Chii Chiri Chii Chiito Chorusununguko Rwemashoko?

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 1966, inopa munhu upi noupi kodzero yapamutemo yokukumbira kusvika kumanyoro esangano rehurumende. Yakabuda pachikumbiro chinowedzera pashure pehondo chokuoneka kwehurumende nokuzvidavirira. Pamberi paFOIA, mutoro wakawira pavagari vemo kuti ubvumikise chikonzero nei vaida magwaro chaiwo; sangano racho ringangoramba pasina tsananguro. FOA yakanzi: marekodhi anowanika kunze kwokunge kusunungurwa chaiko. Mutemo unoshanda kumasangano ebazi makuru, makambani, uye masangano anotongazve, asi kwete kuDare renyika, kana kuti matare edzimba dzevachena. Mumakore akawanda, FOA asimbiswa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemaza, 1996 Programmendicement, OPEN, OPEAA, OEN, 2016, uye 2016 Activetic of Active ault, Actives Act, Act ault, 2016 zvakakumbirwa nokuda kwemitestridzo yemitenziro.

FOIA haisati iri bedzi nokuda kwavanyori venhau kana kuti vanzveri. Munhu upi noupi, vagari vemo vechigarire, vagari vomunyika dzokumwe, masangano, mayunivhesiti . kungakumbira. Hapana chinodikanwa kutsanangura chikonzero nei uchida mashoko. Chinonyanya kudiwa ndechokuti ruzhinji rurambe ruchiziviswa pamusoro pezvinoita hurumende, kuchigonesa kutora rutivi rwakakwana rune zivo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kubatira sechenjero mumufambiro wakaipa. PROIA website yeFOLT [[FF:1]] inogovera zvikumbiro zvekufambisa nokutsvaka mugariro wavo.

Gadziriro Huru dzeFOIA

Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvikuru zvakarongwa naFOIA kunokosha pakurishandisa zvinobudirira.

Kodzero Yokuwana Nokuziva

FOIA inovimbisa kodzero yavanhu yokuwana zvinyorwa; masangano ane mutoro wokururamisa kurambwa kupi nokupi. Kugadziridza kwa2016 kwakasimbisa iyi pfungwa: kana sangano richigona kuisa mubatanidzwa une mufungo wechinyorwa kuti rizivise zvikamu zvisingaparadziki, rinofanira kuita kudaro. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kudikanirwa kubudisa “mashoko asingabvumiki” kunyange kana mamwe mativi akanyimwa.

Nguva Yokugamuchira Nezvikamu

Masangano anofanira kupindura mukati mamazuva 20 ebhizimisi kugamuchira chikumbiro, kunyange zvazvo iyi nhambo inogona kutambanudzwa mu “migariro isati iri iyo inoitika” yakadai sokudikanwa kwokunzvera mahofisi akawanda enzvimbo dzomumunda kana kuti hwirudzuro zvinyorwa zvakawanda. Zvikamu zvinogona kuwedzera kusvikira kumazuva 10 ebhizimisi. Kana pasina mhinduro inogamuchirwa mukati mechikamu chenguva chedare, mukumbiri anogona kurangarira mishonga yokudzora yaneta uye fairasi. Muitiro, masangano akawanda anotarisana nezvinowirirana zvinokosha, naizvozvo shiviriro uye kutevera kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anodikanwa.

Fees naFe Waivers

FOIA inokamura zvikumbiro kuva mapoka matatu emari: vashandisi vezvokutengeserana (panobhadharwa nokuda kwokutsvaka, hwirudzura, uye kunyora), masangano esayenzi kana kuti manyuko enhau (pai bedzi nokuda kwokunyora pashure pamapeji 100 okutanga), uye “vamwe” vakumbiri (pambai nokuda kwokutsvaka nokunyora, asi kwete hwirudzuro). Vakumbiri vanogona kutsvaka mari kana mashoko acho achibetsera zvikurukuru vanhu vose uye asingari mufariro wezvokutengeserana.

Nzira Yokuita Nayo Chikumbiro CheFA

Kuita chikumbiro chinobudirira cheFOIA kunobatanidza zvinopfuura kungotumira tsamba chete.

Ziva Agency Yakarurama

FOIA inoshanda kumasangano ehurumende, kwete hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine mutemo wayo imene wezvinyorwa zvavose (inowanzonzi “mutemo usingasarudzwi”). Kusarudza kuti isangano ripi rehurumende rinobata zvinyorwa zvaunotsvaka, bvunza FOIA. gov anotungamirira kana kuti sangano rinotsvaka FOIA ramaraibhurari. Somuenzaniso, marekodhi okutamira munyika anochengetwa zvamao neU.S.Citizenshication and Immigration Services, nepo FBI inoda chikumbiro kuhofisi yeFBILPH FICA. Mis directivea. Chikumbiro chinogona kusharasa mavhiki kana kuti mwedzi.

Rovedza Chikumbiro Chakajeka uye Chakananga

Vague anokumbira zvakadai se “maemail ose pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze” angarambwa seakundikana nenzira ine mufungo kurondedzera marekodhi. Ivai akananga sezvinobvira: kubatanidza mitsetse yenhau, mitsara yemisi, mazita avanhu, uye marudzi ezvinyorwa. Kana une nhamba yeFOIA inonzvera kubva pachikumbiro chakapfuura, nongedzero. Idza fomu raunoda (pepa, email yemagetsi, email). Paunenge usingadi kutsanangura chinangwa chako, kuita saizvozvo kunogona kubetsera kunzvera fariro yavose nokuda kwechibhadharo kana kuti kugadzirwa kwapavhu.

Rondera Kupfurikidza Nomukoto Wakafanira

Sangano rimwe nerimwe rine nzira yaro yokuzviisa pasi yaro, (kazhinji kazhinji web paramende, email, kana kuti tsamba. Masangano akawanda zvino anogamuchira zvikumbiro kupfurikidza nechokuzviisa pasi pepa paIndaneti. Nguva dzose simbisa risiti yako. Chengeta kopi yechikumbiro uye cherechedza musi wawachitumira. Kana sangano richigara richitora mazuva anopfuura 20, rangarira kutumira chikumbiro chacho netsamba inobvumikiswa nokuda kwekanwa pepa.

Tarira Uchitevera

Kana ukasanzwa chinhu mukati memazuva 20 ebhizimisi, tevera pafoni kana kuti email. Zvirongwa zvingabvunza kujekeswa kana kuti kukurukura nzvimbo yakapfupika; kupindura kunogona kuita kuti chikumbiro chako chirambe chichichinja. Kana sangano racho rikaramba kuita chikumbiro kana kuti kuisa mari yakanyanyisa, une kodzero yokukwirira.

Kukumbira Kuramba Nokuramba Kuduku

Kana sangano rikanyima zvinyorwa, unogona kunyora chikumbiro chokutarisira mukati mamazuva 90. Chikumbiro chinofanira kutumirwa kuhofisi yeFOIA yesangano uye hurumende chikonzero nei kuramba kwacho kwakanga kusina kufanira. Kana sangano racho rikatsigira kuramba kana kuti kukundikana kupindura, unogona kukwidza mudare reruwa. Mharo zhinji dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nokupinzwa kana kuti kugadzikiswa. Department of Justice’s FAIA Guiderce[

Kunzwisisa Zvinetso Zvipfumbamwe

FOIA ine kusabvumirwa kwemibatanidzwa mipfumbamwe inobvumira masangano kunyima mapoka akati emashoko. Kuregeredza kunoitirwa kudzivirira fariro dzakadai sechengeteko yenyika, kuva woga, uye zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi. Rimwe nerimwe rinodudzirwa zvishoma; sangano harigoni kudzosa gwaro rose kana zvikamu zvinobvumirwa nomutemo zvichigona kubudiswa.

Rusununguko 1: Kuchengeteka kweNyika

Zvinyorwa zvinorongwa zvakanaka pasi poMurayiro Unodzora 13526 zvokudzivirira kuchengeteka kwenyika zvingasashandiswa.

Kusunungurwa 2: Mitemo Nemiitiro zveVashandi Vemo

Kuhesvurwa uku kunofukidza nhau dzomukati dzakadai semitemo yokupaka motokari, purogiramu dzezvokudya zvamasikati dzomumusha, kana kuti miitiro yokutarisira yenguva dzose. matare akaganhurira ukuru hwawo; kazhinji kazhinji anoshanda bedzi kunhau duku dzomukati umo kuzivisa kungapinza mungozi kubviswa kwemirau yesangano.

Kusunungurwa 3: Mashoko Anofumurwa Nemimwe Mitemo

Kana mumwe mutemo wehurumende uchirambidza zvakananga kuziviswa, mashoko iwayo anogona kunyimwa pasi peFOIA. mienzaniso yavose inobatanidza Act yakavanzika, Trade Secrets Act, uye mitemo yakasiana - siana yechivande chemitero.

Njodzi 4: Mashoko Ebhizimisi Akavanzika

Zvitendero zvebhizimisi uye mashoko ezvekutengeserana kana kuti emari anowanikwa kusangano remunhu oga zvinogona kukuvadza kana kuzivisa kukuvadza. Uku kubudiswa kunowanzokumbirwa nokuda kwemapepa ebhizimisi, mafomu okunyoresa, uye mashoko echibvumirano. Mabhizimisi anopa mashoko kuhurumende anogona kuataura seakavanzika.

Kusunungurwa 5: Kukurukurirana Nemamwe Masimba Kana Kuti Kukurukurirana Norupfave

Uku kuhesvura kunofukidza mifungo yomukati, rumbidzo, uye kurangarira zvingazivisa muitiro wokuita chisarudzo. Kunobatanidza ropafadzo yebasa, ropafadzo yegweta, uye dzidziso yezvigadzirwa zvinobudirira. Kana chisarudzo changova chokupedzisira, kurangarira kungava kuchiri kudzivirirwa, asi mashoko echokwadi anofanira kubudiswa kana kubvumirwa.

Chinokwezva 6: Kuva Woga

Mafaira evashandi, ezvokurapa, neemamwewo mashoko angaumba kuvhozhokerwa kusina kufanira kwezvakavanzika zvomunhu oga kana zvichiziviswa kusingataurwi.

Kusunungurwa 7: Zvinyorwa Zvemutemo Zvinorovererwa

Zvinyorwa zvakaunganidzwa nokuda kwamadonzo okuchengetwa kwomutemo zvinogona kudziviswa kana kuziviswa kungagona kudzongonyedza zviitiko zvokuchengetwa, kunyima munhu kutonga kwakarurama, kuzivisa manyuko akavanzika, kuzivisa unyanzvi hwokunzvera, kana kuti kuisa mungozi upenyu kana kuti chengeteko. Uku ndiimwe yedzisingabvumirwi zvikurusa. Kuhesvurwa kunoshanda bedzi kuzvinyorwa zvamasangano ane mabasa okuchengeta mutemo kana kuti mapepa anoumbwa mukunzvera mutemo.

Kuparadzwa 8: Mashoko ezvemari esangano rezvemari

Mashoko pamusoro pomutemo kana kuti kutarisira kwemasangano ezvemari, akadai semishumo yebvunzo yebhangi, angasashandiswa kudzivirira kugadzikana uye kuvimbika kwemisika yemari.

Kusunungurwa 9: Mashoko Ezvemararamiro

Kuhesvura uku kwakatetepa kunofukidza zvinyorwa zvematsime, kusanganisira mashoko epasi nepasi anotaura nezveoiri negasi.

FOIA Mumuitiro: Kuongorora Matsotsi Nesimba

FOIA yave iri injini inoongorora zvakawanda uye kuzivisa kwakaumba hurukuro yavose.

Chinokwezva Chinoiswa Mumvura

KUPUMISANA kwevatori venhau uye vaongorori vesangano rehurumende vakabatsira vaiongorora kuti vawane mashoko akarekodhwa, mabasa, uye magwaro omukati airatidza kuti vanotarisira Nixon vaibatanidzwa muWatergate àput hiin uye vaifukidzira kuti vabudise mashoko avo akazoita kuti Purezidhendi Nixon arege basa uye aratidze simba rokuwana zvinyorwa zvehurumende.

Ruramisiro Yemhoteredzo Noutano Hwavanhu

Vaongorori nevatsvakurudzi vakashandisa FOIA kuti vaone kuti kurasa tsvina kune ngozi, kubvumira kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kwakavakirwa pamashoko asina kunaka, uye kunonoka kwehurumende kuita kuti kushatiswe mumvura yokunwa.

Kuchengeteka kweNational uye Basa ra 9/11

Pashure pokurwisa kwaSeptember 11, Commission yakavimba zvikuru neFOIA kuti iwane mishumo yeuchenjeri, mabasa okutaurirana, uye maemail airatidza kuti zvinhu zvakanga zvisina kujeka.Mushumo wokupedzisira weKomishinari yacho, wakaumbwa nemagwaro aya, wakaita kuti pave nokuchinja kukuru mukugoverana kweuchenjeri uye kuchengetedza ndege.

Kusazvibata Kwemapurisa uye Kuzvidavirira

Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu anowanzonyorera FOIA zvikumbiro zvokuwana mitemo yedhipatimendi remapurisa, kushandisa mishumo inomanikidza, uye zvinyorwa zvisina kururama zvinobva kumasangano anochengetedza mutemo wehurumende. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvinyorwa zvakabudiswa zvakafumura mitoo yokuparadza uye kumanikidza kwakanyanyisa, kukurudzira kuchinja.

Matambudziko Anowanzoitika Muforoma yeFOIA

Pasinei nesimba rayo rapamutemo, FOIA haisi nguva dzose yakananga.

Zvinyorwa Nekunonoka

2017 bhizimisi 933] nguva yemhinduro inowanzoitwa nokuda kwezvikumbiro zvakaoma. Mamwe masangano ane makore anotambanudzwa. Department of Justice inoita basa remitengi, uye al FIIA mishumo [ inoratidza kuti masangano makuru akawanda, kubatanidza FBI ne Department of State, anogona kudarika nguva yemitemo. Vakumbiri vanogona kuisa dare nokuda kwokunonoka kusina mufungo, asi mari inowedzera nguva nendyiko.

Kusunungurwa Kwakapararira Nokudzorerwa

Mapepa ezvemari pane dzimwe nguva anonyanyoitwa, kubvisa ndima dzose apo mitsetse mishomanene bedzi inofanira kunyimwa.Vakumbiri vanogona kudenha mishonga mitsvuku mukati memuitiro wokukumbira, asi kubudisa muzvinyorwa zvakagadziriswa zvikuru kunokangaidza uye kunogona kudzikamisa mashoko akapoteredza anokosha.

Nhumbu Dzakanyanyisa

Kana kuti sangano ringada mari inopiwa pachine nguva mberi risati raita chikumbiro chacho nemari inofungidzirwa kuti inotengwa. Vakumbiri vanofanira kukumbira mari yemari inobhadharwa pakubvuma kwokutanga kana mashoko acho achibatsira vanhu.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokushayikwa Kwenhungamiro

Kuisa gadziriro yeFOIA kunogona kuva kunotyisa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavakumbiri vokutanga kwenguva. Sangano rimwe nerimwe rine mitemo yaro rimene, uye mitemo yetsika (zvakadai sokudikanwa kwokukwirira mukati mamazuva 90) idzono. Mubatanidzwa wezviwanikwa zvakadai se Muckrock[ unogovera nhungamiro namavagadzirisi nokuda kwokuita zvikumbiro zvinoshanda.

Mazano Okuti Uite Chikumbiro Chinobudirira CheFOIA

Ita kuti zvinhu izvi zvive nyore kuti uite zvinoenderana nenguva uye zvakakwana.

  • Ivai vakananga uye vakatetepa. Nenzira yakajeka marekodhi amunotsvaka nemisi, misoro, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe. Zvikumbiro zvinofungwa zvinogadzirwa nokukurumidza zvikuru uye sezvingabvira zvishoma kurambwa sezvakafara zvikuru.
  • translate nenzvimbo yemikoto inodiwa nesangano. Masangano akawanda zvino anopa maturusi okuzviisa paIndaneti anogadzira nhamba yokunyora nokukurumidza. Ikoku kunoderedza kunonoka kwetsamba uye kunovimbisa kuti chikumbiro chako chipinde nenzira yakarurama.
  • Kukumbira mari inokwidza pamberi. Tsanangura kuti zvinyorwa zvakakumbirwa zvichabetsera sei zvikuru kunzwisisa mabasa ehurumende. Kunyange kana zvikanyiwa, unogona kukwidza chisarudzo chemari.
  • Tevera norupfave asi unopfuurira. Kana usingagamuchiri kubvumwa mukati mevhiki, ridza mhere kana kuti email. Chengeta giramu yekurukurirano dzose kubatanidza misi namazita avashandi vesangano.
  • Shandisa FIIA raibhurari. Usati wanyora chikumbiro chitsva, nzvera nzvimbo inoraviwa yesangano reFOIA zvinyorwa zvakatodhindwa. Mapepa anowanzokumbirwa anowanika paIndaneti pasina kudikanwa kwokunyora chikumbiro chitsva.
  • Funga uchishandisa FOIA. Masangano akadai seMuckrock neAreports Committee for Freedom of the Press achigovera zvishandiso kukukumbira kufora, batira pamwe navamwe vakumbiri, uye kuramba kukumbira.
  • Kuramba kwokukurumidza. Sundo rezuva 90 remasekondi rinovamba apo unogamuchira mhinduro yokupedzisira yesangano. Chikumbiro chinosaidzirwa chinogona kubvisa kusunungurwa kusina kufanira.

mhedziso

Freedom of Information Act inoramba iri chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvinofanira kuita kuti hurumende izvisarudze. Inovimbisa kuti mhinduro yezvipikirwa zvezvinyorwa yapanguva dzose ndeye “hungu” kutoti kusunungurwa chaiko. Nepo muitiro wacho ungava unononoka uye pane dzimwe nguva unokangaidza, kupfuurira uye kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwemirayiridzo yemitemo inogona kubudisa magwaro anoratidza kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, kuti mubhadhari wemitero anopedzwa sei, uye kuti zvisarudzo zvine chokuita utano hwevoruzhinji nechengeteko yorudzi zvinopinzwa sei. FOA haisi mushandisi wemashiripidhikito wezvoruzhinji, asi inzira yakakomba yokuona nayo. Kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti isangano ripi rokuonana, kuti kukumbira, uye kudzokera shure sei kudzoka kuhurumende.