Nheyo Dzesimba Rapurezidhendi Mubumbiro Remitemo

United States Constitution yakatanga purezidhendi ane chiremera chakakura, asi yakagadza noune chiremera ichocho mukati megadziriro yamasimba anogoverana. Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoisa simba roukuru muna Purezidhendi weUnited States, achiita kuti purezidhendi ave mukuru mukuru wehurumende namukuru wemauto ane zvombo. Purezidhendi anopomerwa kungwarira kuti mitemo inourawa nenzira yokutendeka, achitungamirira mutemo wokumwe, uye achigadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vachizviisa kusimba redare. Bva vachangobva kupandukira mambo, vakanga vachingwarira zvikuru simba guru. Ivo vakavakira munzvero dzetsika dzamabhii akawanda dzakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu rimwe, zvikurukuru mukuru mukuru, kubva mukudzora vamwe.

Rugwaro rwapakuvamba rweChikamu II rupfupi zvikuru — mashoko anopfuura 1 000 chete — achisiya zvakawanda kukududzira nomuitiro wenhau. Nokufamba kwenguva, simba rapurezidhendi rakakura kupfurikidza nemuenzaniso, nhume dzedare, kutonga kweDare Gurusa, uye zviito zvekurumidziro. Zvisinei, kunzvera simba iroro kwakavapowo, kuchigovera gadziriro yakaoma yokuzvidavirira iyo inoramba ichikosha kuhurumende yehurumende yenyika yeAmerica. Kunzwisisa izvi hachisi chidzidzo bedzi muvagari vemo asi nhungamiro inoshanda nokuda kwevagari vemo vanoda kudzivirira rusununguko rwavo.

Kushandiswa Kwemaketi Nedzikamo kweBumbiro Romutemo

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo dzinokamuranisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana: chibvumirano chemitemo (Conreg), mukuru mukuru (mutungamiriri), uye dare rinotonga (matare ehurumende). Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba chaiwo anogona kuganhurira zviito zvemamwe. Nokuda kwapurezidhendi, nzvero huru dzebumbiro remitemo dzinobva ku:

  • [[FLT: 0] Garadhe:[[FLT: 1] inogona kudzora, kudzora bhajeti, kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadza, zvibvumirano, kubvisa zvibvumirano, kubvisa purezidhendi, uye mufambiro.
  • Judiciary: inogona kuzivisa zviito zvapurezidhendi zvisina kuwirirana kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, kududzira mitemo, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire mudare.
  • United States ne People: unani hunochengeta masimba akawanda kuhurumende dzehurumende, uye sarudzo dzinobvumira vagari vemo kuita kuti purezidhendi vazvidavirire.

Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoongorora cheki huru imwe neimwe zvakadzama.

Nzvero Dzomutemo: Congress Semutsetse Wokutanga Wokuzvidavirira

Kuita Mitemo Nesimba Rezvidyiro

Congress inobata simba romutemo, iro rinoreva kuti rinogona kupfuudza mitemo inomanikidzira, yakananga, kana kuti kunyange kurambidza chiito chapurezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, Masimba eWar Desporation yeGeneral ye 1973 inoda kuti purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 okushandisa mauto akashongedzerwa kurwisana uye kuganhurira kuiswa kwebasa kusvikira kumazuva 60 pasina kupindira kwechibvumirano. Chivako chinogonawo kushandisa simba rechikwama kutsigira kana kuti kubvisa zvirongwa zvavakuru vakuru vakuru. Hapana purezidhendi anogona kupedza mari pasina approance kubva kuDare, nzve kunzvera kwakashandiswa kuvhara chinhu chose kubva kumadziro omuganhu kupfurikidza nokupindira kwehondo.

Mu Chirovedzo v. Guta reNew York[[FLT:] (1975], Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa kuti purezidhendi haagoni kudzosa (kudzorwa) mari yakakodzera nenzira yakarongwa pasina chiremera chapamutemo. Ikoku kunosimbisa ukuru hweDare kupfuura mari inoshandiswa nehurumende.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Matare eCongress ane chiremera chakafara chokunzvera nhau ipi neipi ine chokuita nebazu guru. Anogona kupa zvipupuriro zviduku, kumanikidza, uye kuzvidza vakuru kana vakaramba kubatira pamwe. Mienzaniso yakakwirira-profile inobatanidza kutonga kweWatergate (1973-74), nzvero yeIran-Contatra (1987), uye Dare 6 raJanuary ringapa matare (2022), kunzvera uku kunogona kuratidzira kusazvibata, kuumba murangariro wavose, uye kutungamirira kukuchinja kwemitemo kana kuti kushairira.

Zano Nebvumirano: Kugadzwa Nezvibvumirano

Pasi peChikamu II, Chikamu 2, purezidhendi anofanira kuwana zano reDare nokubvumira vakuru vakuru vebazu, vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro), uye nhume. Nenzira yakafanana, zvibvumirano zvinoda Dare reTimendi mbiri retatu nokuda kwokuvanza. Ikoku kunoreva kuti purezidhendi haagoni kuzadzisa nzvimbo dzinokosha kana kuti kupinda mubvumirano dzamarudzi ose pasina batira pamwe. Kuramba kweDare kusimbisa vamine kana kuti zvibvumirano zveravity kwave nhinhi huru munhau yose, kusingatongoorwi mukusimbiswa kwevatongi vehurumende neRamediante-Reaste Naucyuclectives Trecters pasina kutsiva.

Masumo Apamutemo: Congressonal Review Act uye Legislative Veto

Conforional Review Act (1996) inobvumira Congress kuputsa mirau yesangano rehurumende mukati mamazuva 60 emitemo yokuzviisa kwavo pasi. Nepo isati iri nzvero yakananga papurezidhendi, inomisa simba rebazu guru rokugadza. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Alegitivetotototototo [[FLT:] [193] — gadziriro inobvumira dzimba kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri zveDare kuita mabasa ehurumende asina maturo — yaidzorwa mu [FLT].[FLT] v [FLT].[FLT] [5:], asi yakawana dzimwe nzira kubvumira, semitemo inoda kubvumira, sezvinodikanwa zvakati zvinodikanwa kuti zviitwe.

Kunzvera Kutonga: Matare Somupi Wemitemo

Simba Rokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura dare romutemo ichiremera chedare rehurumende chokuzivisa zviito zvapurezidhendi, mirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye mitemo yehurumende isiri youpituro. Iri simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803) uye rakashandiswa kubazu revakuru mumhaka dzakawanda dzenhau. Apo dare rinorovanya chiito chapurezidhendi, purezidhendi anofanira kuwirirana (kana chisarudzo chisingakwidziswi nokuchinjwa). Dare rejadicariary rinotsanangurawo mitemo, richiganhurira rusununguko rwemasangano anotungamirira.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusorosoro dzeDare Dzinoganhurira Simba Rapurezidhendi

  • Throwtown Comment & Tube Co. Sawiter (1952): Mukati meHondo yeKorea, Purezidhendi Truman akaraira kubvutwa kwezvigadziko zvesimbi kudzivisa kurovanya. Dare rapamusoro rakatonga purezidhendi akanga asina chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chemitemo zvokutora nzvimbo yapachivande, achisimbisa kuti purezidhendi haagoni kuita pasina mvumo yehurumende munhau dzomumba.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixton (1974): Purezidhendi Nixon akataura ropafadzo yehurumende yokudzivisa makaseti akarekodwa etepi munzvero yeWatergate. Dare rakabvumirana kuti purezidhendi haana kupfuura mutemo uye kuti ropafadzo iyoyo haina kukwana, inotungamirira kukurega kwaNixon.
  • [FLT] Zivofsky v. Kerry (2015: Dare rakatsigira simba reCongress rokuziva zviremera zvokumwe, richiganhurira chiremera chakakwana chapurezidhendi pamusoro poukama hwokumwe.
  • [FLT]MP v. Mazars USA, LLP [20] Dare rakaramba kuparadzana kwakakwana kwezvibvumikiso zvemasimba, richibvumira masangano edare enhau emari apurezidhendi asi richitanga kuedza kwokungwarira.

Miganhu Panhau Dzokutonga: Mibvunzo Yakamira Neyezvamatongerwe Enyika

Matare haagoni kunzwa denho iri yose kusimba roupurezidhendi. Vapomeri vanofanira kuva vakamira — kuvadziko yekongiri inotsaurwa nechiito chapurezidhendi. Mukuwedzera, dzidziso yenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika [[FLT:] inoramba matare okusarudza nhau dzinopiwa nenzira yemitemo kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika, zvakadai somufambiro wetsika dzokumwe kana kuti muitiro wokusatendeseka umene. Izvi zvinosiya zviito zvoupurezidhendi zvikuru zvisingadzorwi nejaji, kuita kuti pave nedare rehurumende uye kutarisira kwavose kunokosha zvikuru.

Kubvuma: Mushonga Wokupedzisira Webumbiro Romutemo

Kuongorora ikokune simba gurusa rine Dare: chiremera chokubvisa purezidhendi agere pahofisi nokuda kwe "Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru neMisdemeor" (Article II, Chikamu 4). House of Figators ine simba rimwe rokupa (mutongo), uye Dare rinotonga kutonga namavhoti kunoitwa nevoruzhinji vane zvikamu zviviri kuti vatonge ndokubvisa.

Kushandisa Kunoita Kutsvaka Zvakunoda

  • Dare Rokunyora repaImba rinoita nzvero uye nyaya dzokunyora, dzinovhoterwa neNzvimbo yakazara.
  • Kana Imba yacho ichibvumira nyaya dzinopiwa nevoruzhinji, purezidhendi wacho anonyengedzwa (semhosva).
  • Ipapo Dare rinotonga, Mutongi Mukuru weDare Rapamusorosoro achitungamirira.
  • Voti yavaviri vatatu varipo inodikanwa kupinza musungwa ndokubvisa purezidhendi.

Zvinotaurwa Nenhau

Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akashorwa neImba: Andrew Johnson (168, pakuputsa Trump[FLT:] [[FLT]] BIll[[FLT]] [1998], nokuda kwechinovhiringidza ruramisiro), uye [] D [D] D [D] D [D [FLT] D [[FLT] [[FLT:] (209] nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira nesimba uye kudzongonyedzwa kweCongress; 201 nokuda kwekunyandura chivhovero cheB). Hapana chakapomerwa mhaka, kunyange zvazvo Johnson akapukunyuka nokuvhota kumwe. [FLT] [FLT] [FFF] [FFF]

Kurambana kwakaoma nemaune, kunoratidza chido chevatambi chokudzivirira kutsoropodzwa kwemitemo. Asi kutyisidzira kwokusatendeseka kunogona kuongorora maitiro epurezidhendi, sezvinoonekwa apo mapurezidhendi anochinja nzira yokudzivisa kurasikirwa netsigiro yehurumende.

Simba reVeto Nesimba ReCongregational Erroriones

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopiwa neCongress, achimanikidza kuongororwazve kwemabhiri. Vetoes anogona kuva anogara achidzoserwa kuCongress nokurambana kana kuti muhomwe (mutungamiriri haaiti chiito mukati memazuva gumi apo Congress inongedzerwa, ichiuraya mutengi). Dare rinogona kudzora vheto nembiri dzenguva dzose mumakamu ose ari maviri, asi kudzorwa hakuwanzowanwi — inenge 7% bedzi yezvipfuro zvenguva dzose zvave zvisingashatiswi kubvira paGeorge Washington.

Kusaina Kutaura Negakava Rako

Mapurezidhendi chifo cha James Monroe akabudisa kutaura kwokusaina kunotsanangura nzira yavanodudzira nayo mutemo. Zvisinei, mapurezidhendi azvino uno akavashandisa kutaura kuti gadziriro dzakati hadzisi idzo dzinowirirana nedzisingadzoreki. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uku kupera kwegadziriro yeveto, nenzira inobudirira kubvumira purezidhendi kusarudza mitemo yokutevera. matare haana kupedza zvizere kutenderwa kwapamutemo kwemashoko akadaro, anowedzera kusabvumirana neiyi cheki.

Mafungiro Avanhu, Zvinobudisa Nhau, uye Kuzvidavirira Kwevanhu

Purezidhendi anosarudzwa makore mana ari ose uye anogona kubatira chiverengero chikurusa chamashoko maviri (pamberi peSangano re 22). Iyi nzvero yakasarudzwa ndiyo yakananga zvikurusa kuvanhu. purezidhendi anotsvaka sarudzazve kana kuti nhaka anofanira kuchengeta tendero yavose kuti ipesvedzedze Dare ndokudzivisa kukundwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Murangariro wavose unogona kudzvinyirira zvisarudzo zvoupurezidhendi, zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi.

Basa Rezvinobudisa Nhau Zvakasununguka

First Amendment inovimbisa muchina wokubudisa wapachena, unoshanda sechirongwa chokunzverwa pabazu guru. pepanhau rezvemarigeti — kubva kuWatergate kusvikira kuPentagon Papers kusvikira kushuma kwazvino uno pamirairo yavakuru vakuru — inofumura kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kunobvira uye inozivisa vavhoti. Dare Rapamusoro rakadzivirira nguva dzose kodzero yavatsigiri yokubudisa mashoko akarongwa apo rinoshanda fariro yavose, semuNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971], iyo yakavhara pamberi pekudzora paPentagons.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Masangano ezvirongwa zvezvipfuro, uye masangano ezvoutungamiriri anopesvedzera simba rapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokukwidza, kukwidza, nhimbe, uye kunyunyuta. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo, sangano rinorwisana nehondo, uye sangano ravakadzi zvakabudirira murutivi rumwe nokumanikidza purezidhendi neCongress kuita chiito. Munhambo yazvino uno, zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinobvumira kuunganidza kwokukurumidza, asiwo mashoko asina kururama; vagari vemo vanonzwisisa vanokosha kuti vachengete mutoro.

Nzvero Dzokuwedzera: Federalism, Guru Guru, uye Mirairo Yechiremera

Kushanda Muchikwata Senzvero Yakapinza

Masimba eBumbiro reMitemo haana kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mativi mazhinji oupenyu hwezuva nezuva — dzidzo, mapurisa, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, mirau yezvoutano — anoramba ari pasi pokudzora kwehurumende. Mapurezidhendi haagoni kukurira mitemo yehurumende inowira mumasimba ehurumende ehurumende, kunze kwezvinoitika zvisingawanzova zvekusunungurwa. Magweta ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anokwikwidza hurumende kudenha zviito zvehurumende, sezvakaitika nokurambidzwa kwekufamba (2017) uye Deferedred Action for Childing Agedals (DACA) ression (2017).

Guru Rehurumende Rinodzora Nedziviriro Dzebasa Rinoitirwa Vanhu

Masangano ehurumende anopinza basa vashandi vebasa vamabhizimisi vanodzivirirwa pakupfura kwezvamatongerwe enyika nePendleton Act (1883) uye mitemo inotevera. Nepo mapurezidhendi achigadza vatungamiriri vamasangano makuru, vashandi vanoshandisa mitemo uye vanogona kudzivisa mirairo isiri yapamutemo. HARch Act [ inoganhurira mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika navashandi vehurumende, vachichengeta mwero wokusatora rutivi. Varwi vanoshanda vanokurudzira vashandi kushuma kusazvibata pasina kutya kutsiva.

Mirairidzo Yavane Chiremera: Chiito Chisiri Chokupedzisira Neganhuriro

Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira hurumende yehurumende pasina mutemo. Zvisinei, mirairo yavakuru vakuru inofanira kuhwirudzurwa, inogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi anotevera, uye inofanira kuva nehwaro muchiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chomutemo. Dare rinogonawo kusaita kuti nhevedzano yehurumende irege kutevedzerwa kupfurikidza nokupa mutemo unoipikisa (kuzviisa pasi pevhu). Somuenzaniso, Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakarova Purezidhendi Truman romukuru mukuru wehurumende akabata zvigadziko zvesimbi mu Pream], uye Purezidhendi Biden Biden anoshora zvirego zvakawanda zvebasa pahofisi yake yokutanga.

Chisiko Chinoshandura Simba Roupurezidhendi Necheki Dziri Kutanga

Chigaro chazvino uno chine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvikuru nechiremera kupfuura zvakafungwa namadzitateguru, zvikurukuru muchengeteko yenyika, ungwaru, uye mamiriro okunze. Chirevo Chokutungamirira — pfungwa yokuti purezidhendi ane udzori hwose pabazu roukuru — yakafambisiwa navakuru vakuru uye yakadenhwa navamwe. Chinjo dzakaita nechinjo dzakadai se [[[FLT:]] Chisarudzo cheMasimba , [[FLT:]] Actal Act [F:] General Act [FLD] [FLD]] [5] [7] [7], uye [mabhishopuregi anotenderwawobububhishonga].[4]

Nzvero itsva dziri kubuda: denho dzenzvimbo yehurumende, zvisarudzo zvemasangano enhau zvekumisa mapurezidhendi, uye dzvinyiriro yamarudzi ose inobva kuvatsigiri. Electoral Reform Act [202]) yakajekesa basa romutevedzeri wapurezidhendi mukuzivisa sarudzo, kuvhara chisarudzo chisiri chepamutemo pashure pejambwa 2020.

Mugumisiro: Basa Romugari Wemo Mukuchengeta Dzikamo

Chekero pasimba roupurezidhendi hadzisati dziri kuzviparadza. Dzinoda kuvimbisa kwokushingaira kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, vatongi, vatori venhau, uye vagari vemowo zvavo. Kunzwisisa aya maitiro kunopa simba vavhoti kuraira kuzvidavirira pabhokisi rebhorati, kutsigira muchina wakasununguka, uye kutora rutivi mumuitiro wedemocracy. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo havasati vari vadzororo yaizomanisira donzo kukurira donzo, asi rinotsamira pavagari vemo vanoziva navanongwarira. Seizvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura mu United States. Nixon, "Preastrity haina kuva pamusoro pomutemo." nheyo iyoyo inoramba iri muteverindi weAmerican commo detagement coust comme.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pegadziriro chaidzo dzebumbiro remitemo, [[FLT: 0] Chipotiso chamasangano [ chinogovera kunzvera kwapamutemo kweChikamu II. [ Oyez Project [[ inopa mishumo yenhau huru dzeDare guru kubatanidza [[[FLT:]] United States v. Nikon. nokuda kwechipfupikiso chakakwana chenhau, [[FTLT:]] shumo yebasa reSayenzi reProjimendirojiro yenhau [[FLT][FLT]