Kunzwisisa Utongi Noutongi

Kutonga rutivi rukuru rwenzanga ipi neipi, inoumba nzira iyo simba rinoshandiswa nayo, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa, uye pfuma zvinogoverwa. Pakati pezvimiro zvizhinji zvokutonga, madzimambo anomira seimwe yegadziriro dzekaresa nedzinogara. Pasinei zvapo nokupararira kwenyika yose yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munguva yazvino uno, madzimambo anoramba aripo muzvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana munyika dzinopfuura makumi mana, achipesvedzera zvematongerwe enyika, tsika, uye kuzivikanwa kwenyika. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongorora kwoumambo hwamambo: tsananguro yahwo, mhindumupinduro, marudzi makuru, kuenzanisa nemimwe miganhuro yehurumende inotonga, miuyo nezvakaipa, uye basa raanoita munyika yazvinovapo panguva ino. Kunyange zvazvo uchifunda sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uchigadzirira kukurukurirana, kana kuti kungoda kuziva bedzi pamusoro penzi renyika dzakasiyana - , kutungamirira simba rakasiyana, kutsanangura kunzwisiswa kukuru, kunzwisiswa kukuru kwemashoko mumashoko ehurumende pasi pose.

Kurondedzera Mifungo Nemavara

Umambo irudzi rwokutonga umo chiremera chikurusa chinopiwa mumunhu mumwe, chinozivikanwa samambo. Iyi nzvimbo inowanzogarwa nhaka, inopfuudzwa mukati memhuri youmambo mukuwirirana nemirau yakagadzwa yenhevedzano. Zvisinei, madzimambo haasati ari gadziriro inowirirana nechinhu chimwe; inosiana zvikuru mukuwirirana nesimba chairo ramambo, gadziriro yapamutemo inodzora basa, uye ukama pakati pekorona nemamwe mapazu ehurumende. Mativi makuru anorondedzera utongi hunobatanidza:

  • Hereditary Education: madzimambo mazhinjisa anotevera kutsiviwa kwesimba kwakavakirwa padzinza, kazhinji kazhinji achifarira primogenito (mwana mukurusa kana kuti mwanakomana anogara nhaka chigaro choumambo). Mimwe miitiro yakagamuchira primogeneture yakaenzana, kuchibvumira mwana mukurusa pasinei zvapo nevatano kubudirira.
  • Hurumende:[ munhau, mambo airangarirwa kuva manyuko okupedzisira echiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika, kazhinji kazhinji achiwana maruramiro kubva mutsika youmwari kana kuti yakagara kwenguva refu. Mutsika dzapamutemo dzamambo, uchangamire hunogoveranwa kana kuti kuchinjirwa kumatunhu akasarudzwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chechikuru neBasa rokufananidzira: Kunyange apo simba chairoiro rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoganhurirwa, mambo anowanzobatira somutungamiriri wetsika wenyika, achimirira chinzwano chorudzi nokupfuurira kwenhau.
  • [[FT:0] Upenyu hwenguva refu: Kunze kwezvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi zvebudist, mambo anoshumira kwoupenyu, achigovera dzikamo yenhambo refu kana ichienzaniswa navatungamiriri vakasarudzwa vane mashoko akatsiga.

Pfungwa yokuti umambo hwoumambo hwakavakirwa zvikuru mushambidziko yavanhu, ichioneka mukuzvimirira kubva mutsika dzeEgipita yekare kusvikira kuEurope yeMiddle Ages, kubva kuEast Asia kusvikira kumaodzanyemba kweSaharan Africa.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwamadzimambo

Mavambo Ekare uye Kuva Mambo kwaMwari

Mitoo yamambo yekare yakatanga muNear East yekare, umo vatongi vakaita savaFarao veEgipita vairangarirwa kuva vamwari vapenyu kana kuti vareveri pakati poumambo hwoumwari nehwokufa.Miitiro yakafanana yakaoneka muMesopotamia, Indus Valley, uye madzimambo apakuvamba eChina. aya madzimambo aidzora zvorudzidziso, zvehondo, uye chiremera chapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji vachishandisa zvivako zvikuru uye zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa kuti vabvumidze kutonga kwavo.

Kuda Kurerwa Nemadzimambo EMiddle Ages

Mukati meMiddle Ages, mamicromanic muEurope akashanduka - chinja mukati megadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yehurumende dzakaparadzana simba pakati pavakuru vakuru, vafundisi, uye korona. Madzimambo aiwanzova primus par pars (kutanga pakati pavanhu vakaenzana) panzvimbo pavatongi vakakwana. Magna Carta we1215, akasainwa naMambo John weEngland, akaratidzira fambiro mberi yapakuvamba mukuganhurira simba roumambo nokugadza nheyo yokuti mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo. Nguva ino yakaonawo kumuka kwemitumbi yeparamende, yakadai seParamende yeEngland neChirungu chireveresa cheFrance, izvo zvakakurudzira madzimambo uye kubvumira mitero. Kutamba pakati pekorona nenzvimbo yemitemo yamazana amakore gare gare gare gare.

Kuda Kupedza Kunetseka Kwako

Nguva yapakuvamba yazvino uno (zana ramakore 168-18) yakapupurira kumuka kwehurumende dzamambo dzakakwana muEurope, yakapfupikiswa naLouis XIV weFrance, uyo akaumba simba ndokuvaka Muzinda weVersailles sechiratidzo choudzori hwoumambo. Mamonarch ose akatsvaka kudzora mativi ose enyika nenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nehurumende nemauto akamira. Zvisinei, Kujekeswa kwakaunza denho dzouzivi kubva kuvazivi vakadai saJohn Locke naMontesquieu, uyo akatsigira kuparadzana masimba nekodzero dzomusikirwo. Chinjo yeAmerica (1776) uye Chinjo yeFrance (189) zvakakurira zvakananga kutonga kwamambo munyika dzavo dzakatsauka, kuvamba chinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika iyoyo yakapararira.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mambo Webumbiro Romutemo

Muzana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20, mamonarch akawanda eEurope akashandurwa kuva gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, achichengeta umambo segadziriro yokufananidzira apo aichitamisira simba chairo rezvamatongerwe enyika kuvhota maparamende. United Kingdom’s Glorious Revolution (1688) yakanga yatoisa nheyo kupfurikidza nokutanga ukuru hweparamende. Nyika dzakawanda dzakadai seSweden, Norway, Denmark, uye Japan dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzakafanana. Mukupesana, dzimwe hurumende dzakapunzi nehondo, chinjo, kana kuti kubviswa kwechinjo yehurumende dzechivokorini kunobatanidza Russia (1917), Germany (1918), uye Italy (1946), nhasi, madzimambo akawanda anopukunyuka anoumbwa nemitemo, nechiremera chakaganhurirwa bedzi chezvamatongerwe enyika chakasimba chakasimba chakasimba.

Marudzi Makuru Oumambo Munyika Yazvino Uno

Mutongi Wakakwana

Muhurumende inodzorwa chose chose, mambo ane simba risina kuganhurirwa pahurumende uye haasuntswi nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare. Mutongi anogona kugadza mitemo, kugadza vakuru vakuru, kutungamirira mauto, uye kudzora upfumi. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman, uye Eswatini (yaichimbova Swaziland). Muidzi tsika, mambo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anowana chiremera mumanyuko orudzidziso kana kuti egamuchidzanwa. Somuenzaniso, Mambo weSaudi Arabia anewo zita rokuremekedza reCustoian reMicronesia, rinobatanidza utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwerudzidziso nohuhumbiso. Vatsoropoteoti kuti mambo anoshaiwa kunzvera nedzivisira.

Mutongi Webumbiro reMitemo

Miganhu yeConstitution ndiyo chimiro chinozivikanwa zvikurusa nhasi. Pano, masimba emonarch anorondedzerwa uye anoganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo, iro ringanyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa. Mambo anowanzobatira somusoro wetsika wehurumende, apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa (purime, paramende) vanoshandisa chiremera chinodzora. Zviidzo zvinobatanidza United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Japan, Sweden, Spain, uye Netherlands. Muidzidzidzidzi, mambo “achatonga,” achiita mabasa akadai separamendi yokutanga, achimirira nyika iri kunze kwenyika, uye achiita sechiratidzo chokupfuurira. Zvigaro zvemitemo zvamambo zvinofarikanya mwero yakakwirira yezvamatongerwe enyika uye zvinotsigirwa navanhu vose, maererano nokunzvera kwemiro yehurumende.

Mutongi Anonzwisisa

Muhurumende inosarudzwa, mambo anosarudzwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo yapamutemo panzvimbo pokugara nzvimbo kupfurikidza nokuberekwa. Munhau, Umambo hutsvene hweRoma hwakanga hwasarudza madzimambo, uye mabasa apapa sehurumende inosarudzwa youbati ushe hwoubati ushe hwoumwari. Nhasi, Malaysia anoita madzimambo akasiyana - siyana pakati pemadzimambo mapfumbamwe anogarwa nhaka, rimwe nerimwe richibatira nhambo yamakore mashanu saMambo (Yang di-Pertuan Agong). Nepo zvisingawanzowanzowanikwa, mamimidhiana anosarudzwa anobatanidza magamuchidzanwa enhaka nomwerongedzero, kunyange zvazvo mutongi achingobatira boka duku ravakuru kana vakuru.

Federal Monarchy

Hurumende yehurumende inobatanidza kuumbwa kwamambo negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yehurumende, umo simba rinokamurwa pakati pehurumende yapakati nehurumende dzinobatanidzwa. United Arabhu Emirates muenzaniso mukuru: vapanduki vanomwe mumwe nomumwe vane mutongi wavo amene wenhaka (emir), uye mumwe wavo anobatira saPrezidhendi wezvokudzora. Masangano ehurumende anogona kubetsera kubatanidza nharaunda dzakasiana - siana pasi pomusoro mumwe wokufananidzira nepo pamusoro pomugariro womunzvimbomo.

Kuenzanisa Vatongi Nemamwe Marudzi Okutonga

Mutongi mukuru v.

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uchangamire hunova navanhu, vanoshandisa simba kupfurikidza nesarudzo yapachena nemirairo. Simba rinoparadzirwa pakati pamapazu ehurumende, richivimbisa kuzvidavirira nedziviriro yekodzero. Kusafanana navatungamiriri vehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, vatungamiriri vehurumende yeruzhinji vakagadza mipimo uye vanodzorwa nesarudzo yenhambo nenhambo. Zvisinei, mami mazhinji ehurumende anotonga ane democracy yakazara zvizere; madzimambo ari pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vehurumende. Musiyano mukuru uri mumusoro wenyika: yakasarudzwa (kana kuti yakagadzwa) muruwa rwapasi penyika inowirirana nenhaka muumambo hwamambo. Kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti mamimiteveri emitemo yehurumende yapamutemo anogona kusimudzira chengeteko, sezvo mambo wehurumende inowirirana anomira pamusoro pamakwikwidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Monarchy vs.

Republic chimiro chehurumende umo mukuru mukuru wehurumende ari mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa kana kuti akagadzwa (kazhinji kazhinji purezidhendi), kwete mambo anogarwa nhaka. Marepabhuriki mazhinjisa azvino uno ndeehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, kunyange zvazvo mamwe ari ehurumende inodzvinyirira. Musiyano pakati poumambo hwehurumende yepamutemo neparamende unogona kuva wamanomano: vose vari vaviri vakasarudza hurumende, asi yaichimbova inogara nhaka yehurumende, nepo yapashure ine mutengi akasarudzwa. Nyika dzakafanana neUnited States, France, uye India inyika dzehurumende dzinotonga pamusoro pemari inosarira kana kuti republic relic kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji iri nzvimbo inosarira pamutengo, gamuchidzanwa, uye rondedzero yokufananidzira.

Chiremerera

Hurumende dzoutongi dzinoisa simba mumutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti boka duku risina kuzvidavirira kune voruzhinji. Nepo dzimwe madzimambo akakwana achishanda segadziriro dzinodzora, haasati ari mami voruzhinji ose anodzorwa noudzori; mamonarchy ebumbiro remitemo anoshanda mukati megadziriro dzehurumende yedemocracy. Uodharianism huripo mumarepublic, juntas, uye nyika imwe yehondo. Chisakiso chinotambudza kuvapo kwecherekedzo nedzikamo, kutonga kwomutemo, uye rusununguko rwavagari vemo (ht)

Monarchy vs.

Ubati ushe hwaMwari igadziriro umo vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vanotonga muzita ramwari kana kuti mutemo worudzidziso. Mamwe mamonarch, kufanana naSaudi Arabia, anobatanidza zvinhu zvoubati ushe hwoumwari hwakasimba, sezvo mambo anomanikidzira mutemo wechiIslam (Shiria) ndokutaura chiremera chorudzidziso. Zvisinei, mamonarchy mazhinjisa azvino uno ndeenyika, kunyange kana ane basa nezita rokuti somusoro wechechi (zvichibvepo, mambo weBritain saGavhuna Mukuru weChechi yeEngland). Kubatanidzwa kwesimba rorudzidziso nerezvamatongerwe enyika kunozivikanwa zvikuru noubati ushe hwaMwari kupfuura boka guru rehurumende hwehurumende seboka guru.

Betsero Dzoumambo

  • Kubatana neContinudity: Nemhaka yokuti mamisaimani anobatira nokuda kwoupenyu uye nhevedzano inongozviitikira yoga, mamonarch anogona kugovera dzikamo yenhambo refu. Anodzivisa nzvimbo dzoutungamiriri idzo dzimwe nguva dzinotambudza republics. Nyika dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom dzakachengeta gadziriro imwe cheteyo yebumbiro remitemo kwamazana amakore, murutivi nemhaka yepesvedzero inodzikamisa youmambo.
  • Non-Parisan Musoro weHurumende: Mumamirire emitemo emitemo, monarch anomira pamusoro pebato, achishanda semunhu anobatanidza mukati menjodzi. Ikoku kunogona kusimudzira batira pamwe yorudzi, zvikurukuru munyika dzine mapoka makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika. Mabasa emiitiro yamambo .* Mitambo yetsika, kuisa mari, kugamuchirwa kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende, kupfuurira kwemiuyo yehurumende (jerefu).
  • Kuiswa pachena kweNdoda neNational Adentity: Zvikurukuru zvinowanzobatanidza nhau yenyika, tsika, uye magamuchidzanwa. Mitambo namasangano zvoumambo zvinokwezva kushanya uye zvinoparira simba retsika. Somuenzaniso, madzimambo eBritain anoita betsero dzemari dzinokosha kupfurikidza nokushanya nokushambadza.
  • Chiono cheNhevedzo yeNhengo: Mambo anogarwa nhaka anogona kuva nomurangariro murefu wefariro dzorudzi kana achienzaniswa navezvamatongerwe enyika vanonangidzirwa pazvisarudzo zvipfupi. Nepo uku kutaura kuchiwanzotaurwa, vamwe vezvenhau vanopa mbiri mbiri mbiri mbiri kusimudzira zvisungo zvepfuma negadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yehurumende izvo zvinobatanidza zvizvarwa.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzoumambo

  • Utungamiriri hweDemocratic Accouncition: hunoputsa nheyo yokuti vatongi vanofanira kusarudzwa navanhu uye kuzvidavirira kuvanhu. Muhurumende dzose dzinotonga monarchy, hapana kana kutongova necherekedzo pasimba ramambo, kuchitungamirira kudzvinyiriro inobvira noushati.
  • Kuchengetera vabhadhari: Kuchengeta imba yamambo, mizinda yamambo, chengeteko, uye zvinoitika zvemitambo kunogona kuva kunodhura. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi mari yavose ingagona kuva iri nani inoshandiswa pamapurogiramu enzanga. Uku kwakasiyana: mubhadhari wemitero weUK anobhadhara mutero mumwe nomumwe anenge $1.30 pagore (mouse Grant), nepo mamonarch anonyanyowandirwa anoisa mari yakakwira.
  • Prothential for Tyranny: Pasina ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, mambo akakwana anogona kuva mudzvinyiriri, kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana uye kuputsa maruramiro avanhu. Nhau inogovera mienzaniso yakawanda, kuvambira paLouis XIV kusvikira kumadzoro ouzwisa hwukuru hweoiri.
  • Kuenzana neRopafashoni: Hurumende dzinopfuudzira nenzira yomuzvarirwo boka rakakwirira rakavakirwa pakuberekwa panzvimbo pefariro. Ikoku kunogona kuganhurira vagari vemo vasiri voumambo.
  • Risipo yeInconstee Leadership: Kutevedzana kwemararamiro hakuvimbisi kukwanisa. Kana mugari wenhaka asina kukodzera kutonga (nokuda kwourema, kusatonga zvakanaka, kana kuti kushaikwa kwefariro) nyika inotambura. Mitemo yeMitemo inoderedza ikoku kupfurikidza nokuganhurira basa rezvamatongerwe enyika ramambo, asi nzvimbo yokufananidzira ingangova ichiri inozadzwa zvisina kukwana.

Mamonarch Azvino Uno Muchirongwa Chokuongorora Chese

Mutongi Webumbiro reMitemo: United Kingdom

Hurumende yeBritain zvichida ndiyo umambo hwakakurumbira zvikurusa hwebumbiro remitemo. Mambokazi Elizabeth II akatonga kwemakore 70, achibatira sechiratidzo chokupfuurira nokutsiga. Mambo wazvino uno, Charles III, anoita mibato yemitambo zvikurukuru, nepo Mutungamiriri weHurumende naParamende vachishandisa simba rehurumende neromutemo. Hurumende inoshanda pasi peSande Grant, inotsigirwa nevanobhadhara mari, uye inova inodzorwa nekurukurirano yavose pamusoro pebasa rayo nendyiko.

Mutongi Webumbiro reMitemo: Japan

Hurumende yeJapan, Chrysantheum Throne, ihurumende inogarwa nhaka yenyika inopfuurira, inovambira shure kusvikira muna 660 BC mukuwirirana negamuchidzanwa. Mambo haana chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika mubumbiro remitemo reNyika II; anobatira sechiratidzo chehurumende nechinzwano chavanhu. Mambo wazvino uno Naruto anoita mabasa egamuchidzanwa netsika. madzimambo eJapan anofarikanya tsigiro yapachena yakafara uye anobatanidzwa zvikuru nokuzivikanwa kwetsika namagamuchidzanwa echiShinto.

Monarchy: Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia muenzaniso wakatanhamara woumambo hwakakwana umo mambo anewo zita routungamiriri uye ane chiremera chikuru pamusoro pomukuru mukuru, chigaro, uye mapazu okutonga. Kuva pamutemo kwehurumende inotonga kunotorwa murutivi kubva muudzori hwayo hwenzvimbo dzinochengetwa zvikurusa dzechiIslam. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Mambo Mohammed Bin Salman akasimbisa simba, achironda kuva wechino uno (Vusimende 2030) achichengeta udzori hwechinzvimbo. Saudia akanangana nokutsoropotera kuma kwamaruramiro avanhu nokuda kwokushaiwa rusununguko rwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Mutongi Akachenjera: Malaysia

Gadziriro yechienzi yeMalaysia inoratidzira mambo webumbiro remitemo, Yang di-Pertuan Agong, akasarudzwa makore mashanu ari ose kubva pakati pavatongi vapfumbamwe vehurumende inogarwa nhaka. Iyi madzimambo anochinja-chinja anobetsera kudzikamisa simba pakati pehurumende dzakasiana-- siyana namapoka amadzinza. Basa ramambo zvikurukuru nderetsika, asi anochengeta masimba akati okusarudza, akadai sokugadza Mutungamiriri wePrime pashure pechisarudzo chavose. Iyi tsika yewirirano inotsvaka kubatanidza gamuchidzanwa nehurumende inomirira hurumende yehurumende.

Matambudziko Neramangwana Remadzimambo

Mibatanidzwa iyi inowanzodudza ndyiko, uye kusaenzana kwesimba renhaka. Chechipiri, dzvinyiriro dzazvino uno dzinoda kuti madzimambo agadzirire: kunzvera kwenzanga, kuraira kuti pave nokujeka, uye kuchinja kwetsika dzavose munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, Australia, neSpain. Zvikamu izvi zvinowanzodudza ndyiko, kusaenzana, uye kusawirirana kwesimba rokugara nhaka. Zvechimbichimbichimbi - chimbichimbi kunoda kuti vatongi vadzore: kunzvera kwemasangano echibharo, kurayira kuti vaonekwe, uye kuti zvinhu zvinochinja zvinogona kukanganisa kupemberera. Zvinei zvingaita kuti pave netsika dzetsika dzekare, kunyanya vechiduku uye vanhu vakadzidza, kunyanya vanoona zvichinzi vatema mudzimwe nyika dzechiRunguriro (songe muchiitiko chechiProteshina yeSpain inonzi Juan Carlos I).

Pasinei zvapo neizvi denho, mamonarchy akabvumikisa kuva akasimba nenzira inoshamisa. Mamishinari eBumbiro reMitemo zvikurukuru akachinjira kupfurikidza nokurega simba rezvamatongerwe enyika apo aichengeta chiremera chokufananidzira, achiva nenzira inobudirira “marepublic akafukidzwa.” Mamwe masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anotaura kuti mamonarcha anopa nzvero inokosha mukurwisana nepopulm neidialconosticism, uye kuti kupfuurira kwawo kunodzivirira chinzwano yorudzi. Nguva yemberi yehurumende sezvingabvira inobatanidza mhindumupinduro inopfuuridzirwa: kuva inorerutsa zvikuru, uye inosimbisa simba rakapfava kupfurikidza nokuwirirana, tsika, uye ruwariro.

mhedziso

Hurumende irudzi rwakasiana - siana uye rwakawanda rwenhau rwekudzora kunopfuurira kuvapo mumativi akawanda enyika, kubva kuvatongi vane simba vakakwana muMiddle East kusvikira kuvakuru vakuru vetsika muEurope neAsia. Kunzwisisa marudzi emadzimambo (kubva pamavambo awo ekare kusvikira kuzvimiro zvawo zvebumbiro remitemo zvazvino uno) kunopa nzwisiso inokosha mukuronga kwemasangano, kuchengeta magamuchidzanwa, uye kuchinja kwokufamba. Kunyange kurangarirwa sechinyakare kana kuti chirongwa chinodzikamisa, madzimambo anoramba ari nhau inokosha yefundo musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika uye chinhu chaichoicho chemhizha nokuda kwamamirioni. Kupfurikidza nokuenzanisa miganhuro yamasangano akadai sedemo yedemocracy, reparati, uye udzvinyiriri, tinowana nzwisiso huru yezvokutengeserana kwakasiyana - kwezvamasangano. Sezvimosmosmosmong, mamiedefarome anoramba kukura, mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro penzanga dzazvinotendwa munyika yose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza manyuko ane chiremera akadai se Encclopaedia Britannica pinda paumambo hwamambo, BC] mutsananguri pabumbiro remitemo rehurumende [, uye fundo dzedzidzo dzedzidzo se “ Machemy in the World Yazvino uno" rakanyorwa naJohn. Mittelmeier [ nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru.