iyi mhuri yegadziriro yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mugove wezvigaro webato unowirirana nekamwe kanhi nechikamu chawo chevhoti yakakurumbira. PR inoshandiswa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, kubatanidza zhinjisa dzeEurope neLatin America. Zvimiro zvikuru zvinoverengeka zviripo:

  • Party-DH PR: Voters vhota dzerusarudzo rwebato (dzimwe nguva dzakavharwa, apo mubato unosarudza nhevedzano; pane dzimwe nguva kuzarura, apo vavhoti vanogona kupesvedzera nhevedzano yedanho). Setts dzinogoverwa kushandisa mutoo wakadai se frate [[FLT]], [[FLT:]], [[FLT] chikamu chainogona kuderedza , kana kuti Saint-Laguë]. Mutendi anoparira miuyo yakakura zvikuru asi anogona kutungamirira kumativi akawanda uye anganetesabata batani pakati pevamiriri pakati pevara.
  • Vote inopfuudzwa imwe yoga (STV): Vazvinyoreri mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Vachasvika padanho ramavhoti kuti atsaurwe, uye vhoti dzakapamhidzwa dzinochinjwa. STV inobatanidza miuyo inowirirana nevoti yapakati, inobvumira vavhoti kusarudza pakati pavatendi vamwe. Inoshandiswa muIreland neMalta.
  • Mixed-MEMber Proportional (MMP): Igadziriro yakavhengana inobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe nendaza yebato renyika kana kuti reruwa kuti isvike kuva newirirano. Voters dzinovhota mbiri: imwe nokuda kwomutezo weruwa uye imwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Zvigaro zvebato zvinoshandiswa ku “musoro” migumisiro zvokuti kuparadzirwa kwezvigaro zvose kunoratidzira goverano yebato. MMP inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Inogovera zvose zviri zviviri rondedzero yomunzvimbomo neyazvomubatanidzwa asi inogona kuva yakaoma uye kuparira makirasi maviri eMP.

Masangano Emaoreta Akasangana

Kupfuura MMP, dzimwe gadziriro dzakavhengana dziripo dzinobatanidza marusairwo ezvikamu zvemibatanidzwa/mibatanidzwa uye kumirira pasina kuvimbisa utsanana hwakazara. Somuenzaniso, vhiyi ye (inoshandiswa muJapan, South Korea, uye Russia) inoita mafiti maviri akaparadzana anoshandisa FPTP uye rimwe rinoshandisa mubatanidzwa PR / pasina kugadziridza kuwiriranisa kupesana. Mugumisiro wacho ndiwo mwero mumwe chete asi uchiri kufarira mapoka makuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa [[FT:2] majerive maface , apo boka namavhotera mazhinjisa anowana zvigaro zvinogamuchirwa kuti vawane vawandi vawa vanoshanda.

Dzimwe Nzira Dzinocherechedzeka

Miitiro inoverengeka inozivikanwa navose yakafanirwa nokududzwa:

  • COURT: Vapindi vemadender, uye mativi anogoverwa nokuda kwenzvimbo imwe neimwe (mutoo, 1 pfundo renzvimbo yokupedzisira, 2 nokuda kwewechipiri, zvichingodaro). Mukwikwidziridziri ane nzvimbo zhinji anowana. Iyi tsika inokombamira kuva vanoda kupfachuka.
  • Approticling: Majeri anogona kuvhotera vada kufunda vakawanda sezvaanofarira. Mudaviri ane mvumo zhinjisa anowana. Kuvhota kunotenderwa kwakapfava uye kunoderedza kuvhota kwakakodzera, asi hakubati ukoshi hwezvakanakira.
  • Kuvhura: Mitengo inoyera munhamba imwe neimwe (umh. 0-10). Mubhadhari ane avhareji yesvetars inohwina. Uyu mutoo unobvumira vavhoti kuratidzira zvakasarudzwa zvakasarudzwa asi zvingava zvisina kushata kumira zvakanaka.

Betsero Nezvipingamupinyi Zvegadziriro Dzokufambisa Mazaya

Nyaya inotevera inosimbisa betsero nedzisingagamuchirwi zvikurusa dzinodudzwa.

Betsero

  • Chisarudzo nechiratidziro: Sangano dzakanatswa nedzakavakirwa pasvomhu dzinopa vavhoti nzira dzakajeka zvikuru dzokuratidzira zvisarudzo, zvichigona kuderedza kudikanwa kwokuvhota kwakarongwa.
  • Fair fair appagement: Gadziriro dzinovimbisa kuti mirangariro miduku namapoka maduku zvinogona kuwana zvigaro zvinoratidzira tsigiro yazvo, zvichisimudzira kuva nousindimari.
  • Yakabviswa: Masangano anochinja mavhoti kana kuti kushandisa maruwa makuru zvikuru (mutoo, STV, MMP) anova nechokwadi chokuti mavhoti akawanda anobetsera kuvhota muvhoti.
  • Ubhadharo: [ Gadziriro dzoruwa dziri mitezo imwe (FPTP, mbiri dzakapoteredza) dzinoita batano yakajeka pakati pavavhoti nemumiriri wavo womunzvimbomo, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuvavhoti kukuita kuti vanhu vazvidavirire.
  • Kushandiswa kwe Voter Turnout: Maitiro anozivikanwa seakarurama (mutoo, PR) angawedzera kubuda, zvikurukuru pakati pavatsigiri vemativi maduku anoona bviro chaiyoiyo yokumirira.

Zvikanganiso

  • Strategic Vong: Mu FPTP neTRS, vavhoti vanganzwa dzvinyiriro yokuvhota nokuda kwomuvhotisi asina kunyanyokodzera kudzivisa “kuvhota” kwavo pakupfura kwenguva refu, kuchishatisa ratidziro yechokwadi yezvinodiwa.
  • Kutora: Miitiro inoverengeka (STV, MMP, kuvhota, kuvhota) kunoda vavhoti kuti vanzwisise miitiro yenzvimbo kana kuti yeredhiyo, uko kunogona kuva mhinganidzo kukutora ndokuwedzera ndyiko dzehurumende.
  • Puretial for Disancencence: MuFP, vavhoti mumaruwa akakotsekana vanganzwa kuti vhoti yavo haina simba. Nenzira inopesana, mumarongedzero ezvikamu ane ndaza dzakavharwa, vavhoti havagoni kupesvedzera nhevedzano yavada kutora, kuderedza kuzvidavirira kwomunhu oga.
  • Hurumende: Gadziriro dzakaenzana zvikuru dzinogona kutungamirira kuparamende dzakakamukana umo kuumbwa kwomubatanidzwa kwakaoma uye hurumende dzinorarama kwenguva pfupi, sezvinoonwa muIsrael neItaly padzimwe nguva.

Zvidzidzo zveChedical Case

United States: Gadziriro Yokunamata Napamigumisiro Yayo

United States inoshandisa zvikurukuru gadziriro yokuvhota youpamhi hwemiitiro yokuvhota [[FLT: 1] [FTP] nokuda kweImba yaVamiririri namasangano enyika. Sarudzo yaPrezidhendi inoshandisa Electoral College, gadziriro yakaoma inoshandawo panheyo yemibatanidzwa mizhinji munyika dzakawanda. FPPP yasimbisa simba ramapati maviri, namapati eDEmocratic and Republican anodzora nyika. Mapati echitatu akafanana neLibetarian kana kuti Green tits anowana zvigaro, kunyange zvazvo achigona kupesvedzerawo nokuvhotera kubva kumavhotera makuru. Vatsoropotesi vanokurudzira kuti FPP muUS. [FFK:GRGORG]

Germany: MEMber - Proportation

Gadziriro yeGermany yakatemwa-temwa. Zvigaro zvemapati zvinorangarirwa zvikuru semuenzaniso unoenzanisa kumirira kwomunzvimbomo nokuenzana. Voters dzakabudisa mavhoti maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomumiririri weruwa (kushandisa FPPPPP) uye mumwe weboka rehurumende. Zvigaro zvemapati zvinogoverwa kuitira kuti zvirongwa zvose zveBoundstag zviratidze kuvhota. Iyi gadziriro yakaita zvigaro zvakatsikirira zvakabatana zvakatsiga, inowanzotungamirira kuchiKristu DDEmocratic Union (CD) kana kuti DCOM) inotungamirira zvibvumirano zviduku zvezvikwata zvakafanana nezviduku zvakafanana neDreenmocracrates. Zvisinei, MMP yakatungamirirawo kuchiverengero chinokura che “zvigaro zvezvigaro zvezvigaro zvechikamu.", zvinotungamirira kukuita kuti pave nechinetso chikuru, kukuita kuti pave nechinetso chikuru kuGermany.

Australia: Ranked-Choice Voing

Australia inoshandisa kuvhota kwapaburi retsono (kuvhota kwapakarepo) nokuda kwesarudzo kuImba yeVamiririri. Nhamba dzinoda kutevedzerwa munhevedzano, uye muitiro wekubvisa nokuwedzera kuvimbisa kuti muwiridzi anogamuchira chiverengero chikuru. Iyi tsika yawedzera kuvhotawo kubatirawo, asi kunzvera kunoratidza gutsikano yakasimba namano okugadza vada. Sarudzo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoona mwero wakakwirira wezvitadzo pakati pemapato, uye gadziriro inoshumwa nokuderedza nhiko yokuramba kwakaipa chifo chifo chifo chamasvota. Masangano anoshandisa mavhotera echimwe-masvotate (vatenisi vavhoti vavhotera) zvikuru. [5]

India: Utongi Hworuzhinji Hukurusa Hwenyika pasi peFPTP

India inoshandisa sarudzo hurusa dzenyika ichishandisa gadziriro yePTP yokutanga-kare yeLok Sabhaha (Imba yaVanhu). Pasinei zvapo nokutsoropodza kukuru kweFPTP, gadziriro yave iri pamwe chete nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakasiana zvikuru, yakasiyana- siyana. Mukushandisa, gadziriro yeIndia yeFPTPPP yakabudisa hurumende dzakasimba pamwero wamarudzi ose (g., Batirayata Party yeShayaviata muna 2014 na 2019) asi inotungamirirawo kukubvisa kwakatanhamara kukuvadziko dzinodzorwa nevoka huru dzevota dzezvigaro. Masangano eruwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anodzora rudzi rukuru rwezvigaro. Masangano anodzivisa kuratidzirwa kwezvikamu zviduku muLokiana mu2019.

Tapuro Yemiitiro Yokutumirana Mari Pahurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro yokuvhota kunopfuura kusarudza miuyo nejeko resarudzo. Masangano anoparira inoitwa nevanogadza mitemo uye vanomirira anowanzowedzera kuvimba nokugutsikana. Somuenzaniso, kuyera kwakabatana kunobatanidzwa nokuvhota kwakakwirira, kuratidzwa kukuru kwavakadzi namapoka mashoma, uye migumisiro yakasiana zvikuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, gadziriro huru dzinogona kuparira, hurumende dzinozvidavirira dzinoita mutemo nomutoo wakasimba asi dzingaderedza mapoka akati.

Gadziriro dzokufambisa mashoko dzinotapurawo [ tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Munyika dzeFPP], “matanho echiwinho-ose” anokurudzira zvamatongerwe enyika nenhimbe yakaipa. Mugadziriro dzePR, kuvaka nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira zvinova tsika, zvinotungamirira kuhurumende dzakawanda dzinoitwa. Zvisinei, PR inogonawo kubvumira mapoka anopesvedzera kuwana nzvimbo, sezvinoonekwa mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Dzino pakati pomumiririro nedzikamo zvinoramba zviri mamiriro ezvinhu makuru omuitiro wetsika inosarudzwa.

Masangano ezvekuchinja munyika kupota nyika anoratidzira izvi zvinhu. Masangano akadai se Fairvote muUnited States uye Exposital Reform Society[ munhimbe yokushingaira yegadziriro dzinodavirwa kuti dzichavandudza miuyo yedemokrati. Vagari vanogona kubatanidzwa nenhau idzi kupfurikidza nokudzidza pamusoro pemiitiro inoshandiswa munyika dzavo vamene uye kutsigira chinjo dzinowirirana nezvinokosha zvavo.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzokuvhota dzakasiana- siyana kunoshongedzera vagari vemo kuyera kururama nokubudirira kwemiitiro yavo inosarudzwa. Kuvambira pakupfava kwebasa rokutanga kusvikira kukuva necheteko yePR yemubatanidzwa neunyanzvi hwevhotera yezvirongwa, gadziriro imwe neimwe inopa nzira yakasiana yokuvhota nayo. Kuziva pamutemo nokushanda kwezvokutengeserana kunobvumira vavhoti kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvakacherekedzwa uye vatsigiri vatsi munhano dzine revo pamusoro pechinjo. Sezvinoreva kushanduka-pasi pevhu, matururo anoshandiswa kurangarira nokuyera zvaanoda achapfuurira kuva rutivi runokosha rwemabatiro anozvidzora amene. Nokugara vagari vemokororwa vanozivikanwa, kunogona kubetsera kuti masangano avhotera pasi pokururamisira, kuzvidavirira, uye kuti anyeke mumwoyo wedemocroccoracy.