Sumo: Kuumbwa Kwokutongwa Kwematsotsi

Kutonga inzira yavose zvikurusa yemitemo uye yetsika yokupedza gakava kana kuti kuisa mhaka. Iko kupfuurira uko mativi maviri anorwisana — muchuchisi (kana kuti mutevedzeri wenhau dzehurumende) uye dziviriro(wwwww) ufakazi nenharo pamberi penhau yeidi, zvikurukuru mutongi kana kuti mutongi. Kunzwisisa muitiro wokutonga hakusi kungodzidza chete; kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi angabatira somutongi, kusangana negadziriro yapamutemo, kana kuti kungoshuva kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoshandiswa sei munzanga yedemocracy. Nyaya ino inowedzera pamatanho akakurumbira edare rinodzora risingasaruki kuzivisa kutongwa.

Gadziriro yokutonga yakarongedzerwa kuva inotsiva, kureva rutivi rumwe norumwe runotsigira nesimba nzvimbo yarwo mumitemo yakagadzwa youfakazi nomuitiro. Mutongi anoshanda somurongi asingasaruri, achivimbisa kururama uye achiraidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda. Vatongi, vanobva munzanga, vanoshanda somuwani weidi rokupedzisira, vachishandisa mutemo sezvaanoraidzwa kumaidi sezvavanowana. Pasi, tinobvisa rutivi rumwe norumwe noudzame hukuru hukuru hukuru, kubatanidza mashoko enyika chaiwoiwo nenzwisiso yenyanzvi.

Fambiro Mberi: Kugadza Nhamo

Mibato yapamberi pekuedza chaiyo isati yavamba, mibato inodenha yapamberi pedare inoumba mativi enhau. Iyoyi inobatanidza kunyorwa kwemashoko (mumienzaniso youtsotsi), kuwanwa (kuchinjwa kwoufakazi pakati pemapato), uye nhevedzo dzekuongorora. Nzendo dzakadai sokupfupikisa ufakazi (kuisa mudare rapamberi) kana kuti kufamba muLimine (kubvisa mashoko echinoyera) kunogona kutapura zvikuru ufakazi hunonzwa nedare. Somuenzaniso, kana kureurura kwakawanwa pasina nyevero dzakakodzera, mutongi angatonga kuti kuve kusinganzwisisiki, kubvisa chinhu chinokosha chenhau yokupa mhaka. Attoysey angabvisawo mufambiro wenhau yechisarudzo (mumiedzo yevagari vemo yehurumende) kana kuti kubviswa, kana kuti kubvumirwa, kana kupiwa chiitiko chisina chiitiko chomutongo.

Kusarudza Chiratidzo Chokuzvidzora: Chiratidzo Chokuzvinyima

Kubva kuJury Pool Kuenda kuPetit Jury

Jury kusanangurwa, kana kuti commony (kubva kure chiFrench "kutaura zvokwadi"), muitiro uyo boka ravatongi vanokarirwa rinobvunzwa kusarudza dare rapamutemo rakarurama nerisingasaruri. Muitiro unovamba nokuvhotera dziva [[FLT:] jury shead [ . [boka ravagari vemo rinotorwa zvapakuvamba mumarekodha okunyoresa, marefurefurefuremu omutyairi, kana kuti mapepa emitero. Ukurukudzo yedzi redare rinosifaidzwa rinosiana nedare uye rakaoma. Nokuda kwedariro, dziva ringabatanidza 50:100 kana kuti vanhu vamwe.

Kana aungana, mutongi anotanga nyaya yacho, anozivisa mapoka nemagweta, uye anobvunza mibvunzo yokutanga pamusoro pezvikwaniriso zvedare redare renhau: kuva mugari wemo, zera, kugara, uye mano okunzwisisa chiNgezi. Ipapo anotanga mwoyo wevair wakaipa zvikuru — rutivi rwokubvunza.

Kupanikira Kuona Mari: Unyanzvi Nemazano

Zvose zviri zviviri kuchuchiswa nedziviriro (uye pane dzimwe nguva mutongi) mubvunzo ungava vatongi. Donzo nderokufumura mirangariro miviri: (1) kufumura rusaruro kana kuti kufungira mano akaipa uko kungadzivisa mutongi kusarudza nhau yacho nenzira yakananga paufakazi, uye (2) kuunganidza mashoko anobetsera rutivi rumwe norumwe kusarudza kuti vatongi vapi vanodenha. VaAttroney vanobvunza pamusoro pemisoro yakadai se:

  • Kuziva nhau yacho kana kuti mapati acho (munzira, "Wati waona nhau dzichitaurwa pamusoro pechiitiko ichi here?)
  • Zvinoitika zvomunhu oga zvoutsotsi kana kuti gadziriro yapamutemo (mutoo, "Wati wambova nyajambwa woutsotsi hwakafanana here?)
  • Mifungo pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwomutemo, mutoro woufakazi, kana kuti marudzi akati oufakazi (mutoo, "Munodavira kuti vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanotaura zvokwadi nguva dzose here?)
  • Kukwanisa kusasarura ndokushandisa pfungwa yokusava nemhosva.

Mutongi angabvunzawo "mibvunzo yakagadzirirwa kuzivisa mirangariro mikuru. Mumhaka dzakakwirira, magweta anowanzoshandisa vapi vemirayiridzo yedare redare rinobetsera vatongi avo vanonzvera mutauro wedare redare redare, nhau dzemagariro avanhu, uye mhinduro dzenhau dzokuvaka mativi akanaka kana kuti asina kunaka evatongi.

Matambudziko: Kuda Kuwana Chinokonzera Uye Kuedzwa

Pashure pokunge vavhundutswa, magweta anorovedza denho dzokubvisa vamwe vatongi paboka. Kune marudzi maviri:

  • Mutongi anokumbira mutongi kudzinga mutongi nokuda kwechikonzero chakananga chinokarakadza fungidziro kana kuti kusakwanisa kubatira (mutoori, "Mutongi uyu anobvuma kuti haagoni kuva asingasaruri nemhaka yokuti mwanakomana wake akapiwa mhaka yakafanana."). Hapana muganhu kuchiverengero chezvinetso, asi mutongi anofanira kubvumirana.
  • Denho: Gweta ringadzinga mutongi pasina kugovera chikonzero. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rune chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chedenho (sezvikuru 3-10 kuchitsamira panhau yacho). Zvisinei, denho dzinokunda hadzigoni kushandiswa kutsaura zvakavakirwa padzinza, dzinza, kana kuti urume, sezvakatangwa ne Batson v. Kentucky uye miraudzo yakatevera.

Vatongi vokupedzisira − zvikurukuru 12 nokuda kwemhaka dzoutsotsi (kunyange 6 inobvumidzwa mumhaka dzakati dzoutsotsi hwevagari vemo kana kuti huduku) uye marumwe (panopikirwa) (ndimo). Iri boka richanzwa ufakazi, kugamuchira mirayiridzo kubva kumutongi, uye namaune kuchisarudzo.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura: Kunyora Kwenhau

Pashure pokunge vatongi vaitwa, rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa kutaura kwokuvhura. Uku hakusi kupesana; panzvimbo pezvo, imepu yeizvo ufakazi hucharatidza. Vachuchisi (kana kuti vatongi) vanotanga, vachirondedzera maidi avanoda kubvumikisa uye zvapupu zvavanodaidza. Kudzivirira kungapawo kuzaruka kwakwo nokukurumidza pashure penhau yomuchuruchipa. Magweta mazhinji anosarudza kunonotsa kuzarura kwavo kuti vadzivise kuzivisa gadziriro yavo nokukurumidza.

Zvizaruro zvinoshanda zvipfupi, zvinosimwa, uye zvakasimbiswa noufakazi. Muchuchisi angataura kuti, "Ufakazi hucharatidza kuti minwe yomukwirirwi yakawanwa pachombo chokuuraya uye kuti iye aiva nevavariro nebanza" dziviriro ingapindura, "Ufakazi hucharatidza kuti minwe yakasimwa, uye mumwe wechitatu aiva nevavariro yakaenzana. Mutongi anorairidza vatongi kuti kutaura kwokuzarura hakusi ufakazi, asi vanoumba zvakasimba mifungo yokutanga yemifungo nebanza kupfurikidza nokunzvera kuratidzira kuti mifungo yokutanga yaiwanzoitwa nechisarudzo.

MaPlaintiff (Prosecuatist) Case-in-Chief

Kuvakwa uye Mutoro Woufakazi

Mubato nomutoro woufakazi — muroveri wemhaka (pamberi popanikiro ine mufungo) kana kuti mupurisa mumhaka yavagari vemo (kupupurirwa kwoufakazi) (kutangira). Nharidzano ndeyokusimbisa rutivi rwuri rwose rwepomero kana kuti kutaura kupfurikidza noufakazi husingabvumiki.

Kunzvera Kwakananga uye Chipupuriro CheZvapupu

Muchuchisi kana kuti mumiririri wegweta anodana zvapupu, chimwe nechimwe, uye anovabvunza mibvunzo yakazarurwa yakagadzirirwa kuwana maidi akafanira. Somuenzaniso, chapupu chakaona chingabvunzwa, "Waonei pausiku hwaJune 5? Chipupuriro chacho chinorangarirwa kuva ufakazi. Gwetawo rinotanga kusuma [ mategit [] ufakazi hwakadai sezvinyorwa, zvidhori, zvombo, kana kuti mahwendefabhedhi. Chiratidziro chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kunzi charonge chiri chapamutemo (chinoratidzwa kuva chechokwadi) pamberi pokubvumwa.

Kushata Kwemuchinjikwa: Muvaki Mukuru

Pashure pebvunzo yakananga imwe neimwe yapupu, gweta rinoshora rine maruramiro ku [[FT:0] astarmine. Iri chishandiso chakakomba. Chigadziko chinowanzoganhurirwa kuzvinhu zvinomutswa mukati mechakananga, asi mukati moukuru ihwohwo, muchinjikwa anogona kubvunza mibvunzo inotungamirira (zvikuru, "hayi ichokwadi here kuti wakanga wamira panzvimbo yakafara mamita 100 uye wakanga wakasviba?"). Nhanho dzinoda ndedziya:

  • Kuramba kana kuti kushora kuvimba kwechapupu (vabhia, kutaura kusingawirirani, kusayeuka).
  • Maidi anobetsera muchinjiki.
  • Gadza hwaro hwokusabvumirana kana chapupu chikapesana.

Somuenzaniso, gweta rinodzivirira ringavhura mupurisa richishandisa nzira dzakakodzera dzokupa uchapupu, zvichiita kuti pave nokusava nechokwadi kuti uchapupu hwokuongorora hwakavimbika.

Kuramba Nemitemo Youchapupu

Mumhedziso dzose, magweta anogona kusimudza zvirango apo rutivi runopesana runoputsa mitemo yetsika dzinotevedzerwa(muenzaniso, runyerekupei (mashoko edare rinoparirwa nokuda kwezvokwadi yenhau), kushaikwa kwenheyo, kana kuti zvinhu zvinopesana zvinokurira ukoshi hwaro hwezvipo. Mutongi anotonga pachinhu chimwe nechimwe chinopesana: "chirambidzo" (chishongochisimudzirwa, uye ufakazi hunorambidzwa) kana kuti "ufakazi hunobvumirwa). Uku kusimbisa nguva dzose kuti kuvimbika bedzi uye ufakazi hunosvika kuva dare. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara ndiwo mutemo [FLT:] [FLT], unoramba kutongeiwo uchapupu pamusoro pechimwe chinhu kunze kwokureva kuti munhu anopupurira.

Pashure pokunge kutongerwa mhaka kwamira, dziviriro yacho inowanzoita kuti pave ne‘chisarudzo chakananga ’ kana kuti "tonge kutendeka," ichiramba ichiti ufakazi hwomuchuchisi hauna kukwana pamutemo kutsigira kutendiswa. Kana mutongi akabvuma, mhaka yacho inoguma ipapo napo; kana isina kudaro, dziviriro inopfuurira.

Mhaka Yomudziviriri: Chimiro Chemhosva Pabasa

Mitoro Nemabasa

Mukwirirwi haadikanwi kupa ufakazi hupi nohupi — kurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka uye mutoro wedare woufakazi zvinosara. Asi vakwirirwi vanowanzosarudza kupa mhaka kuti varambe ufakazi hwehurumende, vachipa imwe nhevedzo kana kuti dziviriro yakadai sewedu timene, aribi, kana kuti benzi.

Zviratidzo Zvedziviriro

Kufanana nomutengesi, dziviriro inodana zvapupu (kubatanidza mukwiridziri) Uhwu Husingadziviriri kumanikidzwa kuzvimanikidza, naizvozvo mukwirirwi angasarudza kusapupurira) uye zviratidziro. Gadziriro dzechokwadi dzinobatanidza:

  • [[[FOL:0] zvapupu zveAlibi zvinoisa mukwirirwi kune imwe nzvimbo panguva yemhosva.
  • [[[FFL:0] Zvapupu zvine ruzivo zvinodenha ufakazi hwenhau (mutoo, nyanzvi yeDNA inodzivirira inopupurira kuti kunzvera kwerabhoritari kwakanga kwakashata).
  • Zvapupu zvinopa chiratidzo [ zvinopupurira mukurumbira wakanaka womukwirirwi (kunyange ikoku kunozarura suo rokuti muchuchisi atange ufakazi hwakaipa mukutaurazve).
  • Kupinzwa kwezvapupu zvokuroverera kupfurikidza nokusuma kutaura kusiri kutsinhirana kwapamberi pezvi, ufakazi hwerusaruro, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi.

Kuzvidzivirira kungatangazve kutongerwa munhu anenge arerukirwa kupera kwenyaya yake, (8) kakawanda kacho kutora matanho okuchengetedza nyaya yacho kuti ikwidzirwe.

Kutaura Kwokupedzisira: Kunyengetedza Kwokupedzisira

Kana mativi ose ari maviri azorora, magweta anogovera nharo dzinopa. Iri ibanza ravo rokupedzisira rokutaura zvakananga kudare rinobetsera vatongi. Zvibvumikiso zvokupfiga ndi kurukurirano [, havagoni ufakazi (magweta) anogona kuwana rondedzero dzine mufungo kubva muufakazi ndokukurukura ruvimbiko rwezvapupu, asi havagoni kuisa chinyorwa kana kuti kukwirira kufungira mano akaipa.

Muchuchisi (kana kuti mutongi) anotanga, achipfupikisa ufakazi nokutaura chikonzero nei huchisvitsa mutoro unodikanwa. Kuzvidzivirira, kusimbisa utera, kusawirirana, uye kupanikira kune mufungo. Muchuchisi ipapo anowana [ anoramba [ .] `inharo pfupi yokupedzisira kuhurukuro dzakamutswa nedziviriro. Munyaya dzoutsotsi, kuzvidzivirira kunowanzotaura kwokupedzisira mukupfigwa kukuru, asi muchuchitokisi wacho ane shoko rokupedzisira murumbiso.

Kupfiga kunobudirira kwakarongwa pamisoro: "Iyi mhaka iri pamusoro pechisarudzo chomukwirirwi chokuunza pfuti kubhawa," kana kuti "ufakazi hunobvumikisa kuva chinhu chinopfuura tsaona ine ngwavaira". Michina yeRheorical sedzokororo, zviziviso, uye kukwirira kwakananga kupfungwa dzose dzedare rinobetsera. Zvisinei, kukumbira kumirangariro uko kunokoka vatongi kusarudza kuchivakirwa patsitsi kana kuti rusaruro runorambidzwa (/B) uye kungatungamirira kukuedza kwakashata kana kusingadzorwi.

Mirayiridzo Yacho: Mutemo Wakashandiswa Kuziva Chokwadi

Vatongi vasati vavamba kubhadharira, mutongi anoverenga mirayiridzo yenhema (inowanzonzi "aundress") iyo inotsanangura nheyo dzapamutemo dzinofanira kushanda. Iyi mirayiridzo inofukidza:

  • Zvinhu zvepomero imwe neimwe (munzira, kuti uwane mupomerwi ane mhaka yokupaza, unofanira kuwana kuti akapinda muchivako asina mvumo yokuita bhondi).
  • Mutoro wokupupura (mutoo, murau unofanira kupupura chinhu chimwe nechimwe).
  • Mitemo pamusoro pokuva akavimbika, ufakazi hwakarongwa, uye nzira yokuyera nayo chipupuriro chenyanzvi.
  • Gadziriro dzokurangarira (muchib., "Rutongeso rwenyu runofanira kuva rumwe; munofanira kushandira pamwe chete ndokuedza kusvika bvumirano).

Mirayiridzo yacho ndiyo mutemo; vatongi vanofanira kuitevera.

Kuparadza: Bhokisi Dema

Vatongi vanosarudza mutungamiriri kuti vatungamirire kurukurirano. Kubvisa mutongo kunogona kugara kwamaminiti namavhiki, kuchitsamira pakuoma kwenhau yacho uye ukuru hwokusabvumirana pakati pavatongi.

Masimba Okuzvipa Ushingi

Varwi vanokurukura ufakazi hunobva muzvinonyorwa zvavo (kana zvichibvumirwa), re-atamine zviratidziro, uye rondedzero dzekurukurirano. Vanoitirana nharo pamusoro pouchokwadi, nhau dzinorwisana, uye simba roufakazi hwesayenzi. Chisakiso chikuru ipfungwa ye ine mufungo [ mumhaka dzoutsotsi: kana upi noupi mutongi achichengeta panikiro ine mufungo pashure pekurukurirano yakazara, vanoraidzwa kuvhota kuti vasave nemhaka. Ikoku kunoparira sundo yakasimba yokuti voruzhinji vateerere nokungwarira kuti vasateerere.

Kana dare rikafa rikasagona kuita chisarudzo chakafanana, mutongi angapa dhikoniti pomero (g., ] Allen[[ pomero) inovakurudzira kupfuurira kunyoresa nokurangarirazve nzvimbo dzavo, asi pasina kupazve kupwiswa nehana. Kana mutongi akarambira, anozivisa kuti [[FLT: 4.] mist . Mhaka ipapo ingava inodzorwa pamberi pomutongi mutsva, kunyange zvazvo vachuchidzi vangasarudza kusadzokera kuufakazi hwakasimba.

Kupomera Uye Kupfuurawo

Kuverenga Zvavakatukwa

Vatongi vanodzokera kudare, uye mutongi anopa mutongi mutongo unobva wapiwa mutongi. Mutongo unouverenga zvinonzwika. Mumhaka yetsotsi, mutongo we "mhosva" kana kuti "haana mhaka" (kana kuti "mhosva yezviduku zvakabatanidzwa") inopiwa. Munyaya dzehurumende, chisarudzo chinoratidza kuti ipi boka rinenge raiswa uye kazhinji kazhinji rinosarudza kukuvadza. Mutongo wekupara mhosva hausi kuwanikwa kwokusapomerwa, uye kutadza kupedza kutongwa.

Kumhanya Nokukwirira Kwokupedzisira

Pashure porutongeso, boka rinorasikirwa ringanyora mitongo yapashure pokutonga (somuenzaniso, kufamba kwokutonga pasinei zvapo nechisarudzo (JOV) kana kuti kufamba nokuda kwekutonga kutsva. Kana mutongi akaramba izvozvi, mhaka yacho inogona kukwidzwa. Zvikumbiro zvinonangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika mukati mokutonga kwacho (mhiko, mirayiridzo isina kufanira yedare, mirau yedare inotadza, betsero yezano isingashandi). Matare haasati achidzokororesa maidi; anohwirudzura chinyorwa nokuda kwemhoshoro dzomutemo. Kana chikanganiso chikawanikwa, dare redare rinoita zvokutonga ringaraira kutongwa kutsva kana kuti kubvisa kutenderwa chose chose chose.

Kunzwisisa idzi nhano(-------kuvambira pagadziriro yokutanga yakakomba kusvikira kumuitiro wokupedzisira weappellate (kunozarura mutoo wokuedza sechipenyu, mutoo unochinjika wakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa zvokwadi nokutsvaka neruramisiro. Tsika haina kukwana, asi kujeka kwayo nechimiro chayo chokunze zvinoramba zviri pakati pemitoo yakaedzwa zvikurusa yokupedza nayo gakava munzanga yedemocracy.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve kwemiitiro yokusarudza vatongi, ona [[FLT: 0] Dare reU.S. : Dare reManetsi. Nokuda kwemirau ine udzame youfakazi, bvunza [[FLT:]Cornell Information Institute: Federal Reclagement. Kupfupikiswa kwemuitiro wokutonga kunowanika kubva Eclopedia Britannica: Dare (R.LT)[FLD:]