Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa Mitemo Yakanaka: Nhungamiro Yakaoma Kukodzero Dzevagari Vemo Neruramisiro muAmerica

Kodzero dzavagari vemo neruramisiro zvinoumba nheyo yenzanga inoruramisira neinoruramisira. Munhau yose yeAmerica, kurondwa kwokubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo kwakaparira chinjo huru dzemitemo idzo dzinodzivirira vanhu parusaruro uye dzinovimbisa kuti munhu ari wose ane mukana mumwe chetewo. Kunzwisisa iyi mitemo kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva maruramiro ako, kutsigira ruramisiro, uye kuvaka nzanga inobatanidza vanhu vose.

Iyi nhungamiro inopa ngwariro inonzvera mitemo mikuru inoumba nzanga yekodzero dzavagari vemo yeAmerica nhasi, kubva kudziviriro dzebasa kusvikira kukodzero dzokugara, kubva kuungana kwedzidzo kusvikira kudzimba dzinoremadza. Ungave uri mushandiri, mushandirwi, mudzidzi, kana kuti mugari wemo anoitira hanya, nyaya ino ichakubetsera kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emitemo yekodzero dzevanhu uye kunzwisisa kuti mitemo iyi inokudzivirira sei iwe nenzanga yako.

Hwaro Hwekodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika muAmerica

Mitemo iyi inodzivirira vanhu pakubatwa zvisina kunaka kwakadai sedzinza, ruvara, zera, uye urema. Kunzwisisa mashoko enhau uye kudzivirirwa kwevanenge vapiwa kunoitwa vanhu uye kutarisirwa kwevagari vemo vose.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Chii?

Kodzero dzevagari vemo ikodzero huru nerusununguko zvinovimbiswa vanhu vose nomutemo.

Pfungwa yekodzero dzevanhu yakavakirwa panheyo yokuti vanhu vose vakafanirwa nedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, pasinei zvapo nemavara avo vomunhu oga kana kuti mugariro wekare.

Kushanduka Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Nhambo yokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu kwakawanda muAmerica yave iri yakareba uye yakaoma.

Mitemo mikuru yekodzero dzevanhu yakatanga zvikurukuru muma1960 nomuma1970, kunyange zvazvo mitemo inokosha ichiri kugadzwa uye kugadziridzwa kuti igadzirise matambudziko.

Mutongo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa1964: Mutemo Wapamutemo Wapanyika

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1946 chiri chimwe chezvikamu zvinokosha zvikurusa zvomutemo munhau yeAmerica.

Musoro weChirungu: Rusaruro Rwebasa

Mutsetse weChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzevagari vemo cha1946 unorambidza rusaruro rwemabasa rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Chikamu ichi chomutemo chinoshanda kuvashandirwi vane vashandi vane 15 kana kuti vakawanda uye chinofukidza mativi ose ebasa, kubatanidza kupinza basa, kupfura, kukwidziridza, muripo, rovedzo, uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu ebasa.

Mutemo wacho unorambidza vashandirwi kusasarura vanhu vanenge vakumbira basa nemhaka yezvavanodzivirira, kwete kungosarura zvakananga chete asiwo mitemo kana kuti miitiro ine simba guru pamapoka akadzivirirwa, kunyange kana rusaruro rwacho rusina kurongwa.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro reChirungu zvakajekesa kuti rusaruro runobva pamaonero evanhu okurara pamwe uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhukadzi runoumba rusaruro rwepabonde pachishandiswa Thit VII, zvichipa dziviriro kuLGBTQ+ vashandi munyika yose.

Mamwe Mazita Anokosha Emitemo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kupfuura paTitle VII, Chibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu cha1946 chine zvimwe zvirongwa zvinokosha.Musoro II unorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose dzakadai sehotera, maresitorendi, mashopu, uye mamwe mabhizimisi anoshandira vanhu.

Zvirongwa izvi zvakachinja nzanga yeAmerica nokuita kuti rusaruro ruve rusiri pamutemo munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinoonekwa nevanhu uye kuita kuti pave nemashandiro anoita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe uye ugadziriswe.

Muitiro Wakaenzana Wokubhadhara wa 1963: Kurwisa Rusaruro

Act yeFommetic Pay yakasainwa mumutemo musi waJune 10, 1963, naJohn F. Kennedy, achiiita mumwe wemitemo yokutanga yehurumende inonongedzera zvakananga kurusaruro rwakavakirwa pavarume nevakadzi munzvimbo yebasa. The Ecumeal Pay Act ya 1963 iUnited States yemutemo wevashandi unorevesa Fair Labor Standard Act, yakaitirwa kubvisa mibayiro yakavakirwa pavatano.

Gadziriro Dzomubayiro Wakaenzana

EPA inorambidza rusaruro runotsigirwa nevatano pakati pavarume navakadzi vari munzvimbo imwe cheteyo vanoita mabasa anoda unyanzvi hwakaenzana zvikuru, nhamburiko, uye mutoro mumigariro yamabasa yakafanana. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vashandirwi havagoni kubhadhara vashandiri vevatano imwe cheteyo yakaderera zvikuru kupfuura vashandi vemitezo yakasiana yokubereka nayo nokuda kwokuita basa rakaenzana zvikuru.

Zvimiro zvose zvebhadharo zvinobhadharwa, kubatanidza mubhadharo womuraudzo, mari yomuraudzo, mabhonasi, inishuwarenzi youpenyu, muripo wezororo nezororo, mabhadharo okuchenesa kana kuti epeturu, pokugara pahotera, mari yokubhadhara nokuda kwendyiko dzokufamba, uye betsero. Kufukidzwa kwakakwana kwomutemo kunovimbisa kuti rusaruro harugoni kuvanzwa kupfurikidza nezvimiro zvakasiana zvebhadharo.

Chii Chinoumba “Basa Rakanaka ”?

Mabasa anoenzaniswa anofanira kuraira unyanzvi hwakaenzana zvikuru, nhamburiko, uye mutoro uye kunoitwa mumigariro yokushanda yakafanana mukati menzvimbo imwe cheteyo. Kuda kurangarirwa kuva akaenzana zvikuru, mabasa anofanira kuva "ane chokuita zvikuru" kana kuti "akaenzana zvikuru kwazvo," uye misiano miduku mumabasa, kana kuti unyanzvi, nhamburiko, kana kuti mutoro zvinodikanwa nokuda kwamabasa hakuzati kuchizoita basa rive risina kuenzana.

Mutemo unonzvera zvinhu zvinoverengeka pakusarudza kana mabasa akaenzana zvikuru. Unyanzvi hunoyerwa nezvinhu zvakadai soruzivo rwokuzviwanira, mano, dzidzo, uye rovedzo zvinodikanwa kuita basa. Nhamburiko inonongedzera kuuwandu hwebasa romuviri kana kuti rendangariro rinodikanwa. Mutoro unorangarira mwero wokuzvidavirira kunodikanwa munzvimbo yacho. Mamiriro okushanda anobatanidza mhoteredzo dzomuviri nengozi dzebasa.

Akabvumidzwa Kupiwa Mavambo Akasiyana - siyana

Izvozvi zvinobvumira vashandirwi kuchengeta gadziriro dzapamutemo dzemibhadharo inotusa ruzivo, kushanda, uye kubereka pasina kuputsa mutemo.

Zvisinei, vashandirwi havagoni kushandisa izvi zvisizvo sepembedzo dzorusaruro.

Kugadzirisa Rusaruro

Kana pane kusaenzana mumibhadharo pakati pavanhu vane mitezo yakasiana - siana yakasiana - siana inoita mabasa akaenzana zvikuru, vashandirwi vanofanira kusimudzira mibhadharo kuti vaenzane asi vangasaderedza mibhadharo yavamwe vanhu.iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti kururamisa kubhadhara rusaruro kunobetsera mushandi anobhadharwa pasi panzvimbo yokukuvadza vamwe vashandi.

Pana January 29, 2009, Purezidhendi Barack Obama akasaina mumutemo Lilly Levered Fair Pay Act, achigovera kuti cheki yemubhadharo wakaenzana wevarume nevakadzi kuputswa kutsva kwomutemo. Mutemo uyu wakataura nezvechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa icho chakanga chaganhurira nguva yokubhadharira kusarurana, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti vashandi vapikire mari inopfuurira kushora kusarura.

Nhoroondo Nezvaiitika

The Expact Pay Act, yakasainwa mumutemo naPurezidhendi John F. Kennedy pana June 10, 1963, yakanga iri mumwe wemitemo yokutanga yehurumende inorwisana nekusawirirana iyo yaikurukura misiyano inoripirwa yakavakirwa pamunhurume nemunhukadzi, kuchiita kuve kusiri kwapamutemo kuripira varume navakadzi vanoshanda munzvimbo imwe cheteyo mibhadharo yakasiana nokuda kwebasa rakafanana.

MuHondo Yenyika II, vakadzi vakapinda mumabasa muzviverengero zvisina kumboitika, asi vaiwana mari iri pasi zvikuru pane varume nokuda kwebasa rakafanana.Pashure pehondo, kuedza kugadzirisa kusarura uku kwakawana simba, kunyange zvazvo zvakatora anodokusvika makumi maviri emakore kuti mutemo wakazara upfuure.

Mutengo wokunyora waida mubhadharo wakaenzana nokuda kwebasa "rakaenzana," asi ichi chitsama chamashoko pakupedzisira chakachinjwa kuva "basa rakaenzana" iro raireva, "chinodikanwa kuda unyanzvi hwakaenzana, nhamburiko, uye mutoro, uye izvo zvinoitwa mumigariro yakafanana yokushanda". Ichi chinjo yakanga iri madikanwa kuchengetedza kupfuudzwa kwomutemo, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vatsigiri vakataura kuti mupimo muduku waizoganhurira kushanda kwomutemo.

VaAmerica Vane Muitiro Wourema: Vanoedza Kuwana Vanhu Vanogona Kuwana

VaAmerica Vane Rublegal Act (ADA) vakava mutemo muna 1990 uye mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu unorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema munharaunda dzakawanda dzoupenyu hwavose, kubatanidza mabasa, zvikoro, zvokufambisa, uye nzvimbo dzakawanda dzavose nedzevanhuwo zvavo.

Kunzwisisa Kuvhiringidzika Mune ADA

VaAmerica Vane Rucume Act (ADA) mutemo wehurumende wekodzero dzevanhu unorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mumabasa ezuva nezuva.ADA inorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwourema kungofanana nemimwe mitemo inorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, vatano, mavambo orudzi, zera, uye rudzidziso.

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoitwa muupenyu zvinosanganisira kudya, kurara, kutaura, kufema, kufamba, kusimudza, uye kushanda kwokufunga sokufunga uye kuisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe chete.

Musi wa25 September 2008, Purezidhendi George W.Bush akasaina ADA Amendments Act ya2008 (ADAAA) kuti ive mutemo, izvo zvakawedzera kutsanangurwa kwekudzivirira kweADA kuvakawanda. Izvi zvakachinja zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvedare zvakanga zvangotsanangura rondedzero yourema, zvichivimbisa kuti vanhu vakawanda vadzivirirwe pasi pomutemo.

Musoro Webasa I: Kudzivirirwa Kubasa

Musoro uyu unorambidza vanhu vanoshandira vashandi vane 15 kana kuti kupfuura kusarura mabasa, kusanganisira kupinza basa, kupinza basa, kukwidziridza basa, kurovedza, kubhadhara uye kubvisa mari.

Zita reChitatio Ndinoda vashandirwi kugovera pokugara kune mufungo kuvakumbiri vakakwaniriswa kana kuti vashandi, rinorondedzerwa sechinjo iyo inogara vashandi vane urema kuti vagone kuita basa racho pasina kuparira mushandirwi ku "sava nenhamo huru" (kuoma zvikuru kana kuti ndyiko).

Dzimba dzine mwero dzinogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda, kubatanidza kugadziridza marudungwe ebasa, kugovera ruzivo rwokugadzira mabasa, kugadziridza mabasa, kuita kuti nzvimbo dzisvike, kana kuti kugovera vaturikiri kana kuti varavi. Nzvimbo chaiyo inodikanwa inotsamira paurema hwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nezvinodikanwa zvebasa. Vashandirwi navashandi vanofanira kupinda mumuitiro wokushandisa kuti vazive pokugara panobudirira.

Musoro II: Hurumende uye Hurumende yeNyika

Zita reChipiri rinoda kuti masangano avose aite mapurogiramu awo, mabasa nemibato zvinosvikwa nevanhu vakaremara uye zvinoronga zvinodiwa kuti vazvibvise uye varonge; kuchinja zvine mwero mitemo, miitiro, uye nzira dzokuita zvinhu pazvinofanira kuitwa kuti vasasarurane; kuziva zvinodzivisa kuvakwa; uye kukurukurirana zvinobudirira nevanhu vanonzwa, vasingagoni kuona nokutaura.

Musoro uyu unoshanda kumasangano ose ehurumende nehurumende, kusanganisira zvikoro, matare, masangano ezvirongwa zvenzanga, zvifambiso zvavose, uye nzvimbo dzokuzvivaraidza.

Musuo III: Nzvimbo dzokugara

Musoro weII unodzora nzvimbo dzokugara dzavose dzokusasarura vanhu vane urema, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzinoregeredzwa dzoga, dzakarendwa kana kuti dzinoshandiswa pachivande dzakadai sehotera, maresitorendi, vatengesi vezvitoro, mahofisi avanachiremba, kosi dzegafu, zvikoro zvepakirechi zvehurumende, nzvimbo dzekirechi, makirabhu emitambo, mabhaisikopo, uye zvichingodaro.

Thitume III inogadza mipimo miduku yokuwana nokuvaka kutsva kwezvivako zvebhizimisi nedzimba dzavose dzomunhu oga. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti zvivako zvitsva nokugadziridzwa zvinobatanidza mativi okuwana kubva pachikuva chokugadzira, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru uye kushambadza zvikuru kugovera kuwanwa kwakaenzana.

Dzimba dzavose dzinofanira kubvisa mhinganidzo dzokuvaka uko kunowanika nyore nyore, kugovera yamuro namabasa zvekurukurirano inobudirira, uye gadziridzo nemiitiro zvinosarura vanhu vane urema.

Title IV: Kukurukurirana nemhepo

Iwot IV inoda makambani epakombiyuta nekombiyuta kuti ape vanhu vasingakwanisi kutaura nefoni. Izvi zvinosanganisira mashandisiro akadai sefoni dzeserura (TTTY) uye mavhidhiyo okutumirana anoshandisa vaturikiri vomutauro wemasaini. Musoro wacho unodawo kuti mashoko avharwe okuzivisa zviziviso zvebasa ravose zvinotsigirwa nehurumende.

Musoro V: Zvirongwa Zvine Marudzi

Musoro weV une gadziriro dzakasiyana- siyana dzine chokuita neADA yose zvayo, kubatanidza ukama hwayo nemimwe mitemo, kurambidza kutsiva nokumanikidza, uye mitero yegweta. Zita iri rinojekesa kuti ADA hariganhuri kana kuti kusaita mimwe mitemo yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende inopa dziviriro yakaenzana kana kuti huru zvikuru kuvanhu vane urema.

Simba Nerevo

SAYENZI IDHA yakaita kuti pave nokufambira mberi kukuru panyaya yokuwana mabasa anoitwa nevanhu vose, kukwanisa kuwanikwa kwezvakapoteredza, uye kunzwisisa kwaunoita urema.

ADA yakaparira chinjo dzakapararira mugadziriro dzomuviri, kubva panzvimbo dzinotemwa nokunoiswa mipakidzani kusvikira kuzvikwidziso nezvimbudzi zvinosvikika. Yakachinjawo miitiro yebasa, mikana yedzidzo, uye kuwana zvinhu nemabasa. Kubva pakuchinja kwemuviri, ADA yakabetsera kuchinja zvimiro zvenzanga pamusoro pourema, ichisimudzira kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vane urema vane kodzero yokuita rutivi rwakazara mumativi ose enzanga.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa1965: Kudzivirira Kubatanidzwa Kwehurumende Yegutsaruzhinji

Murayiro uyu unokosha waitaura nezvemhinganidzo dzakarongwa dzaitadzisa vatema vokuAmerica nemamwe mapoka maduku kushandisa kodzero yavo yepamutemo yokuvhota. Kunzwisisa mutemo uyu kunokosha kuti tionge kurwisa kunopfuurira kwekodzero dzokuvhota uye kubatanidzwa mune zvoutongi hwehurumende.

Nhoroondo Nechinangwa

Pasinei zvapo nevimbiso yeFireth Amendment yechi155 yevimbiso yokuti kodzero yokuvhota haigoni kurambwa yakavakirwa padzinza, nyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru kumaodzanyemba, dzakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokudzivisa vaAmerica vomuAfrica pakuvhota. Idzi dzaibatanidza kunzvera kurava nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, mitero yavanasekuru, uye kutyisidzira kwakananga. Voting Rights Act yakarongedzerwa kubvisa iyi miitiro yokusasarura uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo vose vangagona kushandisa maruramiro avo okuvhota.

Zviitiko izvi zvakakurudzira nyika yose kuti itsigire mutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota wakakwana uye zvakaita kuti Purezidhendi Lyndon B.Johnson akurumidze kukwidza mutemo wekodzero dzevoti uye kuti Purezidhendi apedzisire achitsigira mutemo wekodzero dzevoti.

Gadziriro Huru

Chikamu 2 chinorambidza kuvhota chero kupi zvako kana kuti muitiro wokuvhota unosarura pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti nhengo muboka remutauro mushoma.

Chikamu 5, icho chakanga chiri gadziriro yechinguvana yave ichivandudzwa panhambo nenhambo, chaida mativi akati ane nhau yorusaruro kuti awane mvumo yehurumende (kuoneka) asati ashandisa chinjo dzipi nedzipi kumitemo yavo yokuvhota kana kuti miitiro. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa chinjo dzokuvhotera dzisati dzagona kuitwa. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re 2013 muShelby County v. Raker akabvisa nenzira inobudirira chinodikanwa cheprecracy kupfurikidza nokudzika murangedzero yakashandiswa kusarudza kuti idziroidzo dzoukurusa yaigona kuiswa pasi pestecration.

Act inewo gadziriro dzinoda zvokushandisa zvokuvhota zvine mitauro miviri mune dzimwe nzvimbo, inorambidza kunzverwa kwokunyora nokunyora uye madhiragi akafanana, uye inobvumira vacherechedzi vehurumende kuti vaone kusarudza mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Matambudziko Acho uye Anoenderera Mberi

Mumakore akatevera kubuda kwayo, nhamba yevavhoti pakati pevaAmerica veAfrica vainyoresa muAfrica muSouth yakawedzera zvikuru, uye kumiririra vashoma mumahofisi akasarudzwa kwakawedzera zvikuru.

Zvisinei, kodzero dzokuvhota dzasara dziri nhau inopesana mune zvematongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Pashure pechisarudzo cheShelby County, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakashandisa ganhuriro itsva dzokuvhota, kubatanidza mitemo yemavhota yorumano, kuderedzwa kwenhambo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba, uye kubviswa kwemapepa anovhota. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti matanho aya anotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi uye anomirira kudzokera kumiitiro yokuvhota. Gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota inopfuurira kuumba hurumende yeAmerica uye inoramba iri nhau yekodzero dzehurumende dzinotonga vanhu.

Mutemo Wamafaro wa1968: Kurwisa Rusaruro Rwedzimba

Fair Howary Act, inozivikanwawo seTit VIII yeChibvumirano cheChikomberedzo cha1968, inorambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kubhadharwa kwedzimba dzakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Gare gare kugadziridza kwakawedzera dziviriro nokuda kwavanhu vane urema nemhuri navana. Mutemo unokurukura chimwe chemativi makurusa ekodzero dzavagari vemo: mano okuchengeteka, dzimba dzakafanira pasina rusaruro.

Makirasi Anodzivirirwa uye Miitiro Yakapinzwa

Fair Howation Act inodzivirira vanhu parhwaro rwakavakirwa pamavara manomwe: rudzi, ruvara, mavambo orudzi, rudzidziso, vatano (kubatanidza vatano nezivikanwo yavakadzi), mugariro wemhuri (mhuri navakadzi vane makore ari pasi pe 18 napakati), uye urema. Iyi dziviriro inoshanda kumitengo mizhinjisa yedzimba, kubatanidza kutengesa, kubhadharwa, kukwereta chikwereti chemari, uye muridzi weinishuwarenzi.

Mutemo unorambidza miitiro yakasiana - siana yokusasarura, kubatanidza kuramba kurenda kana kuti kutengesa imba, kugadza mashoko akasiana - siana kana kuti migariro yebhizimisi rokutenga dzimba, kushambadza kunoratidzira chisarudzo kana kuti kuganhurirwa kwakavakirwa pamavara akadzivirirwa, kuramba zvenhema kuti imba iripo, uye kubatanidzwa mumiitiro yokubhadharisa kana kuti yokutungamirira. Kunorambidzawo miitiro yokukweretesa noutsotsi uye kunodawo pokugara ine mufungo uye kugadziridza nokuda kwavanhu vane urema.

Nzvimbo Dzokugara Nekugadziridza Zviri Nani

Nokuda kwavanhu vakaremara, Fair Howard Act inoda vagoveri vedzimba kuti vaite pokugara pakafanira mumitemo, mitemo, miitiro, kana kuti mabasa apo kunenge kuri madikanwa kuwana banza rakaenzana rokushandisa nokufarikanya imba. Somuenzaniso, muridzi wenzvimbo angada kubvumira mhuka yokubatira kunyange kana nzvimbo yacho isina mutemo wepapu, kana kuti kubvumidza mubati kuisa zvibati muimba yokugezera.

Mutemo unodawo vagoveri vedzimba kubvumidza chinjo ine mufungo kunzvimbo dziripo pandyiko dzemari dzemari apo kunenge kuri madikanwa kuti munhu ane urema ashandise zvizere ndokufarikanya nzvimbo yacho. Muzvivako zvine zvikamu zvina kana kuti zvinopfuura zvakavakwa pashure paMarch 13, 1991, mutemo unoda mativi akati okuwana shanduro mukugadzirwa nokuvakwa.

Kumanikidza Nemishonga

Department of House and Urban Development (HUD) inomanikidzira Fair House Act. Vanhu vanodavira kuti vakawana rusaruro rwedzimba vanogona kuisa nyunyuto neHud kana kuti kunyora mhaka mudare rehurumende. Hud anonzvera zvichemo uye angaronda nhau dzokutarisira kana kuti kunongedzera kuBato reRuramisiro nokuda kwokutongwa.

Mishonga yeFair Hoss Act inogona kubatanidza kuvadziko dzokutsiva nokuda kwokurasikirwa chaikoiko nenhamo yendangariro, rusununguko rwokudzivisa rusaruro rwomunguva yemberi, zvirango zvavagari vemo, uye mibhadharo yegweta.

Zvinetso Zvinopfuurira Mudzimba Dzakanaka

Pasinei zvapo nedziviriro dzeFair Honging Act, rusaruro rwedzimba runopfuurira muzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana. Nzvero dzinoshandisa kunzvera kwakabatana, uko vanhu vane zvikwaniriso zvakafanana asi vane mavara akadzivirirwa akasiana - siana vanobvunza pamusoro pedzimba, nguva dzose kuzivisa kurapa kworusarura. Rusarura rungasava nounyanzvi, zvakadai sokugovera mashoko akasiana pamusoro pezvikamu zviripo kana kuti kukumbira kudzosera kunharaunda dzakati.

Mukuwedzera, nhaka yorusaruro rwenhau rwedzimba, kubatanidza kudzongonyedza uye sungano dzinoganhurira rudzi, zvinopfuurira kutapura mitoo yokugara nepfuma. Nzanga zhinji dzinoramba dziri dzakasiana zvikuru, uye kusabatana mumwero womuridzi womusha nomugariro wokugara zvinopfuurira mukuwirirana nedzinza nedzinza. Kupedza idzi denho dzinopfuurira kunoda kuchengetwa kunopfuurira kwemitemo yedzimba inoruramisira nenhamburiko huru kusimudzira kusaruramisira kwedzimba.

Musoro IX: Kuratidzira Kuenzana Mudzidzo

Musoro weIX weEducation Amendments ya1973 unorambidza kusarura vatano mupurogiramu dzedzidzo nemibato zvinogamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende.

Kukura uye Kushandisa

Murayiro wacho unotaura nezvedzidzo yose inopiwa nehurumende, kusanganisira zvikoro zvepuraimari, makoleji, uye mamwe mayunivhesiti, kusanganisira kunyoreswa, kunyoreswa, kubatsirwa nemari, mitambo, kushungurudzwa pabonde, uye mamwe marudzi okusarura zvepabonde.

Mutemo unoti: “Hapana munhu muUnited States achabviswa, pahwaro hwevatano, kutora rutivi, kunyimwa betsero, kana kuti kurongerwa pasi pegadziriro ipi neipi yedzidzo kana kuti mubato kugamuchira betsero yemari yeFederal. Uyu mutauro wakafara wakadudzirwa kufukidza mhatsa huru yemiitiro yorusaruramisiro uye wakakudzwa kupfurikidza nemirau nechisarudzo zvedare.

Kufarira Zvemitambo uye Mukana Wakaenzana

Murayiro unoda kuti zvikoro zvipe mikana yakaenzana yokumhanya varume nevakadzi, zvichirangarira zvinhu zvakadai senhamba nerudzi rwezvikwata, midziyo nemigove, kuronga mitambo nenguva dzokurovedza, kufamba uye kufema, kurovedza, dzimba dzokuvhaira uye zvivako, mabasa okurapa, uye kuzivikanwa.

Zvikoro zvinogona kuratidzira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitambo yeTitle IX munzira dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza kuti mikana yokutora rutivi yakaenzana zvikuru nokunyoresa, kuratidzira nhau nomuitiro unopfuurira wewedzero yepurogiramu nokuda kwevatano iri pasi pepasi, kana kuti kuratidza kuti fariro namano zvevatano yakaderera zvinogamuchidzwa zvizere uye zvinogamuchirwa nenzira inobudirira.

Kushanda kweTitle IX pamitambo yavakadzi kwave kuchishamisa. Pamberi peTitle IX, vasikana vasingasviki 300 000 vakatora rutivi mumitambo yechikoro chapamusoro; nhasi, nhamba iyoyo inopfuura mamiriyoni matatu. Pakoreji, kutora rutivi kwavakadzi mumitambo kwawedzera zvakapetwa katanhatu kubva paTitle IX's chikamu. Uku kuwedzera kwakagovera mikana isingaverengeki yokuti vakadzi navasikana vakudziridze unyanzvi hwemitambo, kuwana mari, uye betsero kubva kumibato yemitambo, nzanga, uye betsero dzedzidzo yedzidzo yemitambo.

Kunetswa uye Kurohwa

Title IX inokurukurawo pamusoro penetsiro yevatano namasimba masimba mudzidzo. Zvikoro zvine musengwa wokupindura nokukurumidza uye nenzira inobudirira kumishumo yenetso yevatano kana kuti kudenha uye kuita nhano dzokudzivisa mufambiro wakadaro.Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kunzvera zvichemo, kuita chiito chakafanira chokuranga vapari vemhosva, uye kugovera tsigiro nenzvimbo dzokugara kuvanyajambwa.

Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights yakabudisa nhungamiro pamisengwa yezvikoro pasi peTitle IX pamusoro penetsoro nemasimba masimba. Iyi nhungamiro yave iri nhau yekurukurirano inokosha, zvikurukuru pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pavanyajambwa uye kuvimbisa muitiro wakafanira nokuda kwavanhu vanopomerwa.

Kubata Pamuviri uye Vadzidzi Vanorera Vana

Zvikoro zvinodzidzisa vana vane pamuviri uye zvinovadzivirira parusarura, zvinoda kuti vaitewo mapurogiramu akasiyana - siyana, kana kuti vashandise mitemo yakasiyana - siyana.

Mukuwedzera, zvikoro zvinofanira kupembedza kusavapo nemhaka yemimba kana kuti kusununguka kwenguva refu sezvo chiremba womudzidzi achiona kuva kuri madikanwa mune zvemishonga ndokubvumira vadzidzi kudzokera kumugariro wedzidzo mumwe chetewo napachikoro chechikoro somusi wezororo. Iyi dziviriro dzinova nechokwadi chokuti pamuviri haisi kudzongonyedza dzidzo yomudzidzi.

Kubudirira Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura uye Nharo Dziri Kungoramba Dzichienderera

Kukakavadzana kwemazuva ano kwakanyanya kutaura nezvekodzero dzevadzidzi, nzira dzokuita nadzo zvinhu dzinofanira kutevedzerwa pazvinenge zvichiongororwa kuti zvive nemhosva dzokunetswa mune zvepabonde, uye kushandiswa kwepaItut IX paIndaneti.

Kugara uchiziva nezvezvinenge zvichiitika izvi kunokosha kuvadzidzi, vabereki, vadzidzisi, uye vatungamiriri vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo uye zvavanofanira kuita pasi peTitle IX.

Rusaruro Rwezera Muchiito Chebasa: Kudzivirira Vashandi Vakwegura

Age Discrimination in Act (ADEA) ya1967 inodzivirira vanhu vane makore 40 okukura kana kuti vakura pakusarura mabasa zvichitsamira pazera. Mutemo uyu unoziva kuti tsika dzezera nerusaruro dzinobva pamunhu zvinogona kuganhurira zvirongwa zvemabasa zvavashandi vakwegura uye kutsvaka kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo zvebasa zvakavakirwa pamano panzvimbo pezera.

Zvikamu Zvacho uye Dziviriro

ADEA inoshanda kuvashandi vane 20 kana kupfuura, kusanganisira hurumende dzehurumende, kusanganisira mabasa ose, kusanganisira kubhadharwa, kupfurwa, kusimudzirwa, kudzingwa basa, muripo, mabasa, uye kurovedzwa.

ADEA inorambidzawo kunetswa kwezera, uko kunobatanidza mashoko anozvidza pamusoro pezera romunhu rinoparira mhoteredzo yebasa ine utsinye. Nepo kunyomba kwakapfava kana kuti zvinoitika zvakasiana zvingasapunza mutemo, kunetswa kunova kusiri kwapamutemo apo kunenge kuri kwakakomba kwazvo zvokuti kunoparira mugariro webasa wakashata kana kuti unogumbura kana kuti unoguma nechisarudzo chakashata chebasa.

Zvisimboti Nedziviriro

Vashandirwi vangatora zviito zvichienderana nezera apo zera rinenge riri chikwaniriso chebasa (BFOQ) chiri madikanwa nenzira ine mufungo kukuita kwenguva dzose kwebhizimisi. Uku kusiiwa kunorangarirwa zvishoma uye kunoshanda bedzi mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa, zvakadai seapo zera rinodikanwa nokuda kwouchokwadi (somuenzaniso, kuronza mutambi muduku kuti atambe mwana).

Mutemo unobvumirawo vashandirwi kucherechedza mipimo yegadziriro dzakakwirira kana kuti mushandi anobetserwa, chero bedzi iyi gadziriro isingashandiswi sechinoyera zera.

Mazai Nekusunungurwa

Vashandiri vanowanzokumbira vashandi kuti vasaine kodzero dzavo dzokusaina kuti vasarudze kodzero dzavo dzezera nokuda kwemari inobhadharwa kana kuti zvimwe zvinobatsira. OWBPA inogadza zvinodiwa chaizvo kuti vatsotsi ivavo vakwanise kuva vanoshanda, kusanganisira kuti vazivi uye vazvipire, vakanyorwa mumutauro wakajeka, zvikurukuru kodzero dzeADEA, uye vape kutarisirwa zvakakwana.

Vashandirwi vanofanira kupiwa anenge mazuva 21 kuti varangarire chibvumirano (kana kuti mazuva 45 kana muparadzi akakumbirwa pamusoro pesundo yokubuda kana kuti purogiramu yeboka) uye anenge mazuva 7 pashure pokusaina kuti vapedze chibvumirano. Uku kudzivirira kunovimbisa kuti vashandi vakura havamanikidzirwi kupa kodzero dzavo pasina nguva yakakwana yokurangarira.

Chiito Chokudzivirira Kuva Woga Kwoga Kwoga

GINA inodzivirira chaizvo kuti mashoko anokonzerwa nemavara okugara nhaka arege kuonekwa sevanhu vanosarura nemhaka yezvavanoudzwa nemuinishuwarenzi youtano uye basa.

Mashoko Okuberekwa Nawo Chii?

Mujinga meGINA, mashoko emavara okugara nhaka anobatanidza mashoko pamusoro penzvero dzemavara okugara nhaka omunhu, kuedzwa kwemavara okugara nhaka kwemitezo yemhuri, kuratidzirwa kwehosha kana kuti hosha mumitezo yemhuri (nhau yezvokurapa kwemhuri), kukumbirwa kana kuti kubviswa kwemabasa anogarwa nhaka, uye kubatanidzwa mukunzvera kwachiremba kunobatanidza mabasa anogarwa nhaka. Iyi rondedzero yakafara inovimbisa dziviriro huru pakusarura varamisirwa.

Musoro I: Kudzivirirwa Kune Zvoutano

Zita rinonzi I reGINA rinorambidza vapinzi veutano kushandisa mashoko emavara okugara nhaka kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuva akakodzera kana kuti kubhadharwa. Varidzi vezveutano havagoni kukumbira kana kuti kukumbira kuongororwa kwemavara okugara nhaka kana kuti mashoko emavara okugara nhaka, kushandisa mashoko okugara nhaka kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pokufara kana kuti kubhadharwa, kana kuti chikumbiro kana kuti kukumbira kuongororwa kwemavara okugara nhaka.

Zvisinei, inishuwarenzi youtano yeGINA haisati yatambanudzira inishuwarenzi youpenyu, inishuwarenzi yourema, kana kuti inishuwarenzi yokutarisira kwenguva refu. Mhando idzi dzeinishuwarenzi hadzifukidzwi naGINA, uye varesitorendi vangarangarira mashoko okugara nhaka pakusarudza pasi pekunyora nokuda kweizvi zvinhu.

Musoro II: Kudzivirirwa Kubasa

Vashandi havagoniwo kukumbira, kuda, kana kutenga mashoko emavara okugara nhaka pamusoro pemashoko anogarwa nhaka.

Mashoko anokonzerwa nemavara okugara nhaka anofanira kuchengetwa akavanzika uye kuchengetwa muzvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvokurapa, uye kuzivisa kunongobvumirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa, zvakadai sokuda kupiwa mutemo kana kuti apo mushandi anopa mvumo yakanyorwa.

ZVIMWE zvirongwa zvebasa zvinoshanda kuvashandirwi vane 15 kana kuti kupfuura uye zvinodzorwa neAumelt Opportunity Commission. Mutemo unogovera mishonga yakafanana neiyo inowanika pasi peTitle VII yeChibvumirano chekodzero dza Civil, kubatanidza kutsiva nokukuvadza kwokuputsa maune.

Kutora Nhumbu Kunoita Kuti Vashandi Vane Mimba Vasave Nepamuviri Vasarudze

Bhuku rinonzi Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) ra1978 rakagadziridzwa rinonzi VII of the Civil Rights Act kurambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamimba, kusununguka, kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu okurapwa ane chokuita nayo.

Dziviriro Dzemaruva

Izvi zvinoreva kuti vashandi vane pamuviri vanofanira kubatwa sevamwe vashandi vane pamuviri kana kuti vasingakwanisi kushanda.

Vashandirwi havagoni kuramba kupinza basa mukadzi nemhaka yemimba kana kuti migariro ine chokuita napamuviri, chero bedzi iye achigona kuita mabasa makuru ebasa. Vashandirwi havagoniwo kumanikidza vashandi vane mimba kuti vaende kana vachida uye vachikwanisa kushanda. Kuwedzera, vashandirwi vanofanira kuzarura basa nokuda kwokusavapo kwapamuviri kunowirirana nenguva iyo mabasa anoiswa pachena nokuda kwevashandi vari pazororo rinorwara kana kuti rourema.

Nzvimbo Dzokugara Dzine Mwero

Nepo mugadziri achida kurapwa kwakaenzana, hakudi zvakananga vashandirwi kugovera pokugara nokuda kweicho chinopiwa nokuda kwemimwe migariro yezvokurapa kwechinguvana.

Dzimba dzine mwero dzingasanganisira kubvumira nguva yokuzorora yakawanda, kugovera chituru chokugara, kutamisira kunzvimbo yakaoma, kana kuti kugadziridza mapurogiramu ebasa kwechinguvana.

Inishuwarenzi Youtano Nebetsero

Mutungamiriri wedhipatimendi anokurukurawo nezveinishuwarenzi yezvoutano yemamiriro ezvinhu epamuviri. Vashandirwi vanopa inishuwarenzi yezvoutano vanofanira kufukidza pamuviri, kubereka, uye mamiriro okurwara akafanana nemamwe mamiriro okurwara. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubhadharwa kwevana vanenge vasununguka, kusununguka, uye kutarisirwa kwapashure pemwedzi.

Uyezve, Afford Care Act inoda urongwa hweinishuwarenzi youtano hwakawanda hwokutarisira kutarisira pamuviri sebetsero inokosha youtano uye inorambidza kubhadharwa kwemitengo yakakwirira yakavakirwa pavatano kana kuti pamimba.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzako: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Kuziva kodzero dzako ndeimwe nzira yokutanga yokudzidzivirira, uye kutungamirira pakuziva rusaruro, kuputsa mitemo, uye kutsvaka nzira dzokurapa kana kodzero dzako dzaputswa.

Kuziva Rusaruro

Rusaruraganda runogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda, kubva pamabasa akavanzika efungidziro kusvikira kumitoo yamanomano yokubatwa kwakasiana. Rusaruro rwakananga runoitika apo mumwe munhu anobatwa nenzira yakasiana nemhaka yevara rakadzivirirwa, zvakadai sokunyimwa basa nemhaka yedzinza kana kuti vatano. Rusaruro rwakajeka runoitika apo muitiro unoratidzika kuva usingatori rutivi kana kuti muitiro unotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vanhu vane vara rakadzivirirwa.

Zvimwe zviratidzo zvokusarurwa zvinobatanidza kubatwa nenzira yakasiyana kupfuura vanhu vari munzvimbo yakafanana, kugamuchira mashoko akashata kana kuti majee pamusoro pemavara ako akadzivirirwa, kubviswa mumabanza kana kuti mibato, kutarisana nokutsiva pashure pokunyunyuta pamusoro porusaruro, kana kuti kuiswa mumipimo yakasiana kana kuti kariro kupfuura vamwe.

Kuputsa Zvibvumirano

Kana uchifunga kuti wakasarurwa, nyora zviitiko zvacho zvinokosha. Chengeta zvinyorwa zvine udzame zvezviito zvokusasarura, kubatanidza misi, nguva, nzvimbo, zvapupu, uye zvakataurwa kana kuti zvakaitwa.

Mapepa aya anogona kubatsira kuona kuti zviito zvakaipa zvakatangira parusaruro pane kuti zvive nezvinonetsa. Kana mapepa ako akadzama uye akawirirana, nyaya yako ichava yakasimba zvikuru kana ukasarudza kunyora nyaya yokunyunyuta kana kuti kupomerana.

Kunyunyuta Kunotyisa

Mitemo yakasiana- siyana yekodzero dzavagari vemo ine miitiro yakasiana-- siyana netsananguro dzekurangarira. nokuda kwerusaruro rwebasa pasi peTitle VII, ADA, ADEA, kana kuti Mutengo wePhicha, unofanira kuisa zvawaipomerwa neUniverse Opportountion Commission (EOC) kana kuti chirongwa chebasa chakarurama. Nguva yokunyora inowanzova mazuva 180 kubva pachiito chokupa mhosva, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvingatambanudzwa kusvikira kumazuva 300 mumitengo yazvo zvimene inorwisana nemitemo yemitemo yehurumende inorwisana nemitemo.

Nokuda kwetsanana yokugara pasi peFair House Act, unogona kunyora chinyunyuto neBato reHouse and Urban Development (HUD) mukati megore rimwe rechiito chokupa mhosva. Nokuda kwerusarura dzidzo pasi peTitle IX, unogona kunyora nyunyuto neBato reDhipatimendi reDzidzo reRusununguko rwavagari vemo mukati mamazuva 180 orusaruro.

Mitemo yakawanda yekodzero dzevanhu inokubvumirawo kuisa matare mudare, panzvimbo pekuwedzera kunyunyuta kwehurumende.Kubvunza gweta rinoona nezvekodzero dzevanhu kunogona kukubetsera kunzwisisa zvisarudzo zvako ndokusarudza nzira yakanakisisa yechiito nokuda kwomugariro wako.

Kutsvaka Betsero Yapamutemo

Nyaya dzekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinogona kuva dzakaoma kunzwisisa, uye kuva nechiratidzo chapamutemo kunogona kuvandudza zvikuru mikana yako yokubudirira. Magweta akawanda anobata nhau dzekodzero dzevanhu anoshanda pahwaro hwemibhadharo, kureva kuti anobhadharwa bedzi kana ukahwina mhaka yako. Mamwe masangano eyamuro yepamutemo namapoka ekodzero dzavagari vemo anopawo betsero yapamutemo yapachena kana kuti yakaderera yapamutemo kuvanhu vanotarisana norusaruro.

Paunenge uchitsvaka rubatsiro rwepamutemo, tsvaka magweta ane ruzivo rwakananga rworusaruro rwawava narwo.Bvunza nezvechinyorwa chavo chenhau, nzira yavanoita nayo nhau, uye mashandiro avo. Magweta akawanda anopa kubvunza kwokutanga pachena kwamungakurukura nyaya yenyu uye kuona kana muchida kushanda pamwe chete.

Basa Rezvirongwa Zvokumanikidza

Kunzwisisa kuti isangano ripi rinobata rusaruro rinogona kukubatsira kuziva kwaunofanira kutendeukira kana kodzero dzako dzaputswa.

Basa Rokuwana Mabasa Akaenzana (EOC)

EEOC inodzika mitemo yehurumende inorambidza rusaruro rwemabasa, kubatanidza Thit VII of the Civil Rights Act, Act yeMutemo weAge Pay, Rusaruro Rwenguva Yebasa, American neChiratidzo Chokuremarara, uye Chiratidzo Chenhau Chokusasarura. EEOC inoongorora pomero dzorusaruro, kuedza kupedza gakava kupfurikidza nokutaurirana kana kuti kuwirirana, uye ingapomera mhaka vashandirwi vanoputsa mutemo.

Website yeEOC inodzidzisawo vashandi vayo uye kuti kodzero dzavo uye mabasa avo zvinotarisirwa nemitemo yerusaruraganda.

Department of Justice (DOJ)

Department of Civil Rights Division yeRudzi rweChivil Rights inomanikidzira mitemo inoverengeka yamaruramiro avagari vemo, kubatanidza Thit II of the Civil Rights Act (pour Hospital Act), American ane Mitemo yeUrema (Misoro II ne III), uye Voting Rights Act. DOJ inonzvera nzvero, mufambiro wokubvumirana, uye mafaira kuti mitemo iyi itsive.

DOJ inoshandawo kugadzirisa mitoo kana kuti miitiro yorusaruro kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwegadziriro nepokupa mhosva. Vangapindira mumatare emunhu oga apo mhaka dzinomutsa nhau dzinokosheswa zvikuru navanhu vose.

Department of Home and Urban Development (HUD)

Hud inomanikidzira Fair Honging Act uye inonzvera nyunyuto dzorusaruraganda. Apo mumwe munhu anonyora nyunyuto neHID, sangano rinonzvera pomero dzacho uye kuedza kupedza nhau kupfurikidza nokurangana. kana kubvumirana kukakundikana, HUD ingaronda kutonga kana kuti kunongedzera nhau yacho kuBato reRuramisiro nokuda kwokutongwa.

HUD inoitawo kurukurirano dzokubvuma, inogovera dzidzo uye kupedza kodzero dzedzimba dzakakodzera, uye inotsigira masangano edzimba dzakanaka kupfurikidza nezvipo uye rubatsiro rwemichina.

Department of Education (ED)

Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights inomanikidzira kuti zita reIX uye mimwe mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu mudzidzo, kubatanidza Thit VI of the Civil Rights Act (rveract), Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act (rusaruro rusingabvumiki), uye Act yeAge Discration Act. Hofisi inoongorora nzvero, mufambiro wokuteerera, uye inopa betsero yezvoruzivo rwedzidzo kumasangano edzidzo.

Department of Education inogona kudzivisa mari kumasangano ehurumende anoputsa mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, kunyange zvazvo mushonga uyu usingawanzoshandiswi.

Kuwiriraniswa Kworusarura Nezvimiro Zvakasiyana - siyana

Pfungwa iyi inozivikanwa seyekupindirana kwemapoka, inobvuma kuti zvinosangana nevanhu pakusarura zvinokonzerwa nokusiyana kwepfungwa dzavo, dzakadai sedzinza, unzenza, urema, zera, nezvimwewo.

Kunzwisisa Rusaruro Rwokusangana

Somuenzaniso, mukadzi Mutema angatarisana norusaruro rwakasiyana nerusaruro runovapo apo mumwe munhu anotarisana norusaruro runobva pamubatanidzwa wemavara avo akadzivirirwa, panzvimbo pechinhu chimwe chete.

Zvisinei, matare nemasangano anochengetedza kodzero dzevanhu anowedzera kuziva kuti rusaruro runogona kubva paunhu huzhinji uye kuti kutadza kufunga nezvokupindirana kunogona kusiya vamwe vasina dziviriro yakakwana.

Kusvika Kwapamutemo Kuzvirevo Zvinopesana

Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu angataura kuti rudzi uye rusaruro rwevatano zviri pasi peTitle VII, achiti vaitarisana nokusarura nemhaka yokuzivikanwa kwavo somukadzi wedzinza rakati kuti nemhaka yokudzivirirwa kwakawanda.

Matare akaita mitoo yakasiana - siana yokutaura, nezvimwe zvinoziva zvisakiso zvakasiana zvechiito nokuda kwokusarurana kwapamharadzano uye zvimwe zvinoda vatongi kubvumikisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachinhu chimwe nechimwe chakasiana. Gadziriro yapamutemo yokupedza rusaruro rwomumhudzano inopfuurira kuchinja sezvo matare anorwisana nenzira yakanakisisa yokudzivirira nayo vanhu vanotarisana nezvimiro zvakawanda zvorusaruro.

Nguva Yemberi Yomutemo Wekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Mutemo wekodzero dzevagari vemo unopfuurira kuchinja mukupindura kuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga, zvimiro zviri kubuda zvokusarura, uye nzwisiso itsva dzokuenzana neruramisiro.Nguva dzinoverengeka sezvingabvira dzichaona zvinoitika zvinokosha mumakore ari kuuya.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re2020 muBostock v. Clayton County chakasimbisa kuti kurambidza kweTit Viet VII parvei kunobatanidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nezivikanwo yomunhurume. Iyi chisarudzo chakatanhamara chine revo huru nokuda kweLGBTQ+ kodzero pabasa, uye kurangarira kwacho kungatambanukira kumimwe mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inorambidza rusaruro rwevatano.

Zvisinei, mibvunzo yakawanda yasara pamusoro pekukura kweLGBTQ+ dziviriro mumutemo wekodzero dzevanhu. Nhau dzakadai sekuregeredzwa kworudzidziso, kuwanikwa kwemunhu ari muimba yokushambira, uye kubatanidzwa mumibato inopesana nevatano kunopfuurira kuparira kukakavadzana kwapamutemo. Kukura kweLGBTQ+ kodzero dzevagari vemo sezvingabvira kucharamba kuri nzvimbo inokosha yekurukurirano yepamutemo neyenzanga.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Rusaruro

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoita basa guru nenzira inowedzera mumabasa, dzimba, chikwereti, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinofukidzwa nemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, mibvunzo mitsva inomuka pamusoro penzira yokudzivisa nayo nokugadzirisa rusaruro rwemitemo. Gadziriro dzokuita zvisarudzo dzinorongwa, kubatanidza ungwaru hwokugadzira nerokudzidza michina, zvinogona kupfuudzira kana kuti kuwedzera mirangariro iripo, zvichitungamirira kumiuyo yokusasarura.

Masangano anotarisira kodzero dzavagari vemo nevatsigiri vari kushanda kuti vanzwisise kuti mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu iripo inoshanda sei kusarurana kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kana zvirongwa zvitsva zvepamutemo zvichidikanwa. Nhau dzakadai sokuoneka mukuita zvisarudzo kunoitwa nemunhu oga, kushandiswa kwezvinochinja zvinowirirana nemavara akadzivirirwa, uye kushanda kwemitemo yemitemo yetsandanyama nokuda kwetsananguro sezvingabvira kuchava nharaunda dzinokosha dzokufunga.

Kupa Kodzero

Kupa kodzero kwakaramba kuri nzvimbo inokwikwidzwa uye inotsiva mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu. Kutevera chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muShelby County v. Hoder, iyo yakabvisa nenzira inobudirira chinodikanwa cheProing Rights Act, nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa ganhuriro itsva dzokuvhota. Vatsigiri vanopfuurira kudenha idzi ganhuriro mudare uye kukurudzira kuchinjwa kwemitemo kuti vasimbise dziviriro dzekodzero dzokuvhota.

Mutemo waitaurwa wakadai seJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act waizodzorera uye unoita kuti zvirongwa zvePing Rights Act zvive pachena. Nguva yemberi yekodzero dzokuvhota ichatsamira pazvose zviri zviviri zviito zvemitemo uye zvisarudzo zvedare zvinodudzira kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo uye mitemo yokuvhota.

Ruramisiro Yemari

Vamwe vanotsigira kutsigira kuwedzerwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kururamisira kwezveupfumi kuri kuwedzera.

Uyezve, pane kuwedzera kusimbisa kugadzirisa kusarurana kwenhau kwemazuva ose kupfurikidza nemitemo yakadai sokusarudza, kuronga mari munzanga dzine urombo, uye kuchinja zvinhu zvinosimudzira kusaenzana. Ukama pakati pemutemo wekodzero dzevanhu neruramisiro yezvemari sezvingabvira huchava nzvimbo inokosha yokubudirira kwemitemo uye kukurukurirana.

Zviwanikwa Netsigiro

Masangano akawanda nezviwanikwa zvinobatsira vanhu kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo, kuziva rusaruro, uye kutsvaka nzira dzokurapa kana kodzero dzavo dzaputswa.

Mari Inoshandiswa Nehurumende

Masangano anotarisira kuchengetwa anogovera mashoko makuru pamusoro pemitemo yavagari vemo uye nzira yokunyora nayo kunyunyuta. Website yeEOC ( www.eoc.gov) inogovera zvishandiso pamusoro pekusarurwa kwemabasa, kubatanidza mapepa eidi, magwaro enhungamiro, uye mashoko pamusoro pemhosva dzekutsvaka. Department of Justice Covil Rights Division ( www.grogment.v/creditt) inogovera mashoko pamusoro pemitemo yakasiana-mbikiidzo yekodzero dzevanhu uye kuti vangashuma sei kutyo.

Hofisi yeHud yeFair House and Auncility Opportunity ( www.hud.gov/fairhouing) inopa zvinhu pamusoro pekodzero dzedzimba dzakarurama uye nzira yokunyora nayo zvinyorwa zvekusarurwa. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights ( www.ede.govr)) inogovera mashoko pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo mudzidzo uye nzira yokuita nayo zvichemo zvenhau.

Masangano Okuva Mufundisi

Masangano akawanda asingapinzi mhindu anoshanda kudzivirira nokufambisira mberi maruramiro avagari vemo. American Civil Liberates Union (ACLU) inopa mhosva dzekodzero dzavagari vemo uye vatsigiri nokuda kwokuchinja kwetsika. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund inonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzeruramisiro yedzinza. National Women’s Law Center inokurukura tsvetation Rights Education and Defect Fund nokuda kwamaruramiro ourema.

Masangano aya nemamwe akawanda anobatsira zviri pamutemo, dzidzo, uye kurambidza kodzero dzevanhu.

Kubatsira Kwapamutemo uye Kubatsira kwePro Bono

Masangano eyamuro anopiwa masangano epamutemo pachena kuvanhu vanowana mari yakaderera, kubatanidza betsero nenhau dzekodzero dzavagari vemo. Dare reMari reSangano reSangano reMari reSangano reMamiriro eChibvumirano ( www.lsc.gov) rinogona kukubetsera kuwana masangano eyamuro yapamutemo munharaunda yako. Masangano mazhinji ebhawa anoshandawo mapurogiramu eprobono anobatanidza vanhu negweta vanozvipira kugovera mabasa omutemo.

Zvipatara zvemitemo zvinowanzobatsira zviri pamutemo munhau dzekodzero dzevanhu paunenge uchipa vadzidzi vemitemo ruzivo rwepamutemo runoshanda.

Kupedzisa: Kurwira Kururamisira Kunopfuurira

Mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inomirira rukundo rwakaoma mukurwisa kuenzana neruramisiro. Kubva mukurwa kweAct yeFelt Pay's mukurwisana nokusarurwa kwevaAmerica neChibvumirano cheUrema Chinovimbisa kuwana kwakaenzana, kubva kuchirambidzo cheCivil Rights Act yokusarurana mumabasa nepokugara kusvikira kudziviriro yeFair Howace Act yedziviriro pakusarurwa kwedzimba, iyi mitemo yakashandura nzanga yeAmerica uye yakakudza mabanza nokuda kwamamirioni avanhu.

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako dzevagari vemo kunokosha kuti uzvidzivirire iwe nevamwe pakusarurwa uye kuti urambe uchiedza kuvaka nzanga yakarurama uye isina rusaruro.

Kana iwe umene uchitarisana nerusaruro, uchitsigira mumwe munhu ari, kana kuti kungoda bedzi kuva mugari wemo akadzidza, zivo yemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inokusimbisa kuziva kusaruramisira ndokuita chiito. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi mitemo, kuputsa, kutsvaka mishonga yakafanira, uye kutsigira maruramiro avagari vemo, tose tinogona kubetsera kurwisa kunopfuurira nokuda kweruramisiro nokuenzana.

Kodzero dzevagari vemo hadzisi pfungwa dzemitemo dzinongotaurwa chete chete, asi idzi dzinodzivirira zvikuru upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, kwatinoshanda uye kwatinorarama tichiita kuti tidzidze uye tibatane nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.