Chii Chinonzi Balback?

Koroti ichishandiswa chapamutemo chinoshandisa kunyora zvisarudzo zvavo musarudzo. Iko kubatana kwakananga pakati pechido chomugari wemo nomuuyo wokupedzisira. Nepo murangariro mukuru wakapfava(wwwn), zvisarudzo, zvinobata zvinoda(mhatsa yevhotaro neshambiso dzadzo zvine miuyo mikuru pakuvhota, perero yasarudzo, uye kumhanya kwemiuyo. Kunzwisisa marudzi ezvisarudzo zvinoshandiswa musarudzo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotora kana kuti anodzidza miitiro yedemocracy.

Mabharoti anogona kuva mapepa, maelektroniki, kana kuti kunyange kutaurwa muzvinoitika zvakaganhurirwa, asi donzo rawo rinoramba riri rimwe chetero: kushandura zvakarurama uye pachivande vavariro yomuvhoti muvhoti inoverengeka. Purogiramu, svikiro, uye mirau yakapoteredza mutsetse mumwe nomumwe webhora inopesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuchinja kusvikira kumikana yezvikanganiso. Nyaya ino inogovera kuputsika kwakazara kwemarudzi azvino uno ezvirongwa, nhau, betsero, mativi, uye basa razvo rinochinja muruzivo rwokugadzirwa nemishonga.

Maruva Akaita Mabhallot: Kudzokorora Kwakajeka

Nepo vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vangashandisa mafora akati siyanei, anenge marobhoti ose anowira muboka rimwe ramapoka matanhatu.Pazasi tinonzvera rudzi rumwe norumwe, nemashoko akasimudzirwa pamusoro penzira yarwo uye kwainowanzoshandiswa.

1. Mabharati Ephepha: Mupimo Usingapfuuri Nguva

Mapepa mapepa ndiwo mafomu ekaresa uye akarovedzeka zvikurusa. Voter vanogamuchira pepa rakarongwa nanhau, ratidzira zvisarudzo zvavo (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuzadza obri kana kuti kunzvera bhokisi), uye akaisa roti mubhokisi rakavharwa kana kuti kuisa munhamba yemaziso. Rudzi rwepepa runogovera nzira yakasiana yokunzvera inogona kurondedzerwa kana kuchidikanwa.

Mapfundo makuru:[

  • Kuoma kunzwisisa kweunyanzvi kudukuduku (8) kusina kuvimba nemagetsi mukati mechiito chokuvhota.
  • Yakapfava nokuda kwavavhoti vamazera ose uye mwero wokurava nokunyora.
  • Kazhinji kazhinji akabatanidzwa nokuverenga maoko kana kuti zvinzvereso zvokuona nokuda kwokuchengetedza.
  • Kunotapurwa nokubatwa zvisina kufanira mumuviri, kurasikirwa, kana kuti kuvadziko (munzira, mvura, moto).

Mienzaniso: Sarudzo zhinjisa dzomunzvimbomo mumaruwa maduku, maruwa akawanda muUnited States, uye sarudzo munyika yose dzakadai seJapan neFrance dzichiri kutsamira zvikurukuru pamapepa. Somuenzaniso, Econstruction Implution Commission inoshuma kuti sapa 2022, inopfuura 70% yavavhoti mumavhota ehurumende anokandwa mapepa anonyorwa kana kuti anopindwa mumaoko.

Mabhaisikopo: Kusagona kunyorwa kunobvumira nokuda kwemishumo. Hapana ngozi yokushandisa magetsi ari kure. Ndyiko yakaderera papepa remari painenge yadhindwa muzvizhinji. Frigine nainovimbwa navo.

Mazakwatirano: Kuverenga kusingadzoreki, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavagari vemo vazhinji. Kunoda zvokufambisa zvomuviri uye chengeteko yakachengeteka.

2 Mabharuti Emagetsi (Michina Yemagetsi)

Michina inorekodha yeOrtography inoisa mabhora pafoni, kazhinji kazhinji ine sitemu inotapurwa kana kuti magetsi anofambisa. Majekiseni anoita zvisarudzo nenzira yemadhigirii, uye muchina unochengeta mavhota muyeuko yomukati kana kuti pazvinobudisa mashoko zvinobuda. Dzimwe DRES dzinobudisa mukoto wepepa unovhota (VPAT), nepo mifananidzo isina pepa yakakwidziridza itiro hanya.

Mapfundo makuru:[

  • Kurenda nokukurumidza kwemarestures kunogona kuitwa mumaminiti okuongorora kunovharwa.
  • Hunhu hwekupinda: mabhoti enzwi, zvokusveta--pfuwa, uye upamhi hwemavara zvinogadziriswa.
  • Unogona kuratidzira mitauro yakawanda nyore nyore.
  • Kuda kuongorora mapurogiramu ekombiyuta agara achichengetedzwa uye kuongorora zvinhu zvinochinja.

Mienzaniso: Electronic Voting Machines yeIndia inoshandiswa munyika yose, ichigonesa vavhoti vanopfuura mamiriyoni 900 kukanda michina yemabhora nenzira inobudirira.

Makirabhu: Kuverenga kwapakarepo. Kuderedza shato yetsotso (mutoo, matomu anogona kunyeverwa munguva chaiyoiyo). Kurerutsira vavhoti vane urema kuti vavhote vari voga.

Magirabhu: Akakodzera kubuti resoftware, marware, kana kuti kuvhura kana kusavakwa zvakafanira. DREVS Isina pepa haisiyi nzira yakazvimirira yokunzvera. Ndyiko yepamberi pezvishandiso neyokugadzira.

3. Mail-MuBalots (Bhansee neUniversal Vote-by-Mail)

Mapepa etsamba anoparadzirwa kuvavhoti nepositi, anopedzwa pamusha, uye anodzoserwa kupfurikidza nepositi kana kuti zvimwe kudonhedzwa panzvimbo dzemipiro yakachengeteka. Mabhorati eAboise anochengeterwa avo vasingakwanisi kuvhota pamunhu, asi nyika dzinoverengeka (mutoog. Washington, Oregon, Colorado) zvino dzinoitisa sarudzo yose chose chose chose neposi. Voter vanowana mabhorati vhiki pamberi peEcomment Day, vachibvumira nguva yokunzvera nokupedza nokungwarira.

Mapfundo makuru:[

  • Kukwanisa kuwanikwa kwakakwirira kwevakwegura, vakaremara, varwi vokumhiri kwemakungwa, uye vavhoti vari kure.
  • Zvinoderedza simba pavashandi vepanzvimbo yokuvhotera uye midziyo.
  • Zvinoda kusaina kwakakwana, kunyora mutsetse, uye kuchengetedza maemvuropu.
  • Kudzokera kunofanira kuiswa patsamba kana kuti kugamuchirwa kupfurikidza nenguva yakagadzwa; kuverenga kazhinji kazhinji kunotanga pamberi peZuva Rokusarudza.

Mienzaniso: Musarudzo yavose yeU.S. ya2020, vaAmerica vanopfuura mamiriyoni 65 vakavhota nepositi (jere rinosundwa neitiro hanya dzekotsekano dzakakomba.Utah, Hawaii, uye Maryland vakagamuchirawo gadziriro dzetsamba dzomunyika yose.

Maonere: Kubatanidzwa kwakakwirira kunotungamirira kutora rutivi rwakakwirira (vavhoti vanoratidza wedzero 4-8% munyika dzose dzemaposi). Kuderedza nokupfuudza zvirwere. Mutengo wakaderera panzvimbo dzinovhota dzinoenzaniswa nenzvimbo dzokuvhota.

Zvinoshanda: Zvinobvira nokuda kwokunonotsa tsamba, kurasika kwemapepa, kana kusaina kusaina kusano kusingawirirani navavhoti vakakodzera. Kunoda mwedzi yakawanda yokuronga. Ngozi huru yokumanikidzirwa kana muvhoti akadzvinyirirwa nemitezo yemhuri (zvinodzivirira zviripo).

4. Mabharuti Anogoveranwa: Muchina Wokuchengetedza Kugadzirwa Kwemari

Mavhoti anopiwa mukana anoshandiswa apo kujeka kwomuvhoti hakugoni kusimbiswa nokukurumidza. Zvikonzero zvakakurumbira zvinobatanidza zita romuvhoti risingaonekwi pandaza yokunyoresa, kushaikwa kweid inodikanwa, kana kuti kutokumbira muroti anenge asipo. Mabhora aya anoiswa pahamvuropu chaiyo ndokuiswa parutivi kusvikira vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vagona kusimbisa nzvimbo yomuvhoti pashure pokupera kwevhota.

Mapfundo makuru:[

  • Hapana muvhoti akakodzera anodzoserwa nemhaka yezvikanganiso zvokutonga.
  • Inongoverengwa bedzi kana muvhoti akasimbiswa kuti anyoreswe uye akakodzera nokuda kwedzinza iroro.
  • Kazhinji kazhinji anoda muvhoti kusaina mutsigiri kana kuti kugovera magwaro okuwedzera mukati mamazuva mashomanene.
  • Kunonoka kunyora tsamba dzokuti ganda rasvika papi.

Mienzaniso: Musarudzo huru 2020 muU.S., mavolta eault aipfuura 400 000 munyika dzakadai seCalifornia neNew York.

Mabhaisiko: anodzivirira maruramiro okuvhota pasina kubvumiranisa chengeteko. Inogovera gadziriro yakakotsekana yakandikano yetsinhano dzokunyoresa.

Mitemo: Voter inofanira kuziva kuti kurota kwavo kungasaverengwa. Muitiro wokuva nechokwadi unogona kuva unorema nokuda kwehofisi dzesarudzo. Mwero mikuru yokuramba kwegadziriro inogona kusekesa kuvimbana (mukuwirirana neEconstruction Consolation Commission, inenge 20% yemabholoti muna 2018 akarambwa.

5. MaBallots Okusarudza Akaiswa Mungoroni (Makambani Anokosha)

Mavhoti akasarudzwa anobvumira vavhoti kuti vaverengere munhevedzano yedaviro (1, 2, 3, zvichingodaro). Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga chaiye, mudaviri ane zvisarudzo zvishomanene zvikurusa zvinobviswa, uye mavhota avo anodzokororwa kuzvisarudzo zechipiri. Uyu muitiro unodzokororwa kutozosvikira muvhoti asvika 50% + 1.

Mapfundo makuru:[

  • Kunobvisa kudikanwa kwokusarudza kwakasiyana, kuchichengetedza mari uye kuchitsigira kusarudzwa.
  • Chinokurudzira kutsigira zvakanaka nokuti vanoda kusarudzwa vanoda kuvhoterwa nevatsigiri vevavengi.
  • Unogona kushandiswa papepa (rakanyoreswa uye rinoverengwa nesoftware) kana kuti pamichina yokubata.
  • Dzidzo yezvokufambisa yakakomba — — yakarongwa nenzira yakarongwa inowedzera mavhoti asingashandi.

Maguta akadai seSan Francisco, Minneapolis, uye New York anoashandisa semakambani. Australia yave ichishandisa kuvhota kwakakodzera kwemakumi emakore munyika yose.

Mabhaisiko: Vawani vane tsigiro huru. Kuderedza “muwaniki” miuyo inobva kuvadai vetatu. Kusimudzira mhatsa huru dzinoda kubatira vanodiwa, sezvo vavhoti vanogona kutsigira vanodiwa pasina kutya kupambadza vhoti.

Mirangariro: Kuoma kunzwisisa kunogona kuvhiringidza vamwe vavhoti. Kuverenga kunotora nguva refu, zvikurukuru nokuvhura kwakakwirira. Software nokudzorwa zvinofanira kuedzwa zvakasimba nokuda kwokururama (sezvinoonwa mu201 Meyal yeNew York City, umo chikanganiso chesoftware chinononoka miuyo).

6 Maruva Ane Hwiritsi uye Maruva Anenge Achikura

Mamwe mativi adzo anobatanidza mativi amarudzi ari pamusoro apa. Somuenzaniso:

  • .Majekiseni anosiya zviratidzo (BMD): Majeni anoshandisa chivhairaniso kuti aite zvisarudzo, ipapo muchina unodhinda pepa nechisarudzo chawo (kubatanidza barcode). Pepa rinonyorwa rinopindwa rovarwa. MaBMD anobatanidza kunyorwa kwemaelektroniki neanogona kuongororwa pepa.
  • Internet Voting: Inoshandiswa mumashoko akaganhurirwa, zvakadai segadziriro yeIstonia yeFizivhi, umo vagari vemo vanogona kuvhota muchinhu chipi nechipi chinobatanidzwa neInternet. Nharo dzechengeteko (kudenha, mafil, kuramba kugamuchirwa kwe-service) dzakadzivisa kugamuchirwa kwakapararira.
  • [ Vati vemafoni (Telefoni Balloting):[ Dzimwe nzanga dziri kure uye vavhoti vehondo vanoshandisa gadziriro dzakavakirwa pafoni, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvisingawanzoitiki nemhaka yenhau dzezvakavanzika.

Kugadzira Kwebharuti: Kusaziva Kwezvigadzirwa Zvinokosha

Pasinei zvapo norudzi, mapurani eroti imene inopesvedzera zvikuru kururama kwomuvhoti. Chimiro chinovhiringidza chinogona kutungamirira kuvavhoti vari pasi, vavhoti, kana kuti vavhoti vabve. Nzvero inobva kuIGA (American Institute of Graphic Arts) uye Evolution Application Commission yakatanga miitiro yakanakisisa:

  • [[[FT:0] bvisa miraidzo: inoiswa pamusoro, murusando rwefono rusingachinji.
  • Kuisa boka remarongerwo: Madanho ehofisi imwe neimwe anofanira kuva pamwe chete, namahofisi anorairwa noukoshi (umh., hurumende, yomunzvimbomo).
  • Kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yakapinza nechena: Dzivisa zvinhu zvisina kuzara. Shandisa [ kuoma nokuda kwamazita anoda kudzorwa, asi kwete nokuda kwendima dzose.
  • [[FOL:0] Kurongwa kwemafuro kana kuti marefu anofanira kuva akaenzana uye akabatana kuruboshwe.
  • [ Mutauro wokuwana:

Nzvero ya2012 yakaitwa neBrennan Center for Justice yakawana kuti mapurani asina kunaka anogona kuparira 2% yavavhoti kuvhotera muvhoti nokuda kwomuvhoti asina kururama kana kuti kupotsa nhangemutange chose chose(kunodokutongedza sarudza. Somuenzaniso, “mutambi wejeri retsono repedzi rehove" muPalm Beach County, Florida mukati mekuvhotation yeU.S. Hurumende inoita kuti zviuru zvamavhoti zvisaruki zvishandurwe.

Munondo Weruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Wakakomberedzwa Kaviri: Simbi Dzendege.

Kuchinja kwepepa kuenda kumapepa emagetsi kunoitwa kuti uwane mari yakawanda uye kuwanika kwawedzera, asi kwakatangawo kunetsa kutsva kwemasarudzo.

Kurangarira kukuru kwegadziriro dzazvino uno dzerongedzero:

  • Uzvimiriri: Zvakakodzera, gadziriro yokuvhota inofanira kuvimba nepepa sechinyorwa chepamutemo, naizvozvo kana mapurogiramu ekombiyuta akabvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira, rondedzero yebhuku inogona kudzorera muuyo wechokwadi.
  • Nhamba dzezvisarudzo zveposi: Mitemo yengozi (RLS) enzanisa zvikamu zvakangofanana zvepepa nerefu dzemagetsi. United States seColorado neCalifornia dzakashandisa RL Sezvokubvumikisa miuyo.
  • Kupfindisa uye cheni yekodzero yokuchengeta mwana: Kupiwa kwemigumisiro kubva panzvimbo nepakati penzvimbo inofanira kunyorwa. Mapepa epepa anofanira kuchengetwa zvakakotsekana kudzivisa kushatisa.
  • Kuwanika pasina chibayiro: BMD ne VVPAT inorangarirwa kuva kubvumirana pachinhu chakanaka, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti barcode iri paBMD-dhindiroti ingashandurwa zvisina kufanira navavhoti.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamipimo yechengeteko yesarudzo, ona U.S. Transfact Application Commission yanotungamirira muvhoti ne Varefied Voting Foundation[, iyo inoshandisa dziviriro yomuchina wokuvhotera.

Rudzi rweBallot Nejeti: Zvinotaurwa NeDhesimendi

Kuongorora kwakaitwa nePew Research Center uye National Bureau of Economic Research kwakawana kuti:

  • Mapepa eMail: Kuwedzera kunoitwa ne 2-5 muzana muzvisarudzowo zvazvo, nemiuyo yakakwirira pakati pavavhoti vaduku navasviki vakaderera.
  • Michina yemanyoro: Haishandi paburi, asi inovandudza gutsikano pakati pavavhoti neurema.
  • Marobhu akasarudzwa akavhengana: miuyo yakavhengana] --dzimwe fundo dzinoratidza wedzero duku mukuvhota mudare, nepo dzimwe dzisingawani tapuro nokuda kwamadzinza omubatanidzwa.
  • Marobhoti echiProteji:[[FT:1] Anowanzoshandiswa sechitsama chokupedzisira; haawedzeri kubuda asi angaderedza kushata apo ndaza dzokunyoresa dzisina kururama.

Zvisinei, kuvadziko yokuvhota mutsamba inofanira kuyerwa panzvimbo penguva inodikanwa yokuverenga nokubvumikisa. California, somuenzaniso, inoda mavhiki kuti ipedze miuyo nemhaka youkuru hwetsamba namapepa akarongwa. Ikoku kunogona kutapura chivimbo kana miuyo yapakuvamba ikachinja zvikuru.

Nguva Yemberi YamaBallot: Miitiro Yokungwarira

Sarudzo padzinochinja, zvinhu zvitsva zvakawanda zviri pedyo:

  • Kuvhota kwakavakirwa pa-parenje: Zvimwe zvirongwa zvendege (mutoo, kuedza kweWest Virginia 2018 nokuda kwehondo yokumhiri kwamakungwa) kushandisa brickchain kunyora vhoti. Nepo chipikirwa chokusatsakatika, kuvimbika uye kuva woga muvhoti chinoramba chisina kugadziriswa.
  • Smartphone colot chiratidzo: Apps dzinogadzira brock inodhindwa kana kuti faira yemichina yakanyorwa zvaigona kuderedza zvikanganiso. Nharo dzechengeteko dzinoganhurira kugamuchirwa kwavabereki vasiri vake, asi mapurogiramu endege ari kufamba mumativi enyika yeWashington.
  • Vota isingawirirani 76byשmail nokunzvera kwakawedzerwa: Kunzvera bharcode inokura zvokuti vavhoti vanogona kuronda chivhoti chavo kubva pakutsikirira kusvikira pakuverenga (kwatoshandiswa munyika dzinoverengeka).
  • Mpimo wokuwana: Ballots dzichagadzirwa nenzira inowedzera nenheyo dzechisiko chose, kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana muvhoti anobviswa nemhaka yourema kana kuti mhinganidzo yomutauro.

Nokuda kwemichina yokuvhota iri kuvamba, peji yenzvero ye ne Conference of State Legistratures (NCS)[[FL:3] inogovera kupetwa kwakakwana kwemiitiro yokurera yehurumende nehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Vazivi Vezvemari Vanovaka Chivimbo Mumigumisiro

Rudzi rweroti inoshandiswa musarudzo harusati rwuri mashoko enzirawo zvawo enzira yokusarudza(irwo) inopesvedzera chengeteko, upwiviki, kururama, uye chivimbo chavose. Kuvambira pakupfava kwepepa kusvikira kukushanda zvakanaka kwemichina yemagetsi nebetsero yetsamba kana kuti gadziriro dzakarongwa, mutoo mumwe nomumwe unobatira zvinodikanwa zvakasiana- siyana uye zvinotakura zvigadziko zvokutenga. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nechinovhota zvinochinja, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanofanira kudzikamisa, chengeteko, uye kutendeka.

Kuvota, kunzwisisa marudzi evhoti anowanika muudzori hwavo kunovapa simba rokushandisa nomutoo wokuvimba uye kutsigira vandudziko apo kunodikanwa. Kana uvota mumunhu kana kuti nepositi, papepa kana kuti paterevhizheni, kuvimbika kwebhora rimwe nerimwe kunotsamira papurani yakafungwa, kujeka, uye muvhotera akasanoumbwa. Iva akarongeka, zivai zvamungasarudza, uye verengai inzwi renyu.