Kubhadhara Mitero Seinjini Youtongi Hwazvino Uno

Mitero haisi musengwawo wemari; mutoo mukuru uyo hurumende dzinotsigira nawo mitero yadzo, kugovera zvinhu zvavose, uye kuumba mufambiro wezvemari. Kubva kumakuriro apakuvamba zvikurusa. (apo chegumi chinoripira tembere nemauto) kusvikira kumitemo yemitero yanhasi inodzorwa yapasi pose, simba rokubvisa nokuunganidza mitero yave inorondedzerwa nechiremera chehurumende. Kunzwisisa vanounganidza mitero, chikonzero nei mitero iyoyo iripo, uye kuti inotapura sei mabhizimisi zvinokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo. Iyi nhungamiro inokudzwa inonzvera mitero yose, kubva kumipimo yayo mikuru kunyika chaiyoiyo.

Nheyo Dzokubhadhara Mutero: Chinangwa Nenheyo

Pamitero inomanikidzirwa, mitero kusimudzirwa kwezviwanikwa zvinomanikidzirwa kubva kumasangano evoruzhinji (vanhu nemasangano) kuhurumende. Hurumende dzinoshandisa mari iyi kutsigira mabasa avose(dfense, dzidzo, dzidzo, mari yazvo, mari yaishandiswa pakutengesa zvinhu zvoga yaizowedzera kana kuti kukundikana kugovera chose chose. Chizvarwa chinopiwa mari, mutero unobatirawo sechishandiso chetsika dzenzanga (kuparadzira pfuma), kupfumisa kwemari (kuderera kwokuderera kwemari kana kuti kuderera kwemari), uye gadziridzo yetsika (mibato inokuvadza sesvuta),.

Mitemo yemitero inowanzorangarirwa panheyo dzetsika dzechisarudzo (kururamisira), kushanda zvakanaka (kumonyaniswa kwezvisarudzo zvemari), uye kuva nyore (kune ganhuriro dzokuteerera nokutarisira). Idzi nheyo dzinowanzorwisana, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano dzemitemo dzinopfuurira. Somuenzaniso, mutero unofambira mberi zvikuru wemari ungava wakanaka asi unogona kuderedza sundo dzokushanda kana kuti kuisa mari, nepo mutero wakareruka asi ungasave unosakisa kusaenzana.

Marudzi Makuru Emitero

Mitero inogona kurongwa pamwero unoverengeka: neinobhadharwa (mari inobhadharwa, kushandiswa, upfumi), naiye anotakura mutoro (muvhozhokero wakananga nemuti usinganangi), uye negadziriro yezvinogadzirwa (zvinofambira mberi, zvinoganhurirwa, zvinodzokororwa). Mhando dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa dzinobatanidza:

Mitero Inobhadharwa

Mitero inobhadharwa pamari inobhadharwa(mari, mibhadharo, mabhadharo, mapurofiti ebhizimisi. Munyika zhinjisa, vanhu vanobhadhara mwero inofambira mberi (mari inobhadharwa pamitero yakakwirira), nepo makambani angatarisana nemitero yakatsarukana kana kuti inofambira mberi. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, mari yemari yemari inobhadharwa inovambira pa 10% kusvikira ku 37% se2025, nepo mwero wesangano rinobhadhara iri munhando 21%. Nhlangano weInternational Revotion Service (IRS)[FFLT:1] inopa mitero iyi pamwero yehurumende. Zvinoitawo mitero yavo vamene yemariro, nemitengo inosiyana kubva pazero (g., Texas, Florida, Florida, kusvika ku 13%.

Mitero Yokuzvinyima Mitero

Iyi mitero inotengwa apo zvinhu kana kuti mabasa anotengwa. Zvikamu zvakakurumbira zvikurusa ndezvomutero wokutengesa (zvinobhadharwa papfundo rokutengeswa kwokupedzisira) uye mutero wakaiswa mari (VAT), unounganidzwa padanho rimwe nerimwe rokubudisa nokuparadzira. MuUnited States, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoisa mitero yokutenga, zvikurukuru kubva pa 4% kusvikira ku 10% kana kuti kupfuura. Mamwe marudzi akabudirira anoshandisa VAT, iyo inowanzova 15-27%. Mitero yemitero inodzorwa inowanzova inodzorwa nemhaka yokuti mhuri dzinowana mari dzinopedza mugove mukuru wemari yavo pamitero. Mitengo yakawanda inodzivisa zvinodikanwa zvakafanana nezvokudya uye mishonga kubvisa izvi.

Mitero Yezvinhu

Mitero yezvinhu inotsamira paukoshi hwakatemwa hwenzvimbo nezvivako. Zvikamu zvikuru zvemari yehurumende dzomunyika dzakawanda, mari inopiwa nezvikoro, mapurisa, masangano okudzima moto, uye kugadziridzwa kwemafashoni. MuUnited States, mitero yezvinhu inosiyana zvikuru nenzvimbo, pamwero inoshanda kubva pa 0.5% kusvika ku2% yomutengo wemusha gore negore. Dzimwe nyika dzinodzorwawo mitero yomunhu oga (mh., motokari, midziyo). Vatsoropoteri vanoti mitero yezvinhu inogona kuodza kumira kuvakwa kwemuridziri wedzimba nezvinosimutsinhano, nezvinotendwa zvinokoshesa kuchengetedzwa kwavo nomunzvimbomo.

Kupera Kwemitero Nemitero Chaiyo

Mitero yokubvisa mitero inosarudzwa pazvinhu zvakati kana kuti mibato, yakadai sepetroli, zvinodhaka, fodya, uye kubhejera. Inowanzonzi mitero yezvivi [ nemhaka yokuti vanoodza kushairira mufambiro unonzi unokuvadza apo unenge uchikwidza mari. Somuenzaniso, mutero wehurumende papetrori muUnited States i $1,4 parita, inoshandiswa zvikurukuru kubhadhara kuvaka mugwagwa mukuru. Nenzira yakafanana, maguta akawanda anoisa mitero yehotera uye mitero yemotokari kuti atore mari inobhadha kumusha wavashanyi.

Matambudziko Nemitero Yemari

Nyika shomanana (kubatanidza Norway, Spain, uye Switzerland) mitero yemari yegore negore pavanhu vanokosha. Mitero yakadaro inoshuviwa nemhaka yezvinetso zvokukoshesa uye kubhururuka nedzimbahwe. United States haina upfumi hwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo zvikarakadzo zvichitenderera panhambo nenhambo.

Ani Anounganidza Mitero: Urongwa Hwemitero Yakawanda

Kupa mitero kunoparadzirwa muhurumende dzakasiyana - siyana, imwe neimwe ine simba rayo uye mitoro yayo.

Chirefu Cheboka

MuUnited States, Internal Revenue Service (IRS), sangano reBato reVendeko, rinounganidza mitero yemari yehurumende, mitero yemakambani, mitero yemakambani, mitero yemitero yemitero yemitero yemipumburu (Sacurial Security neMedicare), mitero yenzvimbo, uye mitero yakasiana---- siyana. IRS inoita kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe adzore mamirioni 160 gore rimwe nerimwe. masimba ayo okutarisira anobatanidza kubhadhadha, zvirango, uye kuparadzisa utsotsi nokuda kwokubiridzira. Mamwe masangano ehurumende anounganidzawo mitero yakananga: somuenzaniso, Dooccoco neToba and Trace Bureautation (TB) inobata mitero pazvinodhaka, fodya, uye pfumbapfumba.

Chirefu cheHurumende

Nyika imwe neimwe ine dhipatimendi rayo imene remari kana kuti sangano rimwe. Vanounganidza mitero yemari yehurumende (kana ichishanda), mitero yehurumende yokutengesa, mitero yebhizimisi, mitero yebhizimisi, uye mitero yakasiana---- siyana (sezvirokwazvo, mitero yeinishuwarenzi, mitero yemitero yemitero yemitengo yomusikirwo). Mitero yehurumende inosiyana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Oregon haana mutero wemari asi mutero wemari yomunhu oga wakakwirira; New Hampshire haina mari yakavakirwa pamitero yakafara kana kuti mutero asi inotsamira pamitero wezvinhu uye mitero yezvokudya.

Dziro romunzvimbomo

Mabhiriji, maguta, maruwa ezvikoro, uye maruwa chaiwo (muremudzani, zviremera zvokufambisa) zvinounganidza mitero yenzvimbo, mitero yomunzvimbomo, uye pane dzimwe nguva mitero yemari yomunharaunda (murevo, mitero yeguta inobhadhara mitero muPhiladelphia, St. Louis). Iyi mitero inobhadharo inobhadharwa zvakananga mitero yomunzvimbomo: mapurisa namasangano omwoto, zvikoro zvavose, migwagwa, mapaka, uye maraibhurari. Kunzvera mitero yemitero kunoitwa kunoitwa navanonzvera veruwa, uye kuunganidzwa kungatarisirwa nomutengi wemari yomutero womuruwa. Mitengo yemitero yomunharaunda yomunzvimbomo inogadzwa namabhodhirosa kana kuti mabhirikiti eguta, pasi pemiganhuro yehurumende.

Mitumbi Yamarudzi Ose Neyamarudzi Ose

Mitero inogona kuunganidzwawo namasangano amarudzi ose mumativi akajeka. Somuenzaniso, European Union inogamuchira chikamu chemitero yemitezo yenyika yepavaT uye mabasa etsika se mari inosimunwa [. World Trade Organization (WTO) haiunganidzi mitero asi inogadza mitemo inotapura mitero inodzorwa. Nyika dzakawanda dzinewo mitero yokudzivisa mitero yakapetwa kaviri uye kutsinhanisa mashoko mumitengo yogaro yoga yoga yoga kufanana neChinyorwa cheCommo Serving Standard (CRS) yatangwa neOFLD. Sangano yeCM yeCM (OLT) yeCM) neDevelo yezvoucial Cooperation (OLD)[FLD]] inoita basa guru mukugadziridza mitero yenyika yose, kubatanidza chibvumirano chenyika yose.

Chikonzero Nei Tichibhadhara Mitero: Haisi Mari Inoshandiswa

Kunyange zvazvo kutsigira mari kunoitwa nehurumende kuri iko kunonyanya kukonzera kuti mitero ishandiswe, mitero inoita mabasa akadzama zvikuru.

Kutsigira Mari Yemabasa Avanhu Vose

Zvinhu zvavanhu hazvitsauswi uye hazvitsauswi nezvinosainwa, dziviriro yenyika, mambare emagetsi, nzvero huru. Musika hausati uchizozvigovera pamwero yakanakisisa nemhaka yokuti vatasvi vakasununguka vanogona kubetserwa pasina kubhadharwa. Mitero ndiyo nzira bedzi yakavimbika yokutsigira nayo izvi zvinokosha. Nenzira yakafanana, mabasa akafanana nedzidzo yavose, gadziriro dzezvoutano (munyika dzakawanda), uye mitero inotsamira zvikuru pamari inobhadharwa mutero. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, inenge 90% yemari inotambirwa dzidzo yeK-12 inobva kuhurumende neyomunzvimbomo, nemitero ichiva chichiva chikuru.

Kutsigira Mubayiro Nokuderedza Kusaenzana

Gadziriro dzemitero dzinofambira mberi . Uko vatambiri vemitero vanowedzera mari yavo inobhadharwa nechiverengero chikuru chemari inobhadharwa. Yakabatanidzwa nemitero yokutsinhana (sezvirwei, zviteshi zvezvokudya, zvikwereti zvemari inotambirwa, chengeteko yenzanga), mitero inoderedza kusaenzana kwemitengo inoiswa pamusika. Mukuwirirana neCongregational Ballet Office, pashure pokuvara mitero yose yehurumende nokutamisirwa, Ginicofix (mwero yekusaenzana) muU. inoderera ne20% kana zvichienzaniswa nemari inotambirwa. Vatsoropotedzeri vanoti kunyanyisa kushambadza kunogona kuderedza kukura kwemari, asi nyanzvi zhinji dzinobvumirana kuti mwero wakati wemitero yemitero yehurumende inovandudza chengeteko yenzanga uye mukana.

Mufambiro Wokupesvedzera

Mitero inogona kusunda mufambiro munhungamiro dzinoshuviwa. Kuderedza mitero pafodya nezvinodhaka zvinoderedza kushandiswa: mutengo we10% unoderedza kusvuta neinenge 4% munyika dzinowandisa. Mitero yeCarbon inovavarira kuderedza kubudiswa kwegasi rinodziyisa. Zvishuvo zve $ach (zvinogoverwa, zvikwereti) zvinokurudzira kuva muridzi wepamba, kuchengetwa kwomudyandigere, kuchengetwa kwesimba rinomutsidzirwa, uye kupa rupo. Nenzira inopesana, chirango chemutero chemunhu oga oga pasi peAfford Carence Act, kunyange zvazvo zvino chichibviswa) chinodzivisa kuramba chiripo.

Kudzikama Kwemari

Gadziriro yemitero inoshandiswa zvikuru mumiitiro yemari. Mukati mekuderera kwemari inotengwa. Kuderera kwemitero inodzorwa nemari inotakurwa yakaderera (kufanana nemitero inodzorwa yakaderera) uye kudzorwa kwemitero inowedzerwa. Hurumende dzingashandisawo mitero inosarudzwa ya2008 ne2020 inoshandiswa kuderedza chinodikanwa chainenge yatowedzera. Kuwedzera kwemitero inotorerwa mari inobatsira kuderedza mari. Kuwedzera kwemitero kunowedzera kwemari inobhadhadharwa kunobatsira kuderedza kuderera kwemari.

Kutapura Kupa Mitero Kwakapararira Panzanga

Mitemo yemitero inoumba kwete mari yehurumende chete asiwo mufambiro womunhu oga, zvisarudzo zvebhizimisi, uye migumisiro yemari yenguva refu.

Kukura Kwemari Nokuchengetedzwa Kwemari

Ukama pakati pemitero nokukura kwemari hwakaoma. Mitero yakawanda yemari inobhadharwa pamari yaunowana uye mari inotambirwa inogona kuodza mwoyo pabasa, kuchengetedza, uye kuisa mari mubhizimisi. Zvisinei, mari inosimudzirwa pakuwanisa mari yemari yehurumende mudzidzo, mafashoni, uye R&D inowedzera basa. Nzvero dzemari inobudiswa neOECD neIMF dzinokarakadza kuti mitero yebhizimisi inokuvadza zvikuru pakukura, inoteverwa nemitero yomunhu oga, nepo kubhadhara mitero (zvikurukuru kuva repazinesiti) nemitero isati iri yokushatisa. Nyika dzine mari yemitero yebhizimisi yakaderera (g., Ireland, pa12,5%, Hungary pa9%) inokwezva mari yemari inodzorwa zvikuru, asi ingatarisana nedzvinyiriro yemitero yenyika yose inotsigirwa.

Kururamisira uye Kururamisira Munzanga

Nzwisiso yavose yokururama kwemitero inokosha nokuda kwokuzviisa pasi kwokuzvidira. Kana vagari vemo vakafunga kuti vapfumi kana masangano havatendi mitero kupfurikidza nemhosho kana kuti maakaundi emhenderekedzo, kuvimba negadziriro inoshatisa. Mukaha wemutero (] musiyano pakati pemitero yaikwereteswa nemitero inobhadharwa). (kusiyana pakati pemitero inobhadharwa pa $540 mabhiriyoni (Z $540) pagore muUnited States se20222, ne1% yevazipi vanobhadharitswa. Kuedza kuvhara mubhadharo mukuru kunobatanidza mari yeIRS, kushuma zvikuru nokuda kwemari inonyorwa yapamutemo uye zvinhu zvamarudzi ose, uye kubudiswa pachena mitero yemari (se muFinland neNorway neNorway).

Makwikwi Emitero Munyika Yose Nokushandira Pamwe

Munyika yakapararira, nyika dzinokwikwidzana kukwezva mari netare rokushandisa hurumende dzemitero dzakanaka. Iyi nhangemutange ichienda pasi penyika inogona kuderedza mari yemitero yebhizimisi yaidiwa nehurumende yakaderera kubva pa40% yemitero yekambani muna 1980 kusvika pasi pe25% mu2025. OECD/G20 Indacrated yeTream yebvumirano pa15% yemari inobhadharwa pasi penyika yose, nokutanga mu 2024, vavariro yokuderedza mhindu nokukwikwikwidza. Zvisinei, zvipingamupinyi zvezvamatongerwe enyika uye mari yemapatoo (g., nokuda kwezvikwereti zvinooneka) zvinoganhurirwa kusvika kwayo. Panguva ino, mitero yemitero yemitengo inoiswa nenyika dzakati (g., France, UK) chipfuno chezvokutengeserana kutengeserana kutengeserana kutengeserana kutengeserana.

Zvinetso Zvikuru uye Kuchinja Zvinhu Mumitero Yemazuva Ano

Mitero inotarisana nezvinetso zvinopedza: kuwedzera kweupfumi, kusava nechokwadi, basa riri kure, uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira.

Mitero Yemitero Nemiitiro Yemari

Mitemo yemitero yamagamuchidzanwa inogamuchira kuvapo chaikoiko, asi mabhizimisi emitengo anogona kushanda munzvimbo isina nzvimbo yezvidhina nemota. Nyika zhinji zvino dzinoisa mitero yemitero yemitemo inobva kushambadzira, kutengesa madaidzo, uye mabasa okuendesa mitero. shopu yeOECD inotsvaka kodzero dzokubhadharisa panzvimbo yamarudzi akawanda, asi chibvumirano chenyika yose chinoramba chiri chakaoma. Nenzira yakafanana, mari yemitero inobva kumitero inobva kumitero yemitengo yemitengo uye mari inodzorwa yemari inodzorwa inoisa denho. / IRS yabudisa nhungamiro asi kumitengo yokudzoseranwa pamisi yokubhadhara mitero isina kudzo. [FL:]

Mitero Yezvakatipoteredza Nevavariro Dzemamiriro Okunze

Mitero yecarbon nemitemo yepeturo neratrade zviri kuwanda sezvishandiso zvokurwisa mamiriro okunze. Kusvikira muna 2025, inopfuura 40 mativi enyika neakawanda enyika dzakawanda zvakashandisa mutengo wecarbon, kufukidza 25% yebumhesve renyika yose. Mari yacho inowanzoshandiswa kuderedza mimwe mitero (mitengo yemari inotambirwa) kana kuti kutsigira mari yokutenga mari yegirini. Zvinetso zvinobatanidza kuisa mutengo wakakwirira wokuchinja tsika pasina kukuvadza makwikwikwi. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinopawo chikwereti zvemitero nokuda kwemotokari dzemagetsi, zvikamu zvemagetsi, uye kugadzirwa kwesimba.

Kupfavisa Mitero

Kuoma kwemitero kunoisa ndyiko dzakakwirira, zvikurukuru nokuda kwamabhizimisi maduku navanhu vamwe navamwe. MuUnited States, vabhadhari vanobhadhara vanoshandisa mabhiriyoni 6 pagore vachiwirirana nemitero yehurumende. Zvirongwa zvokuwedzera zvinobatanidza kukudza kushandiswa kwokunyima mutero, kudzorwa kwapachine nguva mberi (sokufanana munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope), uye kubatanidza kana kuti kubvisa zvitsama nechikwereti. Teach Cuts neMitemo ya2017 yakapfavisa zvimwe zvinhu (g., kuwedzerwa kwemitengo yomuzvarirwo, kubvisa kusinhanha) asi kwakasiya tsika yakaoma zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Simba Risingaperi Rokubhadhara Mutero

Mitero inopfuura zvikuru mutoo wokuunganidza nawo mari, iratidzirwo yemipimo yenzanga, zvinhu zvinokosha, uye denho. Kubva pakutsigira mari zvikoro kuderedza kusaenzana kurwisa kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, simba rokutera zvimiro zvechinhu chiri chose choupenyu hwazvino uno. Kuvaraidzi navadzidzi, vanonzwisisa vanounganidza icho uye chikonzero nei vachigovera hwaro nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwenzanga yakaziviswa. Sezvo upfumi hwenyika yose hunochinja uye unyanzvi hutsva hwezvigadzirwa zvichabuda, kurukurirano pamusoro pemitero icharamba iri chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano pamusoro peruramisiro, kukura, uye basa rehurumende.

Kupfurikidza nokuziva kushambadza kunobatanidza — pakati pekushanda zvakanaka nokusasarura, kupfava nokunzwisisa, uchangamire hwenyika yose nebatira pamwe yamarudzi ose — zviremera zvinogona kuyera zviri nani zvikarakadzo zvemitero ndokuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire. Simba remitero harisi mumano aro okuwedzera mari asi musimba raro rokuvaka rudzi rwechaunga chatinosarudza kurarama machiri.