Table of Contents

Sumo: Basa Rinogara Richiitwa Nemapoka Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Muhurumende Dzechiokomuhomwe

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ari pakati pamasangano anozivikanwa zvikurusa muhurumende yedemocracy, bva upamhi hwawo hwakazara hwepesvedzero hunowanzonzwisiswa. Haasati achingova bedzi masangano akaoma anosakisa fariro dzavose, kuumba gakava, kupinza vatungamiriri, uye kushandura zvakakurumbira mumiitiro. Kuvambira pamazuva apakuvamba ezvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa yanhasi yemibato yenhau yemasangano, mabato akachinja kuchinja mumichina inobudisa nhau, mutemo, uye nzanga. Kunzwisisa izvo mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita uye chikonzero nei achikosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kuita chimwe chinhu chine revo renhau. Uku kunzvera midziro yenhau, mibato yakakurumbira, mibato inosarudzwa, zvinetso zvenguva ino unosarudzwa, uye zvamatongerweaurongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mapoka Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Chii?

Nepo paine zviri nyore, boka rematongerwe enyika iboka revanhu vakarongwa vanotendawo kuti nzanga inofanira kudzorwa sei uye kuti vanoda kuita zvinangwa izvozvo nokubudirira pakudzora hurumende nemasarudzo.

  • Desigment: Mapati avakwa pagadziriro yenheyo dzezvematongerwe enyika — dzingava dzetsika dzinoganhurirwa, dzinopa rusununguko, dzesocialist, dzeruwa, dzenyika, kana kuti dzegirini. Iyi rondedzero inogovera gadziriro yewirirano yenzvimbo dzemiitiro.
  • Chinzvimbo chamasangano: Kusafanana namapoka ezvifaro kana kuti masangano enzanga, mapati anovavarira kuisa mitezo yavo muhofisi yavose. Uku kunyanyosarudzwa kunosunda unyanzvi hwavo, kurongedza mari, uye kutumira mashoko.
  • Hurumende yeOrganizal: Paripo dzine zvikamu zvomukati zvehurumende — ganhuro dzomunzvimbomo, matare enharaunda, kokorodzano dzorudzi — izvo zvinotsinhiranisa mibato nokutarisira rwisano.
  • [[FT:0] Kutsungirira Nguva: Mapati anopfuurira kupfuura nhimbe dzakati kana kuti sarudzo. Ane kuvapo kunopfuurira kunobvumira kuvaka zivo yesangano noruvimbiko rworudzi.

Somuenzaniso, boka rinokurudzira vanhu kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana neizvi ringapesvedzera muitiro asi hariiti kuti vaende kunzvimbo yaro; sangano rokuramba ringada kuchinja asi risingawanzotsvaki kudzora zvakananga.

Kushanduka Kwenhau Kwepamaruwa Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika azvino uno akabuda zvishoma nezvishoma. Mumarepublic akadai seAthens neRoma, mapoka akaumbwa kupoteredza vatungamiriri vakatanhamara, asi iwaya akanga ari mvura uye akanga asina sangano rechigarire. Kuberekwa kwebato muchimiro charo chapanguva imwe cheteyo kazhinji kazhinji kunorondwa kumazana amakore e 17 ne18, apo gadziriro dzeparamende muBritain neUnited States dzakaona kuumbwa kwamapoka anowirirana akadai seWhigs neTories (Britin) uye Federalist and Democracy - Reblicans (United States). Mapoka aya apakuvamba akaitwa akatanhamara, achinangidzira ngwariro pakuita basa reparame pane kuunganidza vanhu vazhinji.

Zana ramakore rechi19 rakaunza masangano akavakirwa pavazhinjisa separanzi. MuUnited States, Andrew Jackson’s Democratic Party yakamutsa mapurani euswa hwakawanda, tsigiro, uye mapepanhau. MuEurope, mapoka echisosharisiti akadai seGerman Social Democratic Party akavaka masangano emitezo akasimba namasangano eboka, makirabhu, uye mapepanhau. Zana ramakore rechi20 rakaona kukwira kwamapoka ose aitsvaka mibatanidzwa yakafara uye, gare gare gare, mapoka emotokari dzemotokari dzakabatanidzwa nehurumende, achitsamira pamitengo yokuwana mari yavose uye kubuda. Nhasi, ruzivo rwemitepikichatation ruri kuvakazve masangano esangano echikwata chamapazu enguva dzose.

Nokuda kwamashoko akapoteredza enhau akadzama, ona Encyclopedia of Philosophy sumo pamapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika .

Mabasa Emapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Mugadziriro Yedemocratic

Masangano ezvematongerwo enyika anoita mabasa anokosha akawanda anobatsira hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu kuti ishande zvinobudirira.

Rusarura uye Kufarira

Mapati anobatira somukoto pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende. Anobatanidza fariro dzakasiana-- siyana dzamamirioni avanhu mumiitiro inowirirana. Pasina mapati, vavhoti vangatarisana neshoo inokatyamadza yavanhu vamwe navamwe vane ratidziro duku yematongerwe avangadzora seboka. Nokugamuchira zviteshi nemirangariro, mapoka anopa tsinhamiso yokudeya kutaura kuti mutevedzeri achazvibata sei. Basa iri rinovimbisa kuti manzwi akaderera — maruwa, nzanga dzomumaruwa, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, masangano ezvirongwa zvemhoteredzo yapasi pevhu — anogona kuwana musha wezvamatongerwe enyika uye kusunda itiro dzavo kuti vapiwe.

Kugadzirwa Kwemitemo Negadziriro yeAgenda

Mumademokrase azvino uno, mapati ndiwo masangano makuru ekubudirira kwemiitiro. Paboka rinofunga matangi, madhipatimendi okunzvera, uye nyanzvi dzinobatanidzwa dzinoita zvikarakadzo zvine udzame pachinhu chiri chose kubvira pakuchinjwa kwoutano kusvikira kugadziriro yokumwe. Apo boka rinokunda simba, kuratidzirwa kwaro kana kuti chikuva chinotungamirira zvikurukuru purogiramu yemitemo. Ikoku hakurevi kuti masangano anodzora mashoko ose — hurumende dzinobatanidzwa mugadziriro dzamativi akawanda dzinoda kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira — asi ivo vanogadza kutungamirira kwakafara. Somuenzaniso, boka renzanga rehurumende renzanga richasimbisa kukura kwegarikano, nepo boka rinorerekera pamutemo richasimbisa kutemwa kwemitero uye kubvisa nhevedzano.

Kudzorerwa Nokuchinja Zvemagariro Evanhu

Zvikamu zvinozivisa nokurovedza vatungamiriri venguva yemberi pamwero yose yehurumende. Vashingairi vebato romunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji vanovamba savashandi vanozvipira vomunharaunda kana kuti mitezo yepwere inobhururuka, kudzidza unyanzvi mukutaura pachena, kurukurirano, uye kutungamirira nhimbe. Nokufamba kwenguva vangazova vadaviri veboka rechikoro, dare reguta, dare rehurumende, uye pakupedzisira hofisi yenyika. Iri paipi inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vanopinda muhurumende vane ruzivo rwakati rwezvamatongerwe enyika netsigiro yesangano. Uyezve, mapato anopinda vanhu mumipimo yehurumende yedemocraticism — kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuvaka, kuvaka, uye kuremekedza muitiro.

Kushandiswa Kweboka Revatambi uye Kubatanidzwa Muchikwata

Rimwe ramabasa anooneka zvikurusa ebato nderokuita kuti vanhu vavhote. Kupfurikidza nokuvhota kwapasuo napasuo, mabhangi orunhare, tsamba dzakananga, kushambadza, uye kubuda mumotokari, mapati anoshanda kusimudzira pakati pavatsigiri vavo. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vazhinji, muvhoti ibvumirano ine chokuita nesimba remasangano. Mapati anopindawo vagari vemo pakati pezviitiko zvomunzvimbomo, nhau dzenzvimbo, uye nzanga dzeInternet, kutsigira fariro yezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura nguva yechirongwa. Uku kubatanidzwa kunobetsera kukurira kusakendenga nokusimbisa simba renzanga redemocracy.

Kuzvidavirira Nokutarisira

Parapatidziro dzinogovera mutoo wokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vasarudzwe kuti vapiwe mhaka. Mapati anoshora anonzvera zviito zvehurumende, kukundikana, uye anopa zvimwe zvinotsiva. Mukati mebato rinotonga, mapoka omukati namakwikwi okutungamirira zvinogona kunzvera simba romutungamiriri. Panguva yesarudzo, vavhoti vanotonga kuita kwebato musimba uye vanogona ku “bvisa magariro avakuru vakuru." kana kusagutsikana. Basa iri rokuzvidavirira rinokosha nokuda kwehurumende ine mutoro. Pasina nzanga, vavhoti vaizova nechinetso chokuyera mutoro wakabatana nemhaka yokuti kwaizova kusingajekerwi kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vaizova rutivi rwevoruzhinji vanodzora.

Bhuku rechikamu chenyika Paritical: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchic Tendencies of Modern Democracy rakanyorwa naRobert Michels (1911) rinzvera kusawirirana pakati pomufananidzo wedemokrase neoligarchy yesangano, rugwaro rwakakurumbira runowanika kupfurikidza ne [[FLT:] Google Books .

Kukosha Kwemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokuda Kwoutongi Hwehurumende Youtongi Hunodzora

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akabvira kare achitaura kuti masangano akasimba anodzivirira kudzvinyirira nokuora kwegadziriro yehurumende.

Kusarudza Mari Yokufambisa Mvura Nokuderedza Maoresa

Munzanga huru, dzakaoma kunzwisisa, hapana muvhoti anogona kuziviswa zvizere pamusoro penhau iri yose nemutsinhano. Muvhoti anotsigira chimiro chebato anogona kuvimba kuti vavhoti vavo vachavhota, paavhareji, muwirirano nechimiro ichocho. Ikoku kunokosha zvikurukuru mukusarudza kwakaderera kwenhau, zvakadai samadzinza omunzvimbomo kana kuti makwikwi okutonga, umo mapepa ebato kazhinji kazhinji ari iwo bedzi anovimbika. Pasina mapato, vhotera yaizorwisa kubatanidza mipimo yavo nezvinonyorwa namabhii.

Kudzivisa Kugadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nechinjo Zvinodzorwa

Maparera anopinza rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika mumakwikwi okuronga. Panzvimbo pokuenda kumigwagwa, mapoka anorwisana anorwira mavhoti. Ikoku kunoderedza ngozi yamasimba masimba kana kuti chinjo. Kunyange nzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru — dzakadai sepashure pekubvuma kweNorthern Ireland kana kuti South Africa — dzakashandisa gadziriro dzesimba rebato kuti dziwane dzikamo. Mapati anovimbisawo chinjo dzakarongwa dzesimba: apo boka rinoshora rinokunda sarudzo, hurumende inobuda inogamuchira muuyo nemhaka yokuti vose vari vaviri vanogamuchira mitemo yomutambo. Uku kutamisirwa kworugare kwesimba ichiratidzo cheRemocration.

Kubatanidzwa Kunokurudzira Kwechikwata uye Guta Renzanga

Mapati anogovera nzira yakarongeka yokuti vagari vemo vave vanoshingaira kupfuura kuvhota. Anogadzira masangano enzanga, mikana yokuzvipira, uye nzvimbo dzekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvanhu vazhinji, kukumbanira mubato inhano yavo yokutanga kukuita chiito, kungava kuisa mari, kana kuti kubhadharisa hofisi. Uku kuvimbisa kunovaka izvo Robert Putnam anonzi “dzimbahwe renzanga” — kuvimba, kubatana, uye kubatanidzwa kwezvinetso. Masangano emasangano akasimba kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anenge ane mwero yakakwirira yokutora rutivi rwenzanga munharaunda dzisiri dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusimudzira Kutonga Kunobudirira uye Kubatana Kwomutemo

Kana ava nesimba, masangano anobetsera kuronga mibatanidzwa yehurumende. Mugadziriro dzeparamende, boka revoruzhinji (kana kuti mubatanidzwa) rinoumba kabhii uye rinovimbisa kuti purogiramu yaro yemitemo inopfuudzwa. Chirango cheboka — kariro yokuti mitezo ivhote nebato ravo pamabhiri makuru — inogonesa kutsinhiranisa miraudzo. Pasina masangano, matare emitemo aizova akanyonganiswa anenge akasabvira kupfuudza mabhajeti, kuita chinjo, kana kuti kuita chiito kunjodzi. Ikoku hakurevi kuti mabato anoshanda nguva dzose — mapoka omukati nevhiringidzo dzinoitika — asi anogovera mibatanidzwa mikuru yezviito zvechiito.

Mhando Dzematongerwe Enyika: Kuchinja - chinja Kwemararamiro Nemamiriro Ezvinhu

Kunzwisisa marudzi aya kunobatsira kutsanangura chikonzero nei masangano achizvibata zvakasiyana munyika dzakasiyana - siyana.

Mitambo Miduku Yakakura

Mapati makuru, akadai seDemocrates neRepublicans muUnited States kana kuti Conservatives neLabour muUnited Kingdom, anodzora makwikwi okuvhota. Ane mitezo mikuru, masangano makuru anopa mari, uye mukana chaiwo wokuhwina simba. Mapoka maduku, dzimwe nguva anonzi mapoka echitatu, anoshanda pamicheto. Anganangidzira ngwariro panhau duku (umhizha, Gareen Party on reconficiation), anomirira fariro yomuruwa (umg., Suctic National Party), kana kuti kutsutsutsumwira mukurwisana navose (g., paboka duku). Zvikwata zvisingawanzodzora asi zvinogona kusimudzira nhau huru idzodzo.

Unhu Humwe Hunorwisana Nemitambo Yepfungwa

Mapati anoramba ari oga anonangidzira ngwariro pamisoro imwe, zvikamu zvakafara. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Boka reProhition muU.S. (iro raitsigira munhau kurambidzwa kwezvinodhaka) kana kuti mapato azvino uno anodzivisa uori. Mapati ezvokutengeserana, mukupesana, anopa mirangariro yenyika yose. Mapati eMarx-Leninism, mapato ezvorudzidziso ose anogovera nhungamiro pamhatsa yakafara yenhau, kubva kumutemo wemari kuenda kumitemo yemhuri kuzvinhu zvokunze kwedzimwe nyika. Ikoku hakurevi kuti mapati ezvipo anokosha; iwo anongogovera nharidzano imwe chete pamusoro pedzimwe.

Mapati Ose Neanoitirwa Makororo

Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, mapoka makuru akawanda akashandurwa kuva “masangano anosvika + ose” ayo akakudza chikumbiro chawo chokukwezva vavhoti mumativi ose ekirasi nepfungwa. Panzvimbo pokuita kuti pave nouzivi hwedivi guru, vanovavarira kuongera mavhoti avo nokuvandudza nzvimbo dzavo. Mapati akawanda anoenda mberi: anowirirana nevanokwikwikwidzana kuti vatsigire mari yenyika, kuwanikwa kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye ropafadzo dzepamutemo dzinodzikisa mapoka matsva mumakwikwikwi. Izvi zvinoderedza makwikwikwi edemocracyicicratic uye zvinosimudzira funga pamusoro pe “democratic oligoly.[ipati] yemotokari yemotokari yemotokari yemari yemari yakatangwa neKats naMir (1995) uye inoramba ichipesvedzera.

Mapati Ane Mipimo Yakavakirwa Pamisa

Mapati eElite, aizivikanwa navose muzana ramakore rechi18 nerechi19, akatungamirirwa navanokudzwa — varimi venzvimbo, vatengesi, magweta — avo vaitsigira mari kubva kuzviwanikwa zvavo. Vaiva nedikanwo shomanene. Mapati akavakirwa paMisa, akabuda nokukura kwemitezo, akavaka masangano makuru emitezo yavanhu akatsigirwa nemari nezvinodikanwa nemipiro miduku. Masangano mazhinji enzanga enzanga enzanga yenzanga yeEurope anopfupikisa iyi. Nhasi, ruzivo rwemiteo-mari ruri kuita muenzaniso wechitatu: “Professionssoration - murectoral” boka rinotsamira pavapi, manyuro, uye vapinduri vakuru vanopa mari inotsigirwa nemari nemari inotsigirwa panzvimbo pemitezo inoshingaira.

Ruzivo rwechromese runozivikanwa zvikuru runopiwa naMaurice Duverger mu Paritical: Sangano Ravo neMubato muNyika yazvino uno (1954), rinowanika kupfurikidza na JOR.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Muzvisarudzo Nokushingaira

Kusarudza inhandare umo mapoka anokwikwidzana nokuda kwesimba, uye kubatanidzwa kwawo kunoumba chikamu chiri chose chemuitiro wacho.

Kusarudza Kwakaipa

Paritations dzinosarudza kuti ndiani achava pasi pomureza wadzo. Uyu muitiro wokusarudza unosiyana zvikuru: maprimrige akavharwa mune dzimwe nyika dzeU.S., maprimmza akazaruka mune dzimwe, anoisa kokorodzano mumativi akawanda eEurope, kana kuti tendero nematare epamubato. Muitiro wacho unogona kusimbisa vashingairi vemichero youswa asi unogonawo kukwezva vadaviri vakanyanyisa, nepo miitiro inodzorwa yakatanhamara inowanzoita maruvara ane mwero. Vachengeti vemasuo vanogadzira masuo vasingadi betsero kana kuti vanodzivisa kuvadziko, asi kudzora kwavo kunogona kudzivisawo kutangwa.

Kushingaira uye Kurera Mari

Masangano esarudzo azvino uno anodhura uye akaoma. Mapati anopa vada kufunda vashandi, kuvhota, kugadzirwa kwenhau, uye tsigiro yapamutemo. Anoronga masangano avazvipiri uye anoita nhimbe dzakafanana nokuda kwemahofisi akawanda. Matare eruwa anowanzosimudza ndokushandisa mari yakawanda, inodzorwa nemitemo yemari. Munyika dzakawanda, mapoka anowana mari inobhadharwa yavose nokuda kwemibato yenhimbe, inobetsera kuderedza kutamba. Zvisinei, basa revapi vezvipfumi uye vaPC zvikuru muU.S.

Kuchinja Kwedzidzo

Mapati anobudisa zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko nokuda kwavavhoti: mabhurocha echikuva, mapepa ezvigaro zvenzvimbo, kushambadzira kudenha, misangano yemitambo, uye zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga. Anopindawo muonano yakananga navavhoti, iyo nzvero inoratidza kuti inoshanda pakuwedzera. Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa pamusoro pemapango, mapati anobetsera vagari vemo kuita zvisarudzo zvavadzidzi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kutsigira kwakaipa uye mashoko asina kururama zvinetso zvinopfuurira. Masangano eboka anogona kuita savachengeti vemasuo nokuda kwezvirevo, asi kurudziro dzavo dzingasawirirana nguva dzose nezvokwadi.

Kutarisira Zvinetso Zvekusarudza uye Zvepamutemo

Nepo utarisiri hwesarudzo hwakazvimirira zvawo, mapati anonzvera nzvimbo dzokuwana kusawirirana. Munyika dzakawanda, vamiriri vebato (vanonzi “vacherekedzi vorusarudzo”) vanobvumirwa kuchengeta kuverenga kwevhoti. Pashure pekusarudza, varwi vanorasikirwa vangadenha denho mudare kana kuti mumurangariro wavose, kunyengera kana kuti zvikanganiso. Uku kuongorora kwemifungo kunogona kubetsera kudzivisa kudzorwa asi magetsi epachitsiko apo kusava nemhosva. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi yeU. 2020 yeU.S. yakaona zvinetso zvakawanda zvemitemo zvakakundikana pakupedzisira, ichisimbisa kudzorwa kwemitoro nekodzero.

Matambudziko Anotarisana Nemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Munguva Yazvino Uno

Pasinei zvapo nepakati pawo, masangano ezvematongerwe enyika anotarisana nemhepo dzakawanda dzinotyisidzira kushanda kwawo uye kubudirira.

Kuchinja Kunoita Zvemawere

Mumatomu akafanana akawanda, daro riri pakati pekuruboshwe nerudyi rakura. MuUnited States, kusarudzwa kwevakwaniri kwakagadzira inenge mibatanidzwa yemashoko miviri yakaparadzana zvachose nemaonero emitemo. Uku kuparadzana kunoparira kuti pave nemitemo inoda kupesana, sezvinoonekwa sokunyengera. Kubvumiranisa zvinhu kunoitwa pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Kunoparirawo kusada uye kusavimbana kwerumwe rutivi — kunogona kuparadza ruremekedzo rwehurumende yese.

Kuparadza Vanhu Vari Mutezo uye Kubatana

Vanhu vashomanene zvino vanokumbanira mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura pakati pezana ramakore rechi20. MuEurope, mwero yemitezo yeavhareji yakaderera kubva pa 5% yevhota muma 1960 kusvikira pasi pe 2% nhasi. MuUnited States, nhamba yavanozvimirira vamene yakwira zvikuru. Uku kuderera kunoderedza simba remapati rokuvimbisana kwouswa uye kunovaita kuti vavimbe zvikuru navapi vakapfuma kana kuti mari inotsigirwa nehurumende.

Kuodzwa Mwoyo Kwavose Nokumanikidzwa Kutsigira Nyika

Uori, zvipikirwa zvakaputswa, uye pfungwa dzokusakwanisa zvakanyandura kusavimba kukuru kwavanhu kumapati. Munyika dzakawanda, vavhoti vanoona vanhu sevanozvishandira uye vasingabatiki. Ikoku kwakaparira masangano anozviparira anorwisana ne “kuumbwa” uye vimbisa kudarika michina yebato. Nepo masangano akadaro anowanzoumba mapoka avo amene, anotaura kuti anomirira chimiro chakachena zvikuru chedemocracy. Chinotapuriranwa chenguva refu chingava kumwezve kuderera kwoukuru hwebato nedzikamo yesangano.

Kuchinjira Kuruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nezvemagariro Evanhu

Zviteshi zvemichina zvakakanganisa kurukurirano dzemabato. Vanamadhindindi vanogona kutaura zvakananga kuvavhoti kupfurikidza neTitter, Facebook, kana kuti Tik Tok, zvinopfuura mikoto yebato. Ikoku kunopa simba vezvamatongerwe enyika vamwe navamwe uye kunogona kunetesa kuisa kwebato rimwe nerimwe. Kushambadza kwemichina inobvumira nhimbe kutumira mashoko kumapoka matete, kusimudzira kuvandika nokushandisa zvinhu. Munguva ino, makamera nehesimendero zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti vanhu vavake maidi akawiriranwa. Kuchinja kwacho kunoda kuti vasaidze kuisa mashoko mumashoko echikamu chinonzi kuti ashaitwe nokuva nechokwadi.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose uye Kuchinja Kwemashandiro Anoita Zvematongo

Kutora nzvimbo, kushambadza, uye kuchinja kwetsika zvakaumbazve masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, mapoka eboka rekare akavakirwa paboka (vashandi v. varidzi) akatsiviwa murutivi nemapoka matsva etsika (cosmopolitan v. communitan). Zvizvarwa zviduku zvinokundikana kugadziridza zvingarasikirwa namasangano azvo makuru. Somuenzaniso, mapoka enzvimbo dzekare epakati ebasa ebhuruu necolar akarwisa kumativi ezvenga renyika anochinjikira kumapoka ezvokurura. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvizvarwa zviduku zvinokombamira kuva zvinosununguka zvikuru uye zvinoitira hanya pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze, zvinoparira mabanza ezvikwata zvezvinoruvaradziso.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakakwana kweidzi tsika, ona Pew Research Center pamusoro pemibatanidzwa yebato (2024).

Misangano Yezvamatongerwe Enyika MumaAuthoritari Namazai

Muhurumende dzinodzvinyirira kana kuti dzemibatanidzwa, mapoka anowanzoshanda mabasa akasiyana - siyana — kazhinji sezvishandiso zvokudzora panzvimbo pemakwikwi.

Mapati Ane Mutengo Nenyika Dziri Dzoga

Munyika dzakadai seChina, Vietnam, uye North Korea, boka rimwe rinodzora mubato wose wezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapati echishoro anorambidzwa kana kuti anopiwa simba. Vatongi vakabatanidzwa zvikuru nezvishandiso zvehurumende, kudzora mauto, matare, zvinobudisa nhau, uye mari. Nhamba dzinochengetwa asi dzinoshaikwa. Basa rebato nderokusimbisa kubatana kwakatanhamara, kuunganidzwa kwavazhinji, uye kuwirirana kwepfungwa. Pasinei zvapo nokushayikwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, aya mapoka kazhinji kazhinji ane mamirioni emitezo nezvivako zvomukati zvakasanorongwa.

Kukwikwidzana Kunoganhurirwa

Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira mapati akawanda asi dzinovimbisa kuti mubato unodzora hautongorasiki. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Russia pasi peUnited Russia, Hungary pasi peFidesz, uye Venezuela pasi peUnited Socialist Party. Chikatapu chinoshandisa zviwanikwa zvehurumende, udzori hwezvinobudisa nhau, kunetsa kwapamutemo, uye kudzorwa kwapamutemo kuti zvichengetedze kudzora. Mapoka anoshora aripo asi anotarisana neganhuriro dzakakomba. Mumiitiro yakadaro, mapato idiro yehurumende yehurumende yechisimba, kunyange zvazvo achigovera nzira yakati yokupesana nayo.

Mibato Yokuchinja

Munyika dzinoderedzerwa uori, mabato anogona kuva nhevedzo dzechinjo muudzori. Kupfurikidza nokuronga chishoro kuhurumende uye kutaurirana kwezvibvumirano, mapati anogadzira migariro nokuda kwesarudzo dzapachena. Zvisinei, anogonawo kuva motokari nokuda kwaaichimbova vatongi vehurumende kuti vachengete simba — icho chinonzi “kukwikwidza kudzora.” Kunzwisisa mufambiro webato mumigariro isiri yedemocraticism kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzimwe nguva ichikundikana kusimba.

Nguva Yemberi Yemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Maitiro akasiyana - siyana uye zvinhu zvitsva zvingaumba kushanduka - shanduka kwazvo.

Kubatanidzwa Kwemadhipatimendi Nenhengo YepaIndaneti

Zvimiro zvitsva zvesangano rebato zviri kubuda. Pirate Party neFive Star Movement zvakaedza nezvikamu zveIndaneti nokuda kwokuita zvisarudzo zvomukati, zvichibvumira mitezo kuvhota pamiitiro nechisarudzo chokuda kutevedzana. Izvi “mapati” anovavarira kuderedza origarchy uye kuwedzera kutora rutivi, asi vanotarisanawo nezvinetso zvechengeteko, kudzorwa, uye kufungwa kwakaderera. Masangano ezvishandiso ezvishandiso izvi, kuumba zvivako zvemhizha.

Mari Yerimondi Nechikwata Chokusarudza

Mapati akawanda ari kugamuchira zvikwata zvinovhurika kana kuti kubvunza kunosunga nemitezo. Ikoku kunopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pezvikuva nenzvimbo dzinosarudzwa, asi kunogonawo kunetesa utungamiriri hwebato neresitoritimo. Chimiro chendangariro ku “kuderedza” Hurumende yomukati inoita kuti vanhu vade kuoneka kwakati asi inogona kuderedza kushanda.

Hurumende Yezvokutengeserana Negadziriro Dzakawanda Dzezviwanikwa

Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzeparamende, nhambo yehurumende imwe yevoruzhinji iri kuderera. Hurumende dzemabhizimisi dzinoda kuti vanhu vataure zvavanoda vabvumirane. Ikoku kunogona kuparira muitiro wakatsiga, usingachinjiki, asi unovawo mupi wemhosva — vavhoti vangapomera mubatanidzwa wakaipa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi. Mapati anofanira kuva nounyanzvi zvikuru mukuvaka mubatanidzwa nekurukurirano mumhoteredzo dzinoshatisa, dzakawanda.

Mapati Nechipo Chinorwisa Kubudirira

Mapati ezvokudzosera mashoko akapinza hasha dzavose mubudiriro inosarudzwa. Kumuka kwavo kwakagadzwa mabato kuti vapedze zvichemo pamusoro pekusaenzana kwemari, kutama, uye chinjo yetsika. Mamwe mapoka akagadzwa akagamuchira nzira dzepopulist kana kuti miitiro yepopulist yakabatanidzwa. Kuchinja kwenguva refu kungava kugadziriswa kwegadziriro dzemasangano echikwata, sezvo mapoka echinyakare erudyi anokwikwidzana ne “mav. vhozhozhokero.” Mapati anokundikana kugovera njodzi dzinooneka dzokutsakatika.

Nokuda kwemurangariro unonangidzira mberi, nyaya yeInstitution on digitation (2023) inogovera nzwisiso mumasangano oruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ari kudzoserazve.

Mugumo: Chikonzero Nei Mitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Ichiri Inokosha

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anongova kure namasangano akakwana. Anogona kuva ane ushati, akasarurwa, uye akasabatanidzwa navanhuwo zvavo. Bva hakuna imwe nzira yakabvumikisa kuva inoshanda zvakaenzana pakuronga kutora rutivi kwavazhinji, kuronga gadziriro yetsinhirano, uye kuva nechokwadi chokusimudzirwa kune rugare kwesimba. Zvikamu zvinoramba zviri zvinokosha nokuda kwokushandura tsvina, kuparadzira mamiriyoni avagari vemo muzvisarudzo zvehurumende zvakarongeka. Sezvinowedzera zvinetso — kubva kuruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kusvikira kukushatisisa rudzidziso — mutoro uri kuvagari vemo, vachinjiki, uye vatungamiriri vebato kuti vasimbise mabasa ehurumende yehurumende yeseroruzhinji apo vaidzoresa kudzorwa kwavo. Kunzwisisa masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika hakusati hachisiwo bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo; ndiko kudikanwa kwokudzivirira nokuzvidzora.