Kunzwisisa Musiyano Pakati Pezvikumbiro Nokuvata Mubhedha

Munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vane zvishandiso zvine simba zvokuumba miitiro inodzora upenyu hwavo. Pakati pezvinozivikanwa zvikurusa zveizvi zvishandiso kukumbira nokukurudzira. Nepo zvose zviri zviviri zvichikosha kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo, zvinoshanda panheyo dzakasiana zvikuru, zvinoda mwero yakasiana yezviwanikwa, uye zvinoshandisa pesvedzero dzakajeka. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera marudzi ose omuitiro mumwe nomumwe, kubva pamavambo awo enhau kusvikira kumiitiro yazvino uno yokuchinja, ichigovera gadziriro yakajeka yokunzwisisa kuti zvinoshanda sei mumhoteredzo yetsika dzavose. Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati peiyi mitoo miviri inopa simba, vatsigiri, vashinga, uye vagari vemo vanovimbisa kusarudza gadziriro yakarurama nokuda kwenharidzano dzavo.

Chii Chiri Chikumbiro?

Chikumbiro chakanyorwa, chikumbiro chakarongwa, chakanyorwa kuchiremera chakananga, chakadai sedare rehurumende, sangano rokudzora, kana kuti sangano ravanhu voga. Chinowana simba raro kwete musimba repamutemo asi muuremu hwenhamba. Apo zviuru zvavagari vemo zvinoisa mazita avo kurugwaro, chinoratidzira mwero weitiro hanya yeboka risingagoni kurambwa nyore nyore. Munhau, kodzero yokukumbira hurumende ikombiriso yekodzero dzedemokrati, inodzorwa muFirst Amendement of the U.S. Constitution uye mapuration akafanana naro munyika yose. Kurovedza kwacho kunovambira mazana amakore akapfuura; Magna MaGata MaGata akabatanidza kusimbisa maruramiro echibvumirano kuti akumbire mambo, uye kunyunyutorwa kwehurumende muAmerica kwakakurumbira kupfurikidza nokukumbira kwakakurumbira.

Munhambo yazvino uno, zvikumbiro zvakachinja zvikuru. Platforms se Transformation. org uye mahombe dzehurumende, zvakadai se UK] system yemikumbiro yeParamende [[, bvumira kuunganidza kwokukurumidza kutsigira munzvimbo dzakakura. Kukumbira kwemakombiyuta kunogona kuunganidza mamiriyoni ezvisaini mumazuva, kuchimanikidza nhau kumuka purogiramu yavose. Iyi muganhu wakaderera wokupinda isimba guru; munhu upi noupi ane chokuita Internet anogona kutanga kana kuti kutsigira chikumbiro. Zvisinei, zvinokurudzirawo kutsoropodza. Kusaina kunogona kutungamirira ku "Relivism", umo anonzwa nokusaipira, pasina kuisa chiito chikuru, kupfurikidza nokushandisa zviito.

Marudzi ezvikumbiro anosiana zvikuru. chikumbiro chapadare chakananga. chinokumbira paramende kana kuti musangano kuti chitange kana kuti gumisa mutemo. [[FLT:]] Chikumbiro chinotanga dare kana kuti chikumbiro chapamutemo kuti chiite chiito. [[FLT:] chinoita kuti chikumbiro [ chishandeidzei, chinoda chinjo mumiitiro kana kuti mitemo. Kurema kwapamutemo kwechikumbiro kunotsamira pahurumende. Muzvinoitika zvizhinjisakawanda, hachitongotsigiri pamutemo kuita chiito. Panzvimbo pezvo, chinoita dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Hurumende ingadikanwa kupindura kuzivisa chimwe chinhu, kuti chishande chimwe, sokusaipira kwapa kwapa kwapa kwapano kwomutemo. [F][5]

Kuchinja Zvinhu Kwakaita Kuti Vanhu Vade Kudzidza

Kana chikumbiro chiri chinyorwa, kukurudzira ipurogiramu yokuronga. Kurovha kunobatanidza kurukurirano yakananga, yamaune namukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende kupesvedzera kuita kwavo chisarudzo pamutemo wakananga kana kuti muitiro. Kusafanana norudzi rwakafara, runooneka paruzhinji rwechikumbiro, kukumbira kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa kupfurikidza nemisangano yakagadzirirwa, nyorerana, uye gadziriro yamashoko ounyanzvi. Shoko racho rinobva mumuitiro wavatsigiri vanomirira mudzimba dzemitemo kuti vataure nemitezo yeparamende kana kuti musangano.

Basa rokuda kushandira vanhu iindasitiri yakaoma zvikuru uye inodzorwa zvikuru. MuUnited States, , zvinotaura nezvechirongwa cheProgbong Disloyising Act ya1995 zvinorondedzera uye zvinoda kunyoreswa nokuda kwevanhu vanopedza nguva yavo yakawanda nemari vachikwidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Iyi dare repamutemo rakagadzirirwa kugovera kujeka, kuratidza ari kupedza mitemo. Mitemo yakafanana iripo muEuropean Union, Canada, uye Australia, pakati pedzimwe nyika. Lobbing inodzivirirwa pasi peRendementation yokutanga inodzivirira, se "kodzero yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvigumbuso," inosanganisira kodzero yokutsigira zvakananga kuti zviito zvezviito.

Idzidziso inozivikanwa navose yokuti kupesvedzera inzvimbo yemasangano akapfuma bedzi. Nepo kupesvedzera kwemakambani kuchidzora mari, masangano akawanda anopinda mukukurudzira, kubatanidza masangano ebasa, mapoka asingapinduri purofiti (seACLU kana kuti Sierra Club), masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye kunyange hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Vachengeti vanoita mabasa akakomba anoverengeka: vanopa unyanzvi chaihwo uhwo ruzhinji rungashaiwa, ivo vanonyora mutemo, vanopa zano rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vanovaka ukama hwenguva refu navagadziri vemiitiro.

Marasroots Lobbing

Kurovha kunobatanidza misangano, foni, uye uchapupu padare. Kukurudzira kunobatanidza kurukurirano yakananga namukuru mukuru wehurumende kana kuti vashandi vavo kupesvedzera mutemo wakati. Ikoku kunobatanidza misangano, runhare, uye zvipupuriro padare. Grassroots kukurudzira [[ (kana kuti kukwezva) kunobatanidza kuedza kupesvedzera mirangariro yavose kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende. Zvirongwa zveuswa zvingakurudzira vagari vemo kuti vanyore tsamba, kuita runhare, kana kuti kusaina kusaina. Ikoku kuparira kupesana nechimiro chouswa, zvinogona kuva unyanzvi hukuru. Kusafanana nezvikwana. Zviidzo zvinokurudzira kuzivisa kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano kuti zviziviswe.

Misiyano Inokosha Pakati Pezvikumbiro Nokuvata Mubhedha

Kunyange zvazvo zvose zviri zviviri zviri mitoo yokushandisa, zvikumbiro nokunyengetedza zvinodzokororwa zvikuru mumaitiro azvo, mutengo, ukuru, uye mhoteredzo inodzorwa. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunokosha nokuda kwegadziriro ipi neipi yokushandisa. Nhimbe dzinobudirira dzinowanzoshandisa zvose zviri zviviri midziyo, asi dzinobatira zvinangwa zvakasiana zvikuru.

Nzira: Kuratidzira Publiction v.

Chikumbiro igwaro risingachinji. Simba raro rinogara chose chose murudungwe rwamazita akabatanidzwa kwarwuri. Rinoita kutaura kumwe: "Isu, akasainwa, tsigiro kana kuti shora X. Chiito chokusaina ichimiro chikuru chokutora rutivi. Kuisa mashoko murusando. Kubatanidza kuvaka ukama hunopfuurira. Kubatanidza kutsinhana mashoko, uye kukurukura pamusoro pemashoko chaiwo emitemo. Mugamuchiri haangokungokumbiri kuti anzi “ye" kana kuti "no"; vanotsanangura migumisiro chaiyoiyo yenyika yechibharo, kukarakadza, uye kugovera kushambadza. Ruzivo rwechisiko runobva mumuviri runoda unyanzvi hwakasiana, kubatanidza zvinhu zvakadzika zvikuru uye unyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mutengo Nokuwanika: Mubhadharo wePrompy Barrier vs. High Resource

Uku kungava kupesana kunokosha zvikuru. Kutanga chikumbiro cheInternet hakubhadhari. Zviteshi zvemakombiyuta zvinopa mitemo yemafashoni, uye zvinobudisa mashoko zvinobatira sechiteshi chokuparadzira. Uku kuchinjwa kwegadziriro yetsika yepasi rese kunoreva kuti mapoka maduku, asina kudzorwa anogona kutanga mubato wenyika yose. Kuda kudarika uku iko, kungava kutengwa kukuru kwenharo huru pamusoro pekuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunyange zvazvo vagari vemo vachikwidza mari yakawanda. Varidzi vezvokushandira mari inodzorwa mari inodzorwa nemari inobhadharwa nevanomiririra nyika yacho asi nguva, vanosimudzira nzvimbo yemasangano enyika yose.

Kuchinja Kwakaita Vanhu: Mabroad v.

Zvikumbiro zvinopesvedzera muupamhi. Simba razvo riri muukuru hweboka razvinomirira. Chikumbiro chine 100 000 chisaina chiratidzo chinobvira cheboka revongi. Vezvamatongerwe enyika vanofuratira zviratidzo zvakadaro panjodzi yavo vamene. Mugamuchiri anoshandisa pesvedzero kupfurikidza nokudzika. Mubati angangomirira bedzi mutendi mumwe, asi vanopa unyanzvi hukuru hwemari, tsigiro yemari (kupfurikidza nemipiro yenhimbe), uye purogiramu yakananga. Mugamuchiri ane simba anogona kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kudzosa vhoti yomutengi wechibvumirano kwete kupfurikidza nokuvaratidza boka, asi kupfurikidza nokuvagovera pepa rakarongerwa zvakakwana, pepa rakapfupi rakajeka, kana kuti nzira yakajeka kuti vatangezve kugadzirwa. Mumwe mutoo woukuru wezvirongwa zvevoruzhinji, mumwe unoratidza ukurudzamo rwoukuru hwechikamu.

Kugadzirwazve Kwourongwa uye Kutaridzika

Zvikumbiro zvinowanzosadzorwa. Munhu upi noupi anogona kuita chimwe, uye kunze kwemirau inorwisana nokubiridzira (kuisa siginicha), kune mhinganidzo shomanene dzapamutemo. Muitiro wacho wavose; ndaza yezviratidzo inowanzooneka. Kubhadharira, nenzira inopesana, kuripo mukati memiraudzo yakaro yakarongeka kudzivirira uori nepesvedzero isingadiwi. Mu US, Lobbing Displaise Act inoda mishumo pamusoro pemari, ndyiko, uye zvikwereti zvakati kana kuti zvitsairwe. Hurumende yeHovery and Open Gover Act inoname inonangidzira iyi mitemo. Pasinei zvapo neiyi pesvedzero yemari mumatongerwe enyika inoramba iri nhau inokakavarakanwa zvikuru. "revoking" pakati pebasa rehurumende nezvinokambira zvakanaka zvisingashandisi.

Ukama Hwechinzwano: Kubatanidza Zvikumbiro Nekuzvinyima

Munyika chaiyoiyo yezvounyengeri hwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikumbiro nokupesvedzera hazviwirirani. Panzvimbo pezvo, zvinowirirana zvikuru. Boka resavvy richashandisa zvose zviri zviviri kuita "kunze kwenze" nzira ine simba. Nzira ye "inside" irangariro idzokupesvedzera: kusangana navaiti vemitemo, zvikwereti zvokunyora, uye kunyora. "kunze" mutoo wokukumbira (panze penze pechikwikwichitsama chenhau nokuramba): kuvaka dzvinyiriro yavose inopa dziviriro yezviteshi zvezvinobudisa nhau mukati meboka.

Rangarira nhimbe yemibatanidzwa yeroorano muUnited States. Vatsigiri vemasangano akadai sechikwata chekodzero dzavanhu vakashanda mudzimba dzehurumende neCongress, vachisangana nevezvematongerwe enyika, vachironga mitemo, uye vachibvumirana. Njodzi dzekunyorerana. Nhimbe huru dzokubatanidza nokukumbira paIndaneti dzakaratidza kutsigira kwapachena kukuru nokuda kwechikonzero. Muiti wemitemo aizengurira pakutanga angada zvikuru kutsigira mari pashure pokunge mugamuchiri ava kuratidzira chikumbiro chakasainwa na50 000 vemibatanidzwa yavo. Chikumbiro chacho chinogovera "kupisa kwoukuru," apo mugamuchiri wacho anogovera gadziriro yebasa. Pasina chikumbiro, mugamuchiri angaratidzika seasingabatani navavhotera. Pasina mugamuchiri, njodzi dzinoiswa kunze kwechiito uye kukanganwika.

Kurangarira Kwoungwaru Nokutsoropodza

Miitiro yose iri miviri inotsoropodzwa. Zvikumbiro zvinowanzoshorwa nokuda kwokusimudzira "kusava nechimurenga". Kuva nyore kwokuvhura bhatani kunogona kuita kuti munhu anzwe seachabudirira, zvingaderedza sundo yokuita mamwe marudzi akaoma zvikuru okutora rutivi munzanga, zvakadai sokuzvipira, kuzvipira, kana kuti kushandira hofisi. Uyezve, kukumbira kunogona kushandiswa nyore nyore, uye kukanganisa kwakwo kunogona kuva kwakaoma kuyera. Chikumbiro nemamiriyoni ezvisaini chinogona kufuratirwa kana nyaya yacho isiri chinhu chokutanga chezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwomugadziri wechisarudzo.

Kubhadharisa kunotakura zvinhu zvinorema zvikuru. Chatinonyanya kukoshesa kugona kubatwa kwemiitiro, umo mitemo nemirau inogadzirirwa kubatira fariro dzefariro chaidzo dzakasanorongwa pandyiko dzavose. Zvitsama zvikuru zvemari zvinopedzerwa pakukwidziridza zvinowanzoonekwa sechimiro chouori hwepamutemo. "Kupamhidza" pakati pebasa ravose nenharo dzapachivande dzinoparira kusawirirana kwefariro, sezvo vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa mibatanidzwa yavo nezivo mukati kuti vabetsere vatengiri vevo. [[FLT: 0]] ECD's inowanzoonekwa sechimiro chokurevesa murairo [ inosimbisa denho yenyika yose yokugovera maruramiro okupinza mumiitiro yokuita kuti mufambiro mupimo unodikanwa kudzivirira mufambiro wechisarudzo chavose. Nepo unyanzvi hwokuwana vanhu vose.

Kupindura Kutsoropodza Kunowanzoitwa Nezvikumbiro

Kuti zvibudirire, zvikumbiro zvinofanira kuva chimwe chezvirongwa zvakawanda. Zvine simba zvikurusa apo zvinorwiswa, zvakananga, uye zvinotsigirwa netyisidziro inovimba kana kuti banza nokuda kwomuiti wechisarudzo. Chikumbiro chokukurudzira dare reguta kuvhota nzira yakati chinoshanda zvikuru kana chikapiwa nenhume dzinomirira sangano romunzvimbomo rine mitezo inokosha. Chisaini ipfundo rokutanga, kwete nharidzano yomugumo.

Kupindura Kutsoropodza Kunowanzoitwa Nokunyengedza

Nhamburiko dzokuchinja kupesvedzera kujeka nokuzvidavirira. Mitemo yokuzivisa yakakomba, nguva refu "kubvisa" nokuda kwavakuru vakuru, uye ganhuriro pazvipo nemipiro yenhimbe zvikarakadzo zvinozivikanwa navose. Kuziva ukoshi hweunyanzvi pasina kuhubvumira kuvirima fariro yavose idenho huru. Masangano anonyandura nharaunda se Opensets basa rokuronda kufamba kwemari ndokuzivisa vanhu, achigovera nzvero yakakomba papesvedzero isakafanira.

Mugumo: Kusarudza Mutoo Wakakodzera Webasa

Kunzwisisa musiano pakati pezvikumbiro nezvinonyandura kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kupesvedzera muitiro wavose. Chikumbiro chinhu chine simba chokuratidzira murangariro wavose, kusimudzira kuziva, uye kuunganidza mavambo makuru etsigiro. Chinosvikwa, chidzoresa, uye kukurumidza kutanga. Kushandisa ichishandiswa nokuda kwokunyengetedza kwakakwana, kuvaka, uye basa rounyanzvi rokuumba mutemo. Chishandiso chinoshanda, chakakodzera, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chinotsunga munhambo dzoro dzokupedzisira dzegadziriro. Chishandiso chacho chakanaka kana kuti chakashata. Ukoshi hwavo hunotsamira chose chose chose pamashandisirwe azvo. Kose uko kurapa kunoitwa nako. Koreshi inosimudzira mipimo yetsika yokukumbira nesimba apo inoramba mipimo yokuoneka nokunaka mumuitiro wokugamuchira. Nokuti, nzira inobudirira zvikurusa inova isina kusarudzwa pamusoro peimwe nyanzvi uye yose muri yose muri muviri mukushandisa.