Munhambo inoratidzirwa nokuparadzaniswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kusava nechokwadi kwesangano, uye chinjo yokugadzira zvinhu inokurumidza, nhau yechinoumba pesvedzero yetsika haina kutongova yekurumidziro zvikuru. Vagari kupota nyika vanotsvaka vatungamiriri avo vasingangoteveri bedzi mutemo asi vanotsigirawo mipimo yetsika iyo inopfuura mishomanene yapamutemo. Kudzora kwetsika hakusi chinhu chinooneka; iko kusingabviri chivimbo chechaunga chavanhu, kubudirira kwezvemari, uye kukura kunotsigirwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera nheyo huru dzokudzora kwetsika, inonzvera chikonzero nei ivo vachipfuurira, vachizivisa zvinetso zvinoshanda nokuda kwokuita. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nokushandisa izvi nheyo, nzanga dzinogona kufamba pedyo nerondedzero yomunguva yemberi yakarurama uye inotendwa.

Kutonga Kwetsika Chii?

Kutonga kwetsika kunonongedzera kukushandiswa kwenheyo dzetsika kukushandiswa kwesimba, chiremera, uye kuita zvisarudzo mukati memasangano avose. Kunopfuura kuwiriranawo zvako nemitemo nemirairo kubatanidza kuzvipira kukutendeseka, kururamisira, kuzvidavirira, uye kunaka kwavanhu. Chaizvoizvo, mutungamiriri wetsika anokumbira vatungamiriri namasangano kuti vapindure kwete bedzi kuti "Ichi ndicho chapamutemo here?" asi "Ichi chakarurama here?" Musiyano uyu wakakomba: chisarudzo chinogona kubvumirwa nomutemo asi chinopanikirika, chinodzorwa navanhu vose munguva.

Nenzira inowirirana, kudzora tsika kunotora kubva mumagamuchidzanwa akasiyana- siyana(kubva kuKantian deontology, iyo inosimbisa basa nemitemo yetsika yose, tsika dzinoyera miuyo nokuda kwenhamba hurusa, kuti ive netsika dzakanaka, izvo zvinonangidzira patsika dzomugadziri wechisarudzo. Mukushandisa, inoda dzikamo yakakomba pakati pemipimo inokwikwikwidzana: runako nokusasarura, voruzhinji vachapesana nekodzero shomanene, uye nhetevedzo pfupi dzinowirirana nezvinoteverwa. Masangano azvino uno anodzorwa, seanosimudzirwa ne E[FLC] [FFFF:1], kubatanidza idzi nheyo dzouzivi mumufambiro wavose.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzoutongi Hwematongerwe Enyika

Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakasiyana - siyana vachisimbisa tsika dzakasiyana - siyana, pane vanhu vakawanda vanobvuma kuti mitemo iyi inoshanda sekambasi yetsika kuvatungamiriri vehurumende vemarudzi ose.

Kuzvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira kunoreva kuti vatungamiriri nemasangano vanopiwa mhinduro yezviito zvavo, zvisarudzo, uye migumisiro yavanoparira. Zvine mativi maviri: kuzvidavirira (musengwa wokutsanangura nokururamisa zvisarudzo) uye kukwanisa kuiswa panzvimbo (simba rokuisa zvirango nokuda kwokukundikana kana kuti kusazvibata). Kuzvidavirira kunoshanda kunoda mitemo yakajeka, miitiro inooneka, uye mitumbi inotarisirwa yakasununguka yakadai sevanoongorora mahofisi, uye masangano etsika. Pasina kuzvidavirira, simba rinova rinova rinotsamira pachinhu uye rinoshatisa chivimbo.

Kutendeseka

Kutendeseka kunobatanidza kunamatira kunheyo dzetsika nedzetsika, kunyange apo kunenge kusina munhu ari kutarira. Nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende, perero inoreva kudzivisa rwisano dzefariro, kuramba chiokomuhomwe, uye kuchengeta kutendeseka mukurukurirano dzose. Kunodawo kuti vatungamiriri vasashandise nzvimbo yavo nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga. Traxament International[ Uori Bethocracy Index nguva dzose inoratidzira kuti mwero yakakwirira yepereko inobatana namasangano edemocracy uye gutsikano yakakwirira zvikuru yovagari vemo.

Kusasarura

Kururamisira kunoda kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga zviitwe pasina rusaruro, rusaruro, kana kuti rusaruro. Iyi nheyo inoda kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo, kugoverwa kwakaenzana kwezviwanikwa, uye ruramisiro yetsika, zvinoreva kuti miitiro inooneka uye kuti mativi ose ane inzwi. Kusasarura kunokosha zvikurukuru mugadziriro dzedare, masangano anoraira, uye kupa basa ravose. Apo kurangarirwa kuva kusina kururama, tsinhirano yenzanga inoputsanya uye mapoka anoderedza anorasikirwa nokutenda mumasangano.

Kutora Rutivi Nokuva Noushamwari

Kudzora kwetsika hakusati kuri mugwagwa mumwe. Kunobatanidza nokushingaira vagari vomumiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo, kuva nechokwadi chokuti mirangariro yakasiana- siyana inonzwiwa ndokurangarirwa. Kutora rutivi kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: kubvunza kwavose, bhajeti yokupa migove, matare evagari vemo, uye zvirongwa zvehurumende. Kubatana kunoenderera mberi nokusvasvasvasvavirira zvakananga kunzanga dziri pasi pezvigaro, zvakadai savanhu vemo, vakadzi, vanhu vane urema, uye vashoma. United Nations Contestative Development Development 16 Imbation yakajeka inobatanidza kudzora kworugare neruramisiro.

Kuremekedza Kutonga kwoMutemo

Kutonga kwomutemo kunoreva kuti vanhu vose namasangano, kubatanidza hurumende imene, vanozviisa pasi pemitemo uye vanozvidavirira. Zvinoreva kuva nechokwadi chapamutemo, kushandiswa kwakafanotaurwa, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzinokosha. Kudzora kwenyanzvi kunobvuma kuti mitemo inofanira kuva yakarurama uye kwete zvishandisowo zvazvo zvokudzora. Ruremekedzo nokuda kwomutemo iglu irwo runobatanidza mimwe nheyo pamwe chete, pasina irwo kuzvidavirira, ruramisiro, uye kusava netsigiro yesangano inodikanwa kutsungirira.

Chikonzero Nei Kudzora Kwetsika Kuri Kuitwa

Ukoshi hwokudzora kwetsika hunotambanukira kure zvikuru kupfuura uzivi hwetsika husinganzwisisiki.

  • Vimba nokusatendeseka: Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti vatungamiriri vanoita mutsika, vane bviro huru yokuwirirana nemitemo, vanobhadhara mitero, uye vanobatira pamwe nezvirongwa zvehurumende. Ruvimbo runoderedza kudikanwa kwokuchengetwa kwesangano uye mutengo wakaderera wemari.
  • Economic Secure: Nyika dzine ushati hwakaderera uye gadziriro dzakasimba dzetsika dzinokwezva zvikuru kuiswa kwemitengo yokumwe, dzinowana mwero yakakwirira zvikuru yebhizimisi, uye dzinowana wedzero inowirirana zvikuru. World Bank inofungidzira kuti uori hunodyira upfumi hwenyika yose kupfuura mabhiriyoni Z $1 pagore mumari inorasika uye marefu.
  • Kugadzikana:[[FT:1] Kudzora kwetsika kunoderedza zvichemo zvinogona kukura kuva rwisano. Kubatwa zvakanaka nemiitiro zvinobatanidza zvinovaka dzimbahwe renzanga netsinga, zvichiita kuti nzanga dzikwanise zviri nani kutsungirira njodzi dzakadai sedenda, ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, kana kuti katyamadzo dzemari.
  • Ifambiro mberi yavanhu: Kudzora kwemifungo kwakabatana zvikuru nokuvandudza utano, dzidzo, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo. Apo pfuma inoshandiswa nenzira inojeka uye nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavanhu, inosvika avo vanoida zvikurusa. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) inowana nguva dzose kuti varapire kuvara kwomuviri idendedzero yakasimba yemiuyo yavanhu.

Matambudziko Okutonga Kwemagariro

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzaro dzakajeka, zviremera zvetsika zvinotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinopfuurira.

Uori Nokubatwa

Uori ($) kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwebasa rehurumende nokuda kwemhindu yavanhu) hunoramba huri tyisidziro inooneka zvikurusa. Hunogona kuva chimiro chepfumbamuromo, kudzorwa kwechiokomuhomwe, kupiwa chizivano, kana kuti kubatwa nehurumende, uko fariro dzomunhu oga dzinoshandisa pesvedzero isina kufanira pamitemo nemitemo. Uori hunosekesa nheyo iri yose yetsika uye kusaenzana. Kuhurwisa kunoda zvose zviri zviviri kudzivisa kwapamutemo nechinjo yetsika.

Kushaikwa Kwokuona Zvakareruka

Utachiona mukuita chisarudzo chehurumende hunobvumira mufambiro usina kunaka kukura. Apo mabhajeti, zvibvumirano, uye miitiro yemitemo zvinovanzirwa vanhu, kuzvidavirira kunoderera. Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, hurumende dzinotonga nechivando chakaoma zvinogona kudzivirira kusazvibata. Kuwedzera kushandiswa kwematurusi kuti atsigire mashoko pachena uye kushuma kunovimbisa.

Dzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokusanzwa Kwenguva Pfupi

Vatungamiriri vanowanzotarisana nedzvinyiriro huru yokupa miuyo inokurumidza, zvikurukuru mumasangano anosarudza anokwikwidzana. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kunzira dzinotungamirira tsika dzetsika dzechimbichimbi (kureva miuyo yenhambo refu, kugovera fariro chaidzo, kana kuti kushandisa mashoko. Kudzora kwenyanzvi kunoda kuzvipira kukufunga kwenguva refu uye kudisa kuita zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi asi zvine nheyo.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwetsika Nemanyorero

Tsika dzetsika hadzisi dzese; dzinoumbwa nenhau, rudzidziso, uye tsika dzomunzvimbomo. Idzo imwe nzanga inorangarira tsika imwe semutsigiri anogamuchirika. Iyi chizivano yetsika inopa denho nokuda kwemipimo yamarudzi ose nepurogiramu dzokuyamura. Chigadzikiso hachisi kuisa mipimo yokunze asi kuvakira pamagamuchidzanwa etsika omunzvimbomo nepo ichitsigira maruramiro avanhu omutemo.

Kushandisa Utongi Hwokushandisa: Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda

Kushandisa mazano okushandura kunoda kuti pave nemaune uye kuti pave nehurumende dzinoda kutevedzerwa.

Tanga Marongedzero Akaisvonaka

Hurumende dzinofanira kugamuchira mitemo yakajeka yomufambiro yavakuru vakuru vehurumende, inofukidza rwisano dzemhindu, zvipo, basa kunze, uye ganhuriro dzapashure pebasa. Iyi mirau inofanira kudzorwa nematare etsika akazvimirira ane chiremera chokunzvera nokubvumira kuputsa. OECD's "Infracs publication" muenzaniso unobatanidza mutemo, tarisiro, uye rovedzo, itsinhano inoshandiswa zvikuru.

Shandisa Mari Mukurovedza uye Mubasa Rokuvaka

Mufambiro wetsika hausati uchingozviitikira woga; unofanira kudzidziswa ndokusimbiswa. Rovedzo yenguva dzose yetsika nokuda kwavashandi vehurumende, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye vatongi vanofanira kufukidza zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvenyika nemisengwa yapamutemo. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinofanirawo kukurudzira kurangarira kwetsika noushingi hwetsika zvinoziva uye zvinodzivisa dzvinyiriro dzisina kururama.

Dzivirira Vapfuri

Vapfuri vanoita basa rakakomba mukufumura ushati nomufambiro wakashata. Bva ivo kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokutsiva, kudzingwa, kana kuti kunetsa kwapamutemo. Dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinodzivirira vapinyi veripi pamatsi, pamwe chete nemikoto isingazivikanwi yokushuma, zvinokosha nokuda kwemhoteredzo yetsika inoshanda. The European Union’s Whistlecule Protection Directive (209) inogovera muenzaniso wakasimba wemitemo uyo nyika dzakawanda dziri kubatira zvino.

Kutsigira Kureruka Kupfurikidza Nounyanzvi

Zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvinogona kuwedzera zvikuru kusununguka kwehurumende. Masuo ekombiyuta okushandisa mari, kubhajeta, uye kunyora mitemo zvinobvumira vagari vemo nevatori venhau kuti vazvidavirire. Unyanzvi hwebhuroko hunopa mukana wokuchengeta zvinyorwa zvokusachinja munzvimbo dzakadai sekunyoresa nyika nokuvhota. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwoga harufaniri kuiswa pamwe chete nokunyora nokunyora nemagetsi uye tsika yokuita zvinhu.

Kuongorora Mufambiro Nguva Dzose

Kuongorora mari yehurumende, mapurogiramu, uye kuongorora tsika kunobatsira kuziva zvinetso zvisati zvava zvinhu zvinorongeka. Kuongorora kwetsika, kunoyera kunaka kwemiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo, ibasa riri kuwedzera. Sangano reInternational Organization of Supreme Aditions Institutions (INHAU) rinotsigira miitiro yakanakisisa mukuongorora kwavose, kubatanidza tsika senzvimbo inokosha.

Kubatanidzwa Kwechikwata

Vagari havasi vagamuchiri vehurumende vasingaitiri voudzori; ivo vatsigiri mukutsigira tsika. Hurumende dzinofanira kuita gadziriro nokuda kwokugamuchira vagari vemo, tarisiro yenzanga, uye gadziriro yokugovera. Masangano enzanga yevagari vemo, zvinobudisa nhau, uye academia zvinobatirawo semhondi dzinorinda, kuchengeta hurumende ichizvidavirira. Kutsigira nzvimbo yavose ine simba ibasa retsika imene.

Nzvero Dzenhau Mukutonga Kwetsika

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha pamusoro pezvinoshanda nezvisingaiti.

New Zealand: Kuvaka Tsika Yokuperera

New Zealand inowirirana nenzira inowirirana pakati pehurumende dzine uori huduku uye dzakavimbika zvikurusa munyika. Rubudiriro rwadzo runobva mumubatanidzwa wezvinhu: gadziriro dzemitemo dzakasimba, basa rehurumende rebasa rebasa rapamutemo rakavakirwa pahurumende, munzveri akasimba anozvimirira, uye tsika inokoshesa kuoneka. Public Service Act (20) inotsinhira zvakajeka nheyo dzekusatora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika, utarisi, uye mufambiro wetsika. New Zealand yakanyandurawo kushandiswa kwemiuyo yegarikano yenzanga nemhoteredzo yavanhu inoisa miuyo yakaganhurirwa pamitengo yemari, inowirirana nemitemo yetsika yakafara.

Muenzaniso wokuScandinavia: Kururamisira uye Kubatanidzwa

Sweden, Denmark, Norway, uye Finland nguva dzose nzvimbo dzapamusoro dzehurumende dzenyika yose. Kusvika kwavo kunosimbisa mwero yakakwirira yokutora rutivi kwavose, mambure okudzivirira nzanga ane rupo, uye kushivirira kwakaderera kwoushati. Idzi nyika dzinoshandisa zvikuru dzidzo nebvumirano yavagari vemo, kuumba vagari vomunyika vanoziviswa nokuraira vatungamiriri vavo. Murangariro we "musha wavanhu) muSweden unoratidzira tsika yakasanobatana yemitoro inogoverwa neyamuro. Nepo pasina gadziriro yakakwana, ruzivo rweNordic inoratidzira kuti Hurumende yetsika inogona kubatana nemitero yakakwirira uye kupindira kwehurumende apo chivimbo chiri chikuru.

Singapore: Kumanikidzwa Kwakakwana uye Kuchinja Kwetsika

Singapore yakachinja kubva paguta rine uori zvikuru muma1960 kuva imwe yemari inopenya zvikurusa yenyika. Uku kuchinja kwakasundwa neHIV Practics Investigation Bureau (CPIB), sangano rakasununguka rine masimba makuru kunzvera nokutonga uori. Hurumende yakavimbisawo kuti mibhadharo yavashandi vehurumende yakanga ichikwikwikwidzana, kuderedza muedzo wepfumbamuromo. Zvikurukuru, utungamiriri hweSingapore hwakasimudzira chimiro chendangariro chetsika chezero kuuorivhi, zvichitsigirwa nemitemo inotsigirwa nemitemo inoshanda kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye mabhirefesi. Chidzidzo: masangano akasimba akabatanidzwa nezvinooneka zvezvamatongerwe enyika anogona kuchinja kunyange mufambiro unodenha.

Rwanda: Kuvakwazve Pashure Perwisano

Pashure pokuparadza rudzi kwa1994, Rwanda yakatarisana nebasa guru rokuvakazve kwete bedzi upfumi hwayo asiwo masangano ayo enzanga nehurumende. Mupasi paPurezidhendi Paul Kagame, hurumende yakaisa miganhu inorwisana nouori pakutanga, kupfuudza kunobatanidza (kupfurikidza namatanho akadai se "Umushyikiranano" dare rekurukurirano yenyika), uye kuva mutevedzeri wevatano muparamende . Rwanda zvino zvino anorumbidza nhamba hurusa yavakadzi vari muimba yomutemo yenyika yose. Nepo vatsoropo vanoisa miganhuro parusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubudirira kweRwanda mukuderedza urombo, kuvandudza kuchengeteka, uye kuumba basa retsika retsika dzinoratidzira kuti kuchinja kudzora kunogona kugona kuchinjwa kunyange munzanga dzepashure.

Mugumo: Kutsvakwa Kweruramisiro Kunopfuurira

Kutonga kwetsika haisi nzvimbo inogara asi muitiro unopfuurira. Zvinoda kuramba wakasvinurira, uchichinja mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kuzvipira pamwe chete pakati pavatungamiriri, vashandi vehurumende, uye vagari vemo. Nheyo dzinoratidzwa pano(kuverengwa kwehurumende, kuperera, kururamisira, kutora rutivi, uye kuremekedza mutemo kusati kuri kwakakwana kana kuti kutsoropodza, asi dzinogovera nheyo yakasimba yokuvaka nzanga dzakarurama. Sezvo nyika inonangana nezvinetso zvitsva (8) kubva pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye kusava nomwero mukuru wetsika ($] kudikanwa kwokudzora kwetsika hakusati kwambova kukuru. Nokudzidza kubva kubudirira nokukundikana kwose, uye kupfurikidza netsika dzinodzongonyengedzerwa muzvivako zvesimba, tinogona kuita masangano anobatira matsva nhasi namarudzi anouya.