Geneth Amendment inomira seimwe yewedzero hurusa dzinovapo kuUnited States Constitution, ichidzorera zvikurukuru ukama pakati pavagari vemo vamwe navamwe, hurumende, uye hurumende yehurumende. Yakasimbiswa pana July 9, 1868, mushure meHondo yeChizvarwa, iyi mvumo yakarongedzerwa kururamisa mugariro wapamutemo wavanhu vaichimbova varanda uye kudzivisa hurumende kuramba kodzero huru dzomunhu upi noupi ari mukati moumambo hwavo. Muzana ramakore rapfuura nehafu, Kuchinja kwechine rechigumi namana kwazova hwaro hwekodzero dzavagari vemo dzisingaverengeki, kuchipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva mudariro yechikoro kusvikira kukuenzana kwomuchato. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inoputsa gadziriro dzekare, mashoko enhau, kududzirwa kwapamutemo, uye kupfuurira mumutauro wavagari vose vanogona kunzwisisa.

Nhoroondo: Nei Kutemwa Kwe Amendeji Yechigumi Negumi Kwakanga Kuchikosha

Kuti tinzwisise zvirokwazvo Ivhu reMitemo rechigumi namana, tinofanira kutanga kunzvera migariro yakaita kuti rive madikanwa. Pashure pomugumo weHondo yevagari vemo muna 1865, United States yakatarisana nenjodzi huru yebumbiro remitemo. Hurumende yeHarth Amendment yakanga yabvisa uranda, asi haina kupedza mugariro wapamutemo wavanhu vanenge mamiriyoni mana vaichimbova varanda kana kuvavimbisa maruramiro api naapi. Madokero akakurumidza kusvitsa mitemo inozivikanwa se "Mitemo Yakashata" iyo yakaganhurira zvakakomba rusununguko rweAfrica, ichiedza kuchengeta gadziriro youdzori hwedzinza pasinei zvapo nokuguma kwouranda.

Iyi Mitemo yeBlack yakasiana nehurumende asi yairambidza zvikurukuru vaAmerica veAfrica pakuvhota, vachibatira mumatare anobetsera vatongi, vachipupurira vanhu vachena mudare, vachiva nepfuti, kana kuti vachifamba vakasununguka pasina zvibvumirano zvebasa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoisa mitemo youtsinye yaibvumira zviremera kupfiga vanhu vechiBlack Shomark ndokuvamanikidzira kupinda mubasa. Mitemo yacho yakaedza nenzira inobudirira kuparira migariro mizhinji youranda mugadziriro yakasiana yapamutemo, ichiratidzira kuti Hurumende ye13th Amendment yakanga isingabvumirwi norusununguko rune revo.

Republican Congress yakaziva kuti dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzebumbiro remitemo dzaidikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vaichimbova varanda uye kudzivisa hurumende kusekesa rukundo rweUnion muHondo yeChivili. Igumi neMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yakabuda muuku kuzivikanwa, ichimirira chinjo huru mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica kupfurikidza nokuganhurira zvakajeka simba rehurumende nechiremera chinokura chehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Kugadziridzwa kwakanga kuri rutivi rweReconsolencence Amendmentations, pamwe chete neHBrimendementers, iro pamwe chete neIththth neIntemplete, iro rakatsvaka pamwerongedzero itsva yemitemo yakavakirwa patsika yakavakirwa pakuenzana uye kuva nohuvarara.

Rugwaro rweMitemo Yegumi Nemana

Chikamu 1 chakabvumikisa kuva chikamu chinokosha zvikurusa uye chagara chiine mashoko, kunzwisisa zvikamu zvose zvishanu zvinogovera mashoko anokosha nokuda kwezvinangwa zvapakuvamba zvekugadziridzwa kwechinangwa chacho uye kukumbirwa kunopfuurira.

Chikamu 1: Kuva Mugari Wemunyika, Ropafadzo Nemasangano, Kufambira Mberi, uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Chikamu 1 chirevo cheKinaith Amendment uye chine zvikamu zvina zvakasiyana zvakaumba mutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Chikamu chacho chinorava, kuti: “Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vanozviisa pasi pesimba rayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara. Hapana hurumende ichaita kana kumanikidza mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haingadzoreri munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba munhu upi noupi ari mukati mokudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo; kana kuti kuramba. ”

Chitendero chinosimbisa kuti kuva mugari wemo kunosarudzwa nokuberekwa kana kuti kuberekwa, zvakananga kudarika Dare Gurusa reScott rakakurumbira 1857 Dred Scott, iro rakanga rataura kuti vanhu vorudzi rweAfrica havatongogoni kuva vagari vemo. Chikamu ichi chinovimbisa kuva mugari wemo kumunhu upi noupi akaberekwa muU.S. ivhu, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yavabereki vavo, kusimbisa nheyo youdangwe ichiri kushanda nhasi. Chitsama chinotirwa "Musoro kuhumbiso wadzoro kuruwa rwayo" chakadudzirwa kubvisa vana bedzi vamabhiringi okumwe navavengi vari munyika yeU.S.

Chisarudzo cheSaint Cases [[FUMT:] kana kuti Immunitis Clause chakanga chakaitirwa kudzivirira maruramiro makuru okuva mugari wemo worudzi padzongonyedzo yenyika. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa reSameter-Nyumba rakadudzira iyi Cases yakarondedzera zvishoma zvikuru, kuchiganhurira kukodzero duku dzine chokuita nokuva mugari wemo wemo, zvakadai sorudyi rwokufamba pakati pehurumende nekodzero kukumbira hurumende yemubatanidzwa. Uku kududzira kupfuudzira kune pamutemo kwakashandura maropafadzo kana kuti maImmatunice Claus zvikurukuru akapfumiswa nokuda kwenhau zhinji yeAmerica, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo navatongi vakakuidana kuti ive inodzivirira semanyuko epamutemo.

Duzero Procession Claus inorambidza kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi ndima ine mativi maviri: muitiro wehwaro negadziriro yakafanira. Gadziriro dzinoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakanaka isati yaita chiito mukurwisana nomunhu, zvakadai sokugovera ziviso nemukana wokunzwa. Chikamu chechinhu chinodzivirira gadziriro huru yakati mukudzoreka kwehurumende, kunyange apo miitiro yakafanira inoteverwa. Dare rinoshandisa maruramiro okusakafanira okuziva maruramiro akarongwa, kubatanidza maruramiro oungwatako, roorano, uye kodzero dzoubereko.

.Cququal Protection Claus inoda nyika kugovera dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo kuvanhu vose vari mukati moudzori hwavo. Ichi chitsama chave mamwe amanyuko anokosha zvikurusa edziviriro yekodzero dzavagari vemo mumutemo weAmerica, achibatira sehwaro hwebumbiro remitemo inodenha mitemo nomutemo. Chidzivisiro chakaenzana chinoshanda kuvanhu vose, kwete vagari vemo, kureva kuti kunyange vatami vasina kunyorwa vane kodzero yokubatwa zvakafanana pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Chikamu 2: Kumirira uye Kupa Kodzero

Chikamu 2 kuti Hurumende dzinomiririrwa sei muCongress uye kuti dzinobatanidza gadziriro dzine chokuita nekodzero dzokuvhota. Chinopa kuti kumirira muImba yavamiririri kuchagoverwa pahwaro hwechiverengero chavagari vose vehurumende imwe neimwe, kurangarira vanhu vose. Zvisinei, kana hurumende ikaramba kodzero yokuvhota kuvagari vemo vapi navapi vezera ramakore anopfuura makumi maviri nerimwe (kunze kwokutora rutivi mukupandukira kana kuti mamwe utsotsi), mufananidzo wehurumende uchaderedzwa zvakaenzana.

Chikamu ichi chakagadzirirwa kukurudzira kuti zvikurudzire kugovera kodzero dzokuvhota varume vaichimbova varanda kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kuderedza kuratidzirwa kwavo kwesangano kana vakaramba. Zvisinei, iyi gadziriro yechirango haina kutongoshandiswa, kunyange apo nyika dzokuMaodzanyemba dzakaparadza nenzira ine nhevedzano vaBlack vavhotanti kupfurikidza nemitero yokuvhota, kuedza kurava nokunyora, uye masimba masimba. Nongedzero ku "mam" vagari vemo vari muchikamu chino yakaratidzira nguva yokutanga zvakajeka kusarura maruramiro echirume muvhoti, uko kwakaondisa vatsigiriri vekodzero dzevakadzi ndokuparira kusawirirana musangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Chikamu 3: Kusawirirana neHofisi

Chikamu 3 chinorambidza munhu upi noupi akaita mhiko yokutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo semukuru mukuru wehurumende kana kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende ndokubatanidzwa ipapo mukumukira kana kuti kupandukira United States kubva pakutora nzvimbo yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende. Iyi gadziriro yakaitirwa kune vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vakuru veKostatimende uye yakarongedzerwa kuvadzivisa kudzokera kusimba nokukurumidza muhurumende yapashure pehondo. Dare rinogona kubvisa urema ihwohwu kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri dzedzimba dzose dziri mbiri.

Chikamu 3 chairangarirwa kuva chenhau zvikuru, chaingoshanda bedzi kunhambo yapashure pechikamu chehondo. Zvisinei, iyi gadziriro yakawana ngwariro yakamutsidzirwa pashure penhambo yetsika yaJanuary 6, 2021, denho paCapitol yeU., nenyanzvi dzapamutemo navakuru vakuru vachiramba kuti ingagona kusakwanirisa vanhu vakatora rutivi kana kuti kutsigira chiitiko ichocho. Ukuru chaihwoihwo nokushandiswa kweChikamu 3 zvinoramba zviri nhau yekurukurirano inopfuurira yepamutemo, kubatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti inozviuraya kana kuti inoda chiito chesangano kuti itsigirwe.

Chikamu 4: Chikwereti Chevanhu Vose

Chikamu 4 chinokurukura kuva nomubereko wechikwereti chavose, chinozivisa kuti kuva nomubereko wechikwereti chavose cheUnited States, kubatanidza zvikwereti zvakatarirwa nokuda kwokubhadharwa kwomudyandigere nemhindu nokuda kwebasa mukudzvinyirira kupandukira kana kuti kupandukira, hazvisati zvichizobvunzwa.

Ichi chikamu chakavimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende yaizokudza zvikwereti zvayo zveHondo yevagari vemo nepo ichidzivisa vaichimbova varanda kutsvaka muripo nokuda kwokurasikirwa navanhu vakapinzwa muuranda. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mutongo wokutanga wechikamu 4, uchitaura kuti kuva nomungava wavose usati uchizobvunzwa," wakadudzwa munharo pamusoro pechikwereti chehurumende, nokumwe kutaura kuti unodzivisa Dare kuramba kubhadhara zvikwereti zvatoitwa.

Chikamu 5: Simba Rokumanikidza

Chikamu 5 chinopa simba rokuita kuti gadziriro dzeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeChinetso cheHurumende yaManyika Akawanda ive hwaro hwemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yakawanda yehurumende, kubatanidza Civil Rights Act ya1965, uye vaAmerica vane kodzero dzokuremadzwa kweChirevo cha1990. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa reSangano rakaisa miganhu pasimba rokutarisira Hurumende, richiita kuti Dare ringogona kuita kuti kodzero dzavanhu dzitengwe seyakarondedzerwa uye harigoni kuwedzera kodzero dzemitemo yepamutemo kupfurikidza nomutemo.

Kunzi Claus: Kusarudza Kuti Ndiani Ari Mugari Wemo

Chisarudzo cheChizvarwa cheKintu chaClaus weKingdom yeKirneth Amendment chakagadza mutemo wakajeka, unowirirana wokusarudza kuva mugari wemo kunoshanda muUnited States yose.Ugaro uhwu husati hwava, kuva mugari wemo kwakanga kuri pfungwa yakashata, nyika dzaidzora zvikuru airangarirwa kuva mugari wemo. Chisarudzo chaDred Scott chakanga chaparira njodzi yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti vagari veAmerica veAfrica havasati vaigona kutongogona kuva vagari vemo, kunyange kana ivo vakaberekwa vakasununguka munyika dzinovaziva savagari vemo.

Kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kuti vanhu vose vanoberekwa muUnited States vagari vemo, Ivhu re14th Amendment rakagamuchira nheyo yejus soli, kana kuti "kunze kwevhu," iyo inopa kuva mugari wemo kwakavakirwa panzvimbo yokuberekwa. Uku kunosiana najucuininis, kana kuti "kodzero yeropa," inopa kuva mugari wemo wakavakirwa pavagari vemo vevabereki vomumwe. United States inoshandisa mubatanidzwa wenheyo dzose dziri mbiri, asi kuva mugari wedangwe kusvikira kumajuli ndiwo mutoo mukuru wokuwana nawo kuva mugari wemo.

Chitsama chamashoko chinoti "pamberi pesimba racho" chave chiri nhau yenharo yakati. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura ichi chitsama chamashoko mumhaka yeUnited States kana kuti 1898. Wong Kim Ark, achibata kuti mwana akaberekwa muUnited States kuvabereki vokuChina akanga ari mugari weU.S., kunyange zvazvo vabereki vake vakanga vasina kukwaniriswa kuva vagari vemo mumitemo yokuzvimirira yomuzvarirwo yenguva yacho. Dare rakadudzira kuti "kuzviisa pasi poumambo hwaro", kubvisa vana bedzi vavamiriri vokumwe vatami navarwi vavavengi, kwete vana vavanhuwo zvavo vakatamira kudzimwe nyika.

Zvisinei, rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo uye Dare Repamusorosoro zvinotsigira zvakasimba kutsanangurwa kwakafara kwoudangwe. Chinjo ipi neipi kunheyo iyi ingada kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, sezvo mutauro we 144 Amendment wakajeka uye wave uchishandurwa nguva dzose kwerinopfuura zana remakore.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Dziviriro Dzinoumbwa Nedzinodzivirirwa

Gwaro rinonzi Statu Procession Claus razova rimwe regadziriro dzinokosha zvikurusa nedzakafara dzeGadziro ye14, richidzivirira vanhu pachiito chehurumende chokuzvisarudzira uye kuchengetedza kodzero dzinokosha. Pfungwa yemuitiro wakafanira ine mavambo akadzama mugamuchidzanwa remitemo reEngland neAmerica, richidzokera shure kuchipikirwa chaMagna Carta chokuti hapana munhu akasununguka achanyimwa rusununguko kunze kwokutonga kwapamutemo kwevezera rake kana kuti mutemo wenyika.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira inoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro inoruramisira isati yanyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Miitiro yakananga inodikanwa inotsamira parudzi rwechishuvo chiri padanda uye ngozi yokushaiwa kwenhema. Zvishomanene, muitiro wechinodikanwa unoda kuziviswa kwechiito chehurumende, mukana wokunzwiwa, uye chisarudzo chinoitwa nomugadziri wechisarudzo asina kutora rutivi.

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unoda dziviriro huru, kubatanidza maruramiro okutarisana nezvapupu, kodzero yokutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi, uye chinodikanwa chokuti hurumende ibvumikise kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Iyi dziviriro inoratidzira ukombi hwekushaiwa kunobvira (hwnnuts) rusununguko kana kuti kunyange upenyu (jee) uye dikanwo yokuderedza ngozi yokupwiswa kusina kururama.

Gadziriro yakafanira yetsika inoshandawo mumigariro yavagari vemo, zvakadai seapo hurumende inotsvaka kubvisa maruramiro avabereki, kubvisa rezinesi renyanzvi, kana kuti kutora zvinhu. Miitiro inodikanwa muiyi migariro ingava isina kukura zvikuru kupfuura mumhaka dzoutsotsi, asi hurumende inofanira kugovera ziviso ine revo nebanza rokunzwa. Kunyange vadzidzi vanotarisana nokurevererwa pachikoro chavose vane kodzero yechimiro chakati chomuitiro wakafanira, kunyange zvazvo miitiro yacho ingava isina kurongwa.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wokusasarura unomutsa nharo zvikuru kupfuura muitiro wokuisa panzvimbo yapamutemo nemhaka yokuti unobatanidza matare anozivisa maruramiro makuru ayo asingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Rondedzero iri seri kwomuitiro wakafanira wokuzvipinza ndeyekuti maruramiro akati anokosha zvikuru kurusununguko zvokuti hurumende haigoni kuaputsa, kunyange nemiitiro yakarurama. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti muitiro wakafanira wokuzvimirira unobvumira vatongi kuisa mipimo yavo vamene pasi pekududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo, nepo vatsigiri vachitaura kuti kuri madikanwa kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzinokosha idzo vasaigona kuva vakakarira.

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva maruramiro akasiana - siana makuru mugadziriro yakafanira yakaderera, kubatanidza maruramiro okuroora, maruramiro okuva navana, maruramiro okutungamirira dzidzo nokurerwa kwavana vomunhu, maruramiro okutendeka mumuviri, uye maruramiro okuramba kurapwa kusingadiwi. Dare rakazivawo kodzero yavose yokuva woga, iyo yave iri hwaro hwokudzivirira maruramiro okubereka, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hweaya maruramiro hwave huri hwaro hwekurukurirano huru nechinjo.

Apo mutemo unoputsa maruramiro makuru akadzivirirwa nomutoo wakakomba, matare anoshandisa "nzvero yenharaunda," mwero unoraira zvikurusa wenzvero yokutonga. Nemhaka yokusanonzvera, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti mutemo unobatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende uye unosanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo. Uyu mupimo wakaoma kusvitsa, uye mitemo mizhinjisa inonzverwa zvikuru inoparadzwa.

Nokuda kwemitemo isingabati maruramiro makuru, matare anoshandisa "hwaro hwehwaro hwechiremera," uhwo hunokudzwa zvikuru kuhurumende. Mukuhwirudzurwa kune mufungo, mutemo uchatsigirwa kana une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Uyu mupimo uri nyore kugutsa, uye mitemo mizhinjisa inohwirudzurwa munzvero ine mufungo inotsigirwa.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana: Hwaro hwoMutemo Wamaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Kudzivirira Kunoenzana kwaClaus kwakarondedzerwa senhaka inokosha zvikurusa yeKineth Amendment, ichibatira sehwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kworusaruro runodenha uye kusimudzira kuenzana. Chitsama chinorayira kuti chigovere dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo kuvanhu vose vari musimba ravo, kuchireva kuti hurumende haigoni kubata nenzira yakafanana vanhu vari munzvimbo yakasiana pasina ruramisiro yakakwana.

Kuongorora Kunodzivirira Kwakaenzana

Matare akatanga gadziriro yakarongwa yokuongorora mashoko edziviriro akaenzana, nemwero wokunzvera zvichitsamira parudzi rwekurongwa kwemarongerwe anoshandiswa uye kodzero dzinotapurwa.Ichi chinobetsera matare kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwokudzivisa rusaruro nokuziva kuti dzimwe nguva hurumende inofanira kuita misiyano pakati pemapoka evanhu.

Nzvero yeStudict inoshanda kumitemo inobatanidza vanhu vakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti shambidziko, pamwe chete nemitemo inoremedza maruramiro makuru. Pasi pokunzverwa kwakakomba, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kurongeka kunobatira fariro yehurumende inogombedzera uye inogadzirirwa zvishoma kuwana fariro iyoyo. Marudzi anorangarirwa nenyumwiro chaiyo nemhaka yenhau yerusaruraganda muUnited States uye basa reHwewewewe Yechigumi Nezvina mukuita norusaruro irworwo.

Nzvero yeIntermeterte inoshanda kumativi akavakirwa pavatano kana kuti maruramiro okuberekwa. Pasi pokunzvera kwapakati, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kurongwa kwacho kunobatira fariro inokosha yehurumende uye kune chokuita zvikuru nokuwana fariro iyoyo. Iyi mirangariro haimanikidzi zvikuru kupfuura kunzvera kworumano zvikuru kupfuura hwirudzuro rwehwaro. Dare Gurusa rokutanga rakashandisa nzvero yapakati kuidzoresa vatano yakavakirwa muma 1970, ichiziva kuti nepo rusaruro rwevatano rwakanga rusati rwave chinhu chikurusarirwa nefariro huru dzeGenese, rusaruro rwakadaro rwakakwidziridza mativi ose.

Nzvero yepachivako inoshanda kuzvimwe zvikamu zvose, kubatanidza izvo zvakavakirwa pazera, urema, pfuma, kana kuti fariro dzemari. Muhwaro hune mufungo, hurumende inoda bedzi kuratidza kuti kurongwa kwacho kune chokuita nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Uku kutsigira mutemo kana kuti matare achigona kunzwisisa chikonzero chipi nechipi chakakodzera chokugadza, kunyange kana chikonzero ichocho chakanga chisiri sundo chaiyo yomutemo.

Matsotsi Anodzivirira Akaenzana Nenyika

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuri pakati pezvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha zvikurusa zveDare reMitemo gurusa munhau yeAmerica. MuBrown Board of Education (1954), Dare rakaramba kuti dzinza muzvikoro zvavose rakaputsa Kudzivirira kwaMarudzi kwaExture Claus, kuchinyanyopfuudza dzidziso ya "yakasiyana asi yakaenzana" yakatangwa muPlesty v. Ferguson (1896). Chisarudzo chaBrown chakaziva kuti kutsaura kwapamhiro shoko rokuzviduku uye rakanyimwa vana veAfrica vakaenzana, kunyange kana nzvimbo dzokunyama dzakava dzakaenzana nenzira inoshamisira.

MuLoving v. Virginia (1967,), Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakaputsa mitemo inorambidza roorano yamarudzi, richitaura kuti mitemo yakadaro yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Claus neChurometic Claus. Dare rakaramba chibvumikiso chaVirginia chokuti mutemo wakanga uri webumbiro remitemo nemhaka yokuti waishanda zvakaenzana kumarudzi ose, richiziva kuti mutemo wakarongedzerwa kuchengeta ukuru hwevachena uye wakanga usina donzo rapamutemo.

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuchishandiswawo kudenha rusaruro rwevatano. MuUnited States neVirginia (1996), Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti kubvisa kwaVirginia vakadzi muVirginia Military Institute kwakaputsa Excalime Protection Claus. Dare rakawana kuti Virginia akanga asina kuratidza pembedzo yepwindi inotenderesa" nokuda kwokurongwa kwevatano uye kuti zvibvumikiso zvehurumende zvakanga zvakavakirwa pamipimo yechinyakare pamusoro pamano avakadzi.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Aumencial Protection Claus yave ichikumbirwa mumhaka dzinobatanidza vatano nezivikanwo. MuObergefell v. Hodges (2015), Dare Rapamusorosoro rakati vakwanyina vevatano vamwe chetevo vane maruramiro emitemo okuroora, vachivimba nezvose zviri zviviri Clausce Procement neExcial Protection Clause. Dare rakawana kuti kurambira vakwanyina voudikanwi vomurume nomukadzi mumwe chetevo kodzero yavo huru yokuputsa maruramiro okuroora ndokuvaisa kubatwa kusina wirirano pamurangariro wevatano.

Kunyoresa: Kushandisa Bhizimisi Rekodzero KuUnited States

Chimwe chezvinoitika zvinokosha zvikurusa muMitemo yeMitemo ye 144 yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yave iri kubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights yakawanda kuti ishandisire mukurwisana nehurumende dzehurumende. Bhishopi yekodzero, inoumba gadziridzo gumi dzokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo, yakanzwisiswa pakuvamba kuganhurira hurumende yehurumende bedzi, kwete hurumende. Ikoku kwakareva kuti kutaura kungagona, murondedzero, kutanga marudzidziso ehurumende, kuita nzvero isina mufungo uye kugwinyirira, kana kuti kuramba matare edare redare pasina kuputsa Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Dzidziso inobatanidzwa inoti Gwendero reChibvumirano chaMarudzi rechigumi namana Clause Amendment rinoita kuti dziviriro zhinjisa muBill of Rights dzishande kunyika. Dare Rapamusoro rakabatanidza kodzero panguva inosarudzwa, richinzvera kana kodzero imwe neimwe iri "yepfungwa kurangano yedu yerusununguko rwakarairwa" kana kuti "yakavakirwa zvikuru munhau yeRudzi urwu netsika." Kupfurikidza neiyi gadziriro, Dare rakabatanidza anodokuva zvose zveBill of Rights, nokumwe kusingawirirani, zvakadai sekodzero yedare guru rokutonga mhaka uye kodzero yokutonga mhaka mukutonga kwavagari vemo.

Dzidziso yokubatanidzwa yakawedzera zvikuru dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende uye kutarisira kwedare kwehurumende kwegadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende yeutsotsi. Kodzero dzakabatanidzwa dzinobatanidza rusununguko rwokutanga rwokutaura, rwokubudisa, rwechitendero, uye rwekuungana; Kudzivirira kweGavhuramisiro Yechina pakutsvaka kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari; Mhedziso yeFrencement pakodzero dzeChitanhatu dzekupa zano, kutonga kwedare, uye kurwisana kwezvapupu; uye kurambidza kweSendh Amendment on the trandment on ault neracraption; ropafadzo yeChitanhatu yeSandement yokupa zano, kutonga dare, uye kurwisana kwezvapupu; uye kurambidza kweSendmendey Demend Rendement pautsinye nechiratiorence on norust neratio.

Kurongeka kwave kuchimutsa nharo, navatsoropodzi vachitaura kuti kunomirira kunyengera nokusekesa ubati ushe hwehurumende kupfurikidza nokuisa mipimo yorudzi yakafanana pahurumende dzakasiyana - siyana. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti kubatanidzwa kuri madikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro makuru ndokudzivisa masangano kuputsa rusununguko rukuru. Pasinei zvapo nomurangariro womunhu padzidziso yacho, kubatanidzwa kwazova rutivi rwakasimbiswa zvakasimba rwomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica, kuchichinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pavanhu, masangano, uye hurumende.

State Action Doctrine: Mutemo Wechigumi Negumi Unoshanda Rini?

Hurumende ye14th Amendment inovamba namashoko okuti "Hapana Hurumende," achiratidzira kuti inoshanda bedzi kuchiito chehurumende, kwete kumufambiro womunhu oga. Iyi ganhuriro inozivikanwa sedzidziso yechiito chehurumende, uye inoreva kuti vanhu voga namasangano havagoni kuputsa Hurumende ye14, kunyange kana mufambiro wavo ungava usina kubvumiranwa kana ukaitwa nehurumende.

Chiratidzo chehurumende chinoratidzira chimiro chebumbiro remitemo chehurumende yakaganhurirwa nenheyo yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzora ukama pakati pavanhu nehurumende, kwete ukama pakati pebato. Rusaruro rwavanhu voga, nepo ruchigona kuva rusiri pamutemo pasi pemirau yehurumende kana kuti mirau yehurumende, haruputsi Simplified ye14th kutoti paine kubatanidzwa kwakakwana kwehurumende kuumba chiito chehurumende.

Zvisinei, musiyano pakati pechiito chehurumende nomufambiro womunhu oga hauna kujeka nguva dzose. matare akawana chiito chehurumende mumigariro yakasiana - siana umo vatambi vomunhu oga vanobatanidzwa zvikuru nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, chiito chehurumende chingawanwa apo hurumende inomanikidza kana kuti inokurudzira zvikuru mufambiro womunhu oga, apo vatambi vavanhu vanoita mabasa ehurumende egamuchidzanwa, apo panenge pane kuvharirwa kukuru pakati pehurumende navatambi vapachivande, kana kuti apo hurumende inogovera tsigiro yemari inokosha kuvatambi vebhizimisi vomunhu oga.

Mumhinduro kuizvi zvinetso, Congress yakaita mitemo yakasiana - siana yekodzero dzavagari vemo iyo inorambidza rusaruro rwapachivande munharaunda dzakadai sebasa, pokugara, uye pokugara. Iyi mitemo inozadza mimwe mikaha yakasiyiwa nechiito chehurumende, kunyange zvazvo isingagoveri dziviriro yakakwana imwe cheteyo seBumbiro remitemo rimene.

Kutemwa Kwechigumi Negumi Munharo Dzazvino Uno Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Mubatanidzwa we14 We Amendment unopfuurira kuva musimboti wenharo dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo dzinokakavadzana zvikuru muAmerica yepanguva imwe cheteyo.

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nezvinodiwa Zvedzinza

Imwe kurukurirano inopfuurira inobatanidza gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzokubvuma mabasa idzo dzinorangarira rudzi mukupinda muyunivhesiti kana kuti kutora hurumende. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti zvirongwa zvakadaro zviri madikanwa kupedza rusaruro rwomunguva yakapfuura ndokusimudzira mhatsa, nepo vashori vachiomerera kuti kushandiswa kupi nokupi kwemipimo yedzinza kunoputsa chipikirwa cheSacial Protection Clause chokurapa kwakaenzana. Dare Rapamusoro rakaisazve miganhuro parudzi. Zvisarudzo zvazvino uno zvakaganhurirwa kuti mapurogiramu ezvo anobvuma dzinza anofanira kugutsa kusanonzvera, kureva kusabvumirana kunofanira kubatira fariro inogombedzera ndokugadzirirwa. Dare racho rakaziva mhindu inomanikidzira sefariro inowirirana mudzidzo yakakwirira asi rakaisa miganhuro inokosha pamusoro pokuti kuti rudzi rungarangarirwa sei. Zvisarudzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura dzakaganhurirwazve kushandiswa mumapoka avanhu, zvichiratidzira kusabvumirana pamusoro perevo pamusoro pedziviriro yedziviriro muiyi ndima ino.

Kodzero Dzokuberekana Nekuzvigadzira

Ukuru hwegadziriro inodzivirira kodzero dzokubereka kwave kuri imwe yenhau dzinoparadzanisa zvikurusa dzebumbiro remitemo kwemakumi amakore. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muRoe v. Wade (1973) yakaziva maruramiro emitemo okubvisa pamuviri akavakirwa pamuitiro weCurvement Claus, asi ichi chisarudzo chakadzorwa muDobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization (2022), iyo yaidavira kuti Bumbiro remitemo haridziviridzi maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Chisarumbiso chaDobbs chakanyandura kurukurirano huru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira regadziriro inotatirira mberi, rekodzero dzisina kudzorwa, uye ukama pakati pomutemo wemitemo nekuita chisarudzo chehurumende.

SAYENZI

Gemende ye14th Amendment yakaita basa guru mukukura kwedziviriro dzapamutemo dzeLGBTQ. Kupfuvura kuzivikanwa kweroorano yevatano yakafanana muObergefell, matare akarangarira kana rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwemunhurume rwunonyandura kunzvera kweSangano rePurencial Protection Clausse. Nepo Dare Rapamusoro harina kupedza nomutoo wakananga iyi nhau, matare maduku akawedzera zvikuru kuti rusaruro rwakadaro runosimudzira itiro dzakakomba dzebumbiro remitemo. Magakava anoenderera mberi pamusoro penhau dzakadai sekodzero dzechitendero dzinobviswa pakodzero dzinopesana nemitemo yemitemo inopesana nemitemo yemitemo, uye kudzivirira kwemitemo yeLBTQ.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nokuperera

Kunyange zvazvo kodzero yokuvhota isingapikidzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kunodzivirira Claus kunodzivirira maruramiro okuvhota uye kunoda kuti vhoti dzipiwe uremu hwakaenzana. Nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhoti" inoda kuti maruwa emitemo adiwe navanhu vakaenzana, achivimbisa kuti vhoti yomunhu mumwe nomumwe inotakura uremu humwe chetehwo. Zvisinei, gakava rinoenderera mberi pamusoro penhau dzakadai sezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, ganhuriro nokuvhota, pefonsoriso, uye kuvhotera kwechi, uye kudzora kwamagarisa.

Kutama Uye Kuberekwa Nenguva Yakakwana

Chipikirwa choMugari wemo chaClaus chekodzero yokuva mugari chakapanikirwa navamwe vanopikisa kuti hachifaniri kushanda kuvana vavatami vasina kunyorwa. Zvisinei, mashoko echigadziridzo nemuenzaniso weDare Rapamusorosare waitsigira kutsanangurwa kwakafara kwouva mugari wemo. Chinjo ipi neipi kuiyi nheyo yaizotarisana nemhinganidzo huru yebumbiro remitemo uye yaizomirira kubviswa kunoshamisa kubva kunopfuura zana ramakore romutemo wadzikamiswa.

Mhedziso Yechigumi Negumi Negumi Namano Emari

Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe napakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Gungano reChibvumirano chaMaawa kuti ridzivirire rusununguko rwemari ndokuputsa mitemo inodzora bhizimisi, basa, uye ukama hwezvemari.Nguva ino, inozivikanwa senhambo yeLochner (yakatumidzwa pashure penhau ya19905 Lochner v. New York), yakaona Dare richiputsa mitemo yemibhadharo mishomanene, mitemo yeawa, uye mimwe mitemo yezve zvoupfumi pavhuro yaiputsa rusununguko rwebvumirano yakadzivirirwa neBasa reBasa Claus Claus.

Nguva yeLochner yakasvika kumugumo muma 1930, sezvo Dare rakavamba kuwirirana nechisarudzo chemitemo pamusoro pomuitiro wezvemari ndokuramba pfungwa yokuti Guviro Retsika raClaus rakadzivirira maruramiro akafara kurusununguko rwezvemari. Chifo chenguva iyoyo, Dare rakashandisa kuhwirudzura kune mufungo kumiraudzo yezvemari, richitsigira inodokuva mitemo yose yakadaro chero bedzi ine chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo.

Dzimwe nyanzvi nevatongi vakarayira kuti dzimutsidzire kudzivirira kodzero dzepamutemo dzezvemari, vachiti kodzero dzezvinhu uye rusununguko rwemari kodzero dzinokosha dzakakodzera kudzivirirwa nedare redare repamusorosoro, iro rinoramba richiongorora mitemo yezvemari. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekodzero dzemari kunoratidza kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pebasa rematare mukuongorora zvisarudzo zvemitemo uye kudzivirirwa kwemitemo nokuda kwemarudzi akasiyana - siyana erusununguko.

Kutsoropodza Neganhuriro Zve Amendeji Yegumi Negumi

Pasinei zvapo nokuchinja kwayakaita, Ivhu Repasi re14 rave richitsoropodzwa zvakasiyana - siyana uye rine zvarisingakwanisi kuita.Vatsoropodzi vakati kuchinja kwacho kwakadudzirwa zvakanyanya, vachibvumira matare kuisa zvaanoda pakutsanangura kwepamutemo.Vatsoropodzi ava vanotaura kuti muitiro wakakodzera sechinhu chinonetsa zvikuru, vachiti hakuna hwaro hwakajeka hwemagwaro uye unopa vatongi uchenjeri hwakawanda.

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chinjo yacho haina kududzirwa zvakafara zvakakwana uye kuti matare akakundikana kuzadzika chipikirwa chokuenzana. Ava vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kudzidziso yechiito chehurumende sechinoganhuriro chinokosha, vachisimbisa kuti inobvumira fungira dzapachivande kubudirira pasina mushonga webumbiro remitemo. Vanopikisawo kuti kududzira maropafadzo mashoma kweDare kana kuti masangano aClaus kwakadzivisa gadziriro iyoyo kuita chinangwa charo chokudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha.

Kuchengetwa kweKinai kwePramende kwave kusinawo kuwirirana munhau yose. Mukati mazana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe namakumi maviri okuvamba, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira kugadziriswa kwacho zvishoma, richibvumira hurumende kushandisa Jim Crow kusarura uye kuramba nenzira yakarongwa kodzero kuAfrican. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rezana ramakore rechimakumi mana kuti Dare rakavamba kumanikidza kuva nomwero unovimbisa zvakasimba zvikuru. Nhau ino inoratidzira kuti rugwaro rwemitemo yoga harupi maruramiro kuvimbisa maruramiro; kutevedzero inotsamira pamamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga uye kudadisa kwematare uye mamwe masangano kurangarira zvakakomba pamutemo.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Kunoenzaniswa Nomutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

Nheyo dzakabatanidzwa muKirendment yechi 144th Amendment(104th Amendment), muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana neyamarudzi ose. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, yakagamuchirwa neChibatanwa chaMarudzi muna 1948, inoziva maruramiro kurudzi, kodzero yokuenzana pamberi pomutemo, uye maruramiro kumuitiro wakafanira. Mabumbiro enyika akawanda kupota nyika anobatanidza dziviriro dzakafanana, kuratidzira bvumirano yenyika yose pamusoro pekodzero huru dzavanhu.

Zvisinei, pane misiyano inokosha pakati peKineth Amendment nemutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wemarudzi ose.

Mutemo webumbiro remitemo unoenzanisa unogona kugovera nzwisiso inokosha pamusoro penzira iyo dzimwe nyika dzinokurukura nayo nhau dzakafanana dzougari hwemo, kuenzana, uye muitiro wakafanira.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vanogona Kubatanidzwa Nayo Ne Amendement Yegumi Negumi

Kunzwisisa Ivhu Revhu reMitemo rechi14 hakusi kungodzidzisa chete, asi kunokosha kuti munhu arambe ari mugari wemo uye kuti azivikanwe nehurumende.Vagari vemo vanogona kuitawo chimwe chinhu neI14th Amendment munzira dzakasiyana - siyana, kubva pakuvhota uye kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika kusvika pakuzvidzidzira uye kuranga.

Ramba uchiziva pamusoro penhau dzebumbiro remitemo:[[FLT: 1] Tevera zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro nezvinoitika zvapamutemo zvine chokuita neMbezo yeChine Chine Chisipiti. Masangano mazhinji anogovera kupetwa kunosvika kwenhau dzinokosha nenhau dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa kuti kuchinja kuri kutsanangurwa sei uye kushandiswa kunogona kukubetsera kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mukurukurirano dzedemocracy pamusoro pamaruramiro neuenzani.

Rovedza maruramiro ako: [Iwena] Amendment yechigumi namana inodzivirira maruramiro makuru aunogona kushandisa muupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro ako okubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo, kodzero yako kukuita zvakafanira kana hurumende ikaita chiito mukurwisana newe, uye kodzero yako yokutora rutivi mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuziva idzi maruramiro kunogona kukubetsera kuziva apo dzinoputswa ndokuita chiito chakafanira.

Vagari vemo vanogona kutsigira mitemo nemitemo zvinoratidzira nheyo dzeKinai Dze Amendment dzekuenzana neruramisiro. Ikoku kungabatanidza kutsigira mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, mirau inopikisana norusaruro, kana kuti kushanda kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vose vanogona kusvika pamuitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.

Masangano echitokoso anoshanda panhau dzebumbiro remitemo: Masangano akawanda asingapinzi mari anoshanda kudzivirira nokufambisira mberi kodzero dzinovimbiswa neMbezo ye145. Masangano aya anopinda mumitemo, kurasika, dzidzo, uye mirau yebasa kuva nechokwadi chokuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinotsigirwa. Kutsigira aya masangano kupfurikidza nemipiro, kuzvipira, kana kuti kutora rutivi mupurogiramu dzawo kunogona kubetsera kufambisira mberi mipimo yebumbiro remitemo.

Parapatite mugadziriro yedemocracy: Tsinhiro nokuchengetwa kweMitemo yeMitemo ye 14 inoumbwa pakupedzisira nezvamatongerwe enyika zvedemocracy. Kuonana, kuvhozhokera vamiriri vakasarudzwa, kutora rutivi mukutongwa kwavose, uye kupinda mukuramba kune rugare inzira dzose idzo vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinonzwisiswa nokushandiswa. Vatongi vanodudzira Bumbiro remitemo vanogadzwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, vachiita kutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende kuti vatsigire mutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Kudzidzisa Kutevedzerwa Kwegumi Negumi Muzvikoro

Kudzidzisa vanhu vaduku pamusoro peKiremment yechigumi namana kunokosha nokuda kwokukudziridza vagari vemo vanoziva vanonzwisisa kodzero dzavo nemitoro.Kugadziridza kwacho kunotapura mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pougari hwemo, kuenzana, uye ruramisiro izvo zvinowirirana noupenyu nezvinoitika zvavadzidzi.

Kukurukura nyaya dzeDare Repamusorosoro, kuongorora mienzaniso yenhau dzekare yokusarura uye kurwira kodzero dzevanhu, uye kuongorora kuti kuchinja kwacho kunoshanda sei kuzviitiko zvevadzidzi pachavo kunogona kubatsira kuita kuti mitemo yepamutemo ive yechokwadi uye ine zvainoreva.

Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kusanganisira nyaya dzenhema kana kuti nharo dzeDare Repamusorosoro, kuongorora magwaro makuru, kuitisana nharo pamusoro penhau dzekodzero dzevanhu dzinomutsa nharo, kana kuti kutsvakurudza nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu.

Zvinokosha kudzidzisa Mutezo weMitemo we14 unobvuma zvose zviri zviviri bviro yawo yokuchinja neganhuriro dzawo. Vadzidzi vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti chinjo yacho yakaratidzira musengwa mukuru kukuenzana nokuva mugari wemo, asiwo kuti uyu musengwa hauna kuzadzikwa nguva dzose zvizere.Kunzvera musiyano uri pakati pemifungo yebumbiro remitemo neidi renhau kunogona kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa basa rinopfuurira rinodikanwa kuti vasvitse ruramisiro nokuenzana.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kukudza kunzwisisa kwavo mepu ya14th Amendment, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika. National Archives inopa kuwanika kwemashoko apakuvamba echigadziriso uye magwaro enhau ane chokuita nokunatsiridza kwacho. Website yeDare stable] inopa mifungo muzviitiko zvinodudzira Indaneti, inobvumira vagari vemo kurava marangariro eDare mumashoko avo vamene.

Mayunivhesiti akawanda nemasangano emitemo anopa kosi dzepachena nedzidzo pamusoro pomutemo webumbiro remitemo neDidzi re14. Masangano akadai seAmerican Civil Liberasties Union, NACP Legal Defense Fund, uye Constitution Actability Center anopa zvishandiso nokuongorora nhau dzeKirenati Refendment yazvino. Zvinyorwa zvepamutemo uye magazini edzidzo zvinopa nyaya dzinoongorora mativi akasiyana - siyana enhau yokugadziridza, kududzira, uye kushandisika.

Mabhuku pamusoro penhau yebumbiro remitemo nekodzero dzevanhu anogovera mashoko anokosha kuti tinzwisise Ivhu ra14. Mabasa anoitwa nevezvenhau nenyanzvi dzemitemo anoongorora kwakabva kugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, basa radzo musangano rekodzero dzevanhu, uye zvarinoramba richikosha munharo dzemitemo yeko. Kuverenga mabhuku aya kunogona kupa nzwisiso yakapfuma zvikuru yokuti kugadziridzwa uku kwakaumba sei mutemo nenzanga yeAmerica.

Kubatanidzwa ne National Constitution Center uye masangano akafanana anogona kugovera zvinoitika zvokudzidza zvokubatanidza pamusoro peKinayi Mendustry neBumbiro reMitemo zvakafara zvikuru. Masangano aya anopa zviratidziro, mapurogiramu, uye zviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvakagadzirirwa kuita kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzisvike kuvanhu vamazera ose nemigariro.

Nguva Yemberi yeMitemo Yegumi Nemana

Sezvo chaunga cheAmerica chinopfuurira kuchinja, World Standardline ichatarisana nenzira isingapanikirwi nezvinetso zvitsva nezvinoshandiswa.

Nhau dzakadai sorthism right, commonment, revo muzera remitemo, mashoko emavara okugara nhaka nerusaruro, uye maruramiro ouchenjeri hwokuisa zvose zvingabatanidza vimbiso dzeKineith Amendment dzemuitiro nedziviriro dzakaenzana. Dare richada kuziva kuti iyi nheyo yegamuchidzanwa yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda sei kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pedudziro yakarurama yeGadziriro ye14th Amendment () ringadudzirwa maererano nerevo yaro yapakuvamba, kunzwisisa kwenzanga, kana kuti mubatanidzwa wenzira dzinoshandiswa — richapfuurira kuumba mutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Chinoramba chiri chenguva dzose musengwa mukuru weKinayith Amendment kuugari hwemo, kuenzana, uye ruramisiro. Idzi nheyo, dzakabatanidzwa muBumbiro remitemo makore anopfuura 150 apfuura, dzinopfuurira kutungamirira mutemo weAmerica ndokukurudzira masangano nokuda kweruramisiro nokuenzana. Kunzwisisa Nhevedzano yegumi namana ye14(its rePremistment), nheyo dzayo, uye zvikumbiro zvayo zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi zvizere muhurumende ye Amerekani uye kushanda kunzanga yakarurama zvikuru neyakaenzana.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Ipenyu yeMitemo Yegumi Nemana

Mubatanidzwa we14 We Amendement uri chimwe chezviitwa zvinokosha zvikuru munhau yebumbiro remitemo rokuAmerica, uchichinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pevanhu nehurumende uye uchitanga hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokuenzana nokuva mugari wemo.

Kugadziriswa kwevimbiso dzougari hwemo, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana yave iri hwaro hweenderero mberi dzisingaverengeki mukodzero dzavagari vemo nerusununguko rwomunhu. Yakakumbirwa kugumisa dzinza, kudzivirira maruramiro okubereka, kuziva roorano imwe cheteyo, kuvimbisa mitoo youtsotsi yakarurama, uye kudenha tsvoka muzvimiro zvisingaverengeki. Nepo chipikirwa chokugadziridza chacho nguva dzose chisina kuzadzikwa zvizere, chakagovera gadziriro yapamutemo nokuda kwerwisano dzinopfuurira dzeruramisiro nokuenzana.

Kunzwisisa Gemende rechigumi namana hakusati kuri bedzi pamusoro pokuziva dzidziso yapamutemo kana kuti maidi enhau — kuri pamusoro pokunzwisisa nheyo huru dzinorondedzera hurumende yeAmerica.Kugadziridzwa kunobatanidza kuzvipira kuchiremera chakaenzana neukoshi zvavanhu vose, kuziva kuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuva rakaganhurirwa uye rinozvidavirira, uye chishuvo chokubatanidzwa kwakakwana zvikuru uko vanhu vose vanogona kufarikanya zvikomborero zvorusununguko.

Sevagari vemo, tose tine njodzi pakuti Dare reMitemo Yenyika Yechina rinodudzirwa uye rinoshandiswa sei.