Mipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika inoumba mavambo emari egadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ichigonesa vada kutora namapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika kukurukura nzvimbo dzavo nokuunganidza vavhoti. Zvisinei, kudira mari muzvamatongerwe enyika kune ngozi huru dzouori nepesvedzero isakafanira kana ikasadzorwa. Gadziriro yakasimba yokudzora inokosha kuchengeta chivimbo chavanhu uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoramba kuri nyore uye kusingakanganisi. Iyi nhungamiro ine revo inonzvera mitemo, ganhuriro, nemiitiro yakapoteredza mipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kugovera vapi, vashandi venhimbe, uye varonze vanotarisira ruzivo runodikanwa kutenderera nyika iyi yakaoma.

Kupa Kunopiwa Kwemari Kwapamutemo

Mipiro yezvokuvaka yapamutemo inodzora mipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika inosiyana zvikuru mumativi ose, asi nheyo dzinoshandiswa navose dzinotsigira gadziriro zhinji. Iyi mitemo yakagadzirirwa kuganhurira bviro yeuorivhi, kuoneka, uye kudzivisa kumonyaniswa kwemiitiro yedemokratiki nepfuma yakamanikidzirwa. MuUnited States, Federal Ecompuction Campaigment Act (FEC) inogovera nhungamiro ine udzame pamipiro inobvumirwa napamitero [[FOL:0] (sereea muganhu mipiro)[FLC]. Nenzira yakafanana, Umambo hweUnited States hunogadza, Ecroastum Acts (FEC)

Zvinhu zvikuru zvegadziriro chaiyoiyo yapamutemo zvinosanganisira:

  • ganhuriro dzokugovera[: Chitsama chikuru chavanhu kana kuti masangano anogona kupa nhambo yesarudzo kana kuti gore rekarenda.
  • Vapi vemipiro : Nyika dzokumwe, vagadziri vehurumende, uye masangano mune dzimwe nyika vanorambidzwa kuita mipiro yakananga.
  • [[[FOL:0] Zvinodikanwa [: Vapi navamatare vanofanira kushuma mipiro pamusoro pechikumbaridzo chakati kuti kuti kudare rinodzosera.
  • Mitoo yokumanikidza [[FLT: 1]: Kubhadharwa nokuda kwokusawirirana kunogona kuvambira pafaindi kusvikira kumhosva.

Kunzwisisa mitemo yakananga mudzoro rako kunokosha. Sangano reEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) rinobudisa kunzvera kwokuenzanisa kwemirau yezvemari yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inosimbisa miitiro yakanakisisa (UDHAWURO yePropatimetic Treasurement yePropatitiki).

Marudzi Emipiro

Kunzwisisa marudzi ose emipiro kunobetsera vapi uye matare anowirirana nemirau ingabata zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvoukoshi.

Mipiro Yemari

Mibhadharo yakananga yemari yaunobhadhara necheki, kupfuudzwa kwewaya, kadhi rechikwereti, kana kuti chikuva chemitauro chemipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi ndiyo ganhuriro yenyika yose yemipiro uye inofanira kuitwa kubva mumari yomunhu oga nokuda kwavapi. Matare anofanira kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvine udzame zvemipiro yose yemari, kubatanidza zita romupi, kero, basa, uye mushandirwi nokuda kwechitsama chikuru zvikuru (sezvinei $200 muU.S.).

Mipiro Yakakanganisika

Mabhuku kana kuti mabasa anopiwa kunhimbe pasina mutengo(kana kuti pamutengo wemari) murudzi. Mienzaniso inobatanidza nzvimbo yehofisi, mibato yokutsikirira, kugovera, uye kubvunza kwounyanzvi. Ukoshi hwemipiro inokwana murutivi rwezvipo hunopesana neganhuriro zvemupi, uye nhimbe inofanira kuishuma yose iri miviri somupiro nendyiko. Somuenzaniso, kana mugadziri akagadzira zvinhu zvechirongwa chamajekero zvinoripira $5 000, mari iyoyo inobatwa somupiro unodzorwa kumigovero imwe cheteyo semari.

Basa Rokuzvipira

Zvisinei, kana muzvipiri ari mushandi webasa rebasa rebasa rebasa rebasa rebasa rebasa rebasa renyika yose (muchiito, gweta rinopa zano rapachena rapamutemo), ukoshi hwemabasa iwayo hungarangarirwa kuva mupiro murudzi runobva kuhurumende. Mitemo mizhinjisa yaifuratira basa rokuzvipira raigoverwa pasina muripo.

Kuzvinyima Nevimbiso

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anobatwa semipiro kutoti achiitwa pamashoko ane mufungo ezvokutengeserana uye achishumwa nenzira inowirirana. Loan anovimbisa kuti.

Ganhuriro Neganhuriro

Miganhu yokupa ndiyo chinhu chikuru chinodzivisa vapi vakapfuma kushandisa pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi.

Miganhu Yezvinoitwa Nemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

MuUnited States, munhu mumwe nomumwe angagovera kusvika ku $3,300 pasarudzo kudare rinoda kubhapatidzwa (2023-2024) $10 000 pagore kudare rebato rehurumende, uye $41 300 pagore kudare rebato rorudzi. Miganhu inogadziridzwa nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo makore maviri ari ose. Miganhu yakasiana inoshanda kuMatare ePistical Action (PAC) uye PeaCs, izvo zvinogona kugamuchira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa inobva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye mibatanidzwa asi inorambidzwa kuwirirana zvakananga navadaviri.

Kuganhurira Neganhuriro Dzebatanidzwa

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoganhurira kana kuti kurambidza mipiro yemakambani nemasangano ebhizimisi zvakananga kuvana vanoda kupiwa. MuUK, masangano nesangano ravashandi zvinorambidzwa kuita mipiro yakananga kuvatengi asi zvingatanga PC kuti zvipe mipiro inobva kuvashandi kana kuti mitezo. MuUK, makambani namasangano ezvokutengeserana anogona kupa kumapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika kana mupiro wacho ukatenderwa navachengeti kana kuti mitezo. European Union haina purogiramu imwe chete; mutezo mumwe nomumwe unogadza mitemo yawo umene, kuchitungamirira kumharadzo huru.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vari Kumwe

Unenge utongi hwose hwehurumende hunorambidza mipiro inobva kune dzimwe nyika, hurumende, kana kuti masangano ehurumende dzokumwe.

Miganhu Yakapararira

Mimwe miganhu inoisa ganhuriro pahwerengedzo yezvingapa mupi kuvose vanoda kupiwa uye matare akabatanidzwa. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rakarova miganhu yehurumende yeaggregate muna 2014 ( Mccheon v. FEC), asi maruwa akawanda achiri kuvachengeta. Somuenzaniso, California inoganhurira munhu kuhwerengedzo ye $36 000 pagore mumipiro kuhurumende nematare.

Kuona Zviri Nazvo uye Kushuma

Kuona mamiriro ezvinhu zviri pachena ndicho chinhu chinokosha pakuperera mune zvematongerwe enyika. Pasina kuziviswa nevanhu, miganhu yokupa mipiro yakaoma kuita, uye vanhu havagoni kuzvidavirira kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa nokuda kwezvinobva mune zvemari.

Mijaho Yemuchina Wokudzivirira

Nyika zhinjisa dzinoda kushuma mipiro pamusoro pechikumbaridzo chidukusa. MuU.S., mipiro inopfuura $200 inofanira kushumwa nokuzivikanwa kwomupi. Mipiro miduku ingaparadzirwa ndokushumwa sechitsama chebundu. Chikumbaridzo chinoiswa pasi zvakakwana kuti chitakurire pesvedzero ine revo apo inodzivisa mutoro usina kufanira pamipiro miduku yedarlar.

Gadziriro Dzokushuma

Matare enhimbe anofanira kunyora mishumo nguva dzose panhambo nenhambo(zvikuru, kusarudzwa kwapamberi pezvisarudzo, uye nhepfenyuro mumiitiro mizhinji. Masherufu aya anoitwa pachena uye anowanzowanika paIndaneti nokuda kwokutsvaka. Kushuma chaikoiko kwenguva yemipiro mikuru (sezvinei, mukati memaawa 48) kunodikanwa nokuda kwemipiro inopfuura $6 000 yakaitwa pedyo nesarudzo muU.S. kushuma kwakafanana kuripo mune dzimwe nyika.

Kuzivikanwa Nevanhu Vose

Mapepa akaiswa pakati, akadai senhimbe yemari yezvemari yeFEC, anobvumira vatori venhau, vatsvakurudzi, uye vanhu kuongorora mitoo yokupa. Vatsigiri vazhinji vanoda mafaremu anooneka michina kuti vagone kunzvera zvakadzama. Transparency International’s basa remari yezvamatongerwe enyika [ rinosimbisa kudikanwa kwemashoko anowanika, akarevererwa kutsigira kuzvidavirira.

Kubhadharwa Kwekusabvumirana

Kukundikana kunyora mishumo panguva, kubvisa mashoko anodikanwa, kana kuti kugamuchira nokuziva mipiro isiri yapamutemo kunogona kuguma nezvirango zvakakomba. FEC inogona kuparira mutengo wakakomba, kunongedzera mhaka dzekurovererwa kwoutsotsi, uye kutsvaka mirairo. MuUK, Electoral Commission ine simba rokuisa zvirango zvemari neziviso dzenhau. Zvirango zveutsotsi zvingabatanidza kuiswa mutorongo mumhaka dzounyengeri hwamaune kana kuti kuputswa kwomupiro wokumwe nyika.

Kutapura Kwezvipo Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika Pagadziriro Dzehurumende

Kunzwisisa izvi kunobatsira vapi vemari uye nhimbe dzokuita zvisarudzo zvine mutoro zvinosimbisa masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Chinetso Chokuwana

Mipiro mikuru inogona kuita chitarisiko(kana kuti chokwadi) cheropafadzo yokuwana vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Kunyange kana pasina kunyorwa kwakajeka kwegadziriro yemitemo, vapi venguva dzose vangawana mikana yakawanda yokusangana navagadziri vemitemo ndokupa mirangariro yavo. Iyi inogona kushaikwa kuisa nhevedzano yemiitiro yefariro dzavapfumi. Gadziriro dzemari dzavose nedzemupi wedenderedzwa muduku zvinowirirana nepurogiramu dzinovavarira kuderedza iyi tapuro.

Simba Rokupa Mari Iduku

Zvirongwa zvokushandisa mari yemadhigirii zvakagonesa nhimbe dzokuunganidza mari kubva kumamiriyoni evapi vaduku. Izvi zvinogona kuwedzera mupi woderedza rutsamiro rwemipiro mikuru. Somuenzaniso, nhimbe dzakawanda dzapurezidhendi muU.S. zvino dzinokwidza chikamu chikuru chemari kubva kumipiro iri pasi pe $200. Dzimwe hurumende dzinopa mari yakafanana yemipiro yakadaro kupfuurira kutora rutivi ruduku rwezuva nezuva.

Kushandisa Mari uye Kuenzana Kwezvinhu

Nepo ganhuriro dzemari dzinoganhurira kuti munhu anogona kupa sei, kupedzera kupfurikidza namapoka anozvimirira (munzira idimbu, Super PACs) kazhinji kazhinji kusingaganhurirwi nemhaka yedziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura.Izvi zvakatungamirira kunhangemutange yezvombo mukushambadzira kwenhimbe, umo mapoka okunze anotsigirwa zvikuru anogona kudzora mhepo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ikoku kunosekesa nheyo yokuenzana kwevasarudzi, apo inzwi romugari mumwe nomumwe rinofanira kuva nouremu hwakafanana.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Kuvaridzi Vemari

Kuti vawirirane nomutemo ndokubetsera mutsika, vapi vanofanira kunamatira kunhungamiro dzinotevera:

  • Ziva miganhu [: Nzvera miganhu yemari yazvino yedare rimwe nerimwe usati wapa. Chengeta mapepa emipiro yose kudzivisa kupfuura miganhu yeagregate usingazivi.
  • [ Shandisa mari yomunhu oga: Mipiro ine chokwadi inoitwa kubva mukunzvera kwomunhu oga kana kuti akaundi yemari. Maakaundi ebhizimisi, makadhi echikwereti ebhizimisi, kana kuti mari inobva mukuchengeteka inganyandura mitemo yakaoma kana kuti kurambidzwa.
  • Provide zvakarurama: kubatanidza zita rakazara, kero yokugara, basa, uye mushandirwi sezvinodikanwa. Mitemo inogona kuguma nokumanikidzirwa kudzosa kana kuti kudzoserazve mupiro.
  • Fungisisa kubhadharwa: Kutora mipiro inobva kuvanhu vakawanda ndokuiendesa kunhimbe /kuvhura mitemo chaiyo. Kana uri murongi, ungada kunyoresa neFEC.
  • Kuona mitemo yomushandirwi[[FLT: 1]: Vamwe vashandirwi vanoganhurira mipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika kuvashandi. Nzvera muitiro wetsika wekambani yako, zvikurukuru kana uri muindasitiri yakadzorwa sechitsama chebhangi kana kuti dziviriro.
  • Mushumo mumarudzi emipiro: Kana ukapa zvinhu kana kuti mabasa, nyora ukoshi husingasaruri hwemari inotengeswa uye iva nechokwadi chokuti nhimbe inoushuma semupiro murudzi.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzakawanda uye Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa Nawo

Mitemo yokupa yezvamatongerwe enyika inosiyana zvikuru munyika yose.

Country Individual Donation Limit Corporate Donation Ban Public Financing Disclosure Threshold
United States $3,300 per candidate per election Banned (must use PAC) Voluntary with matching funds (presidential only) $200
United Kingdom No per-donor limit (but permissibility rules) Must be approved by shareholders Policy development grants and short money £500 (£7,500 for parties)
Canada $1,675 per party per year Banned entirely Per-vote subsidy (phased out) and partial reimbursement $200
Germany No limit for individuals (subject to disclosure caps) Allowed with no limit (but higher disclosure thresholds) Public funding based on vote share €10,000 for individuals
Brazil 10% of candidate’s electoral fund Banned since 2015 Electoral fund (FEFC) distributed by parties R$1,064.10 (approx)

Somuenzaniso, ganhuriro dzomunhu oga dzorupo dzeGermany dzinodzikamiswa nokushandisa mari kukuru uye kuziviswa kukuru, nepo ganhuriro dzorumano dzeCanada nerambidzo yakakwana yebhizimisi inoratidzira nhamburiko yamaune yokuderedza pesvedzero yemari.

Kuchinja Kwenguva Yemberi Nezvirongwa Zvokuchinja

Miitiro inoverengeka nepfungwa dzokuchinja zvinhu zviri kuumba nyika:

  • [ Mipiro yemitengo yemari [[FT: 1]: Mipiro yeCryptocurrency inopa denho itsva nokuda kwokunyora nokuzivisa. Mamwe mativi enyika, kufanana neU.S., akabudisa nhungamiro kubata kuzhamba semumipiro yorudzi, nepo mimwe iri kuita mitemo yakananga.
  • Pamucheto pemari isina kujeka: 501(c) (4) muU.S. uye masangano akafanana kune dzimwe nzvimbo anogona kupinda mukushandisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika pasina vapinyi vanovhura. Vachinji vezvemari vari kuvavarira kuti vajeke zvikuru kupfurikidza neDSCLOSE Act uye mutemo wakafanana.
  • Programu dzeMicrome-dollar dzinowirirana: “purogiramu yeDelmacracy Voucher” yeNew York City nepurogiramu yemari yakafanana imienzaniso iyo inokudza mipiro miduku, kuderedza kuvimba nezvipiri zvikuru. Masangano anoverengeka ari kurangarira miitiro yakafanana.
  • Ungwaru hwokugadzira mukuteerera: Miitiro yemirairo iri kutanga kushandisa IP kudzosa mipiro inonyumwirwa, kuziva mabhanzi, uye kuva nechokwadi chokushuma kwakakodzera nguva. Ikoku kungagona kuvandudza zvikuru simba rokuita kuti zvinhu zviitwe.
  • yapasi pose mipimo inoisa mari mumipimo inoisa panzvimbo yemari: Financial Action Task Force (FATF) yakarumbidza kuti nyika dzishandise matanho anodzivisa mari kumipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kuwedzerwa kwokushingaira kwakafanira nokuda kwemipiro mikuru. Ikoku kungagona kutungamirira kuzvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvikuru munyika yose.

mhedziso

Mipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika rutivi runokosha asi runodzorwa zvakasimba rwokutora rutivi kwehurumende. Kunzwisisa mitemo neganhuriro hakusati kuri chinodikanwa chapamutemo bedzi asiwo mutoro wetsika. Kupfurikidza nokuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, kuremekedza ganhuriro dzemipiro, uye kuziva revo huru dzemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika, vapi nenhimbe vanogona kuparira gadziriro yechisarudzo iyo inojeka, inosarutswa, uye inovimbwa navagari vemo. Chinjo dzinopfuurira nechinjo dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvichapfuurira kuumba iri basa, kuchikuita kuti rive rinokosha nokuda kwavachengeti vose vapangi kuti vagare vakapindwa muzivo nevakanwa.