Nei Mugari Wose Achifanira Kunzwisisa Zvinzvimbo Zvehurumende

Hurumende panzvimbo iri yose dzinoumba unenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva — kuvambira paukoshi hwemvura yako yepombi kusvikira kukotsekano yemigwagwa yaunochaira, kubva pazvinodzidzwa zvavana vako muchikoro kusvikira kumabasa ekurumidziro anodzivirira musha wako. Bva vagari vazhinji vanoramba vasina kujeka pamusoro pomweroi wehurumende unobata, unoparira kunyunyuta kwakaipa, uye unopotsa mikana yokupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvinovatapura zvakananga. Kunzwisisa mitsetse mitatu mikuru yehurumende ($feder, State, State, uye j* hakusi haisiwo rovedzo yedzidzowo zvayo; inheyo yokuva vagari vemo vanobudirira, inogonesa vakuru vakuru vakuru kuzvidavirira, mabasa okuwana nenzira inoshanda zvakanaka, uye kutora rutivi rune revo.

Apo unoziva kuti ndiani ane mutoro nokuda kwenhau yakati, unogona kuita chiito nenzira yakarurama. Somuenzaniso, kana magetsi emugwagwa akaputsika munharaunda yako, kuona mutezo wedare weguta rako unobudirira zvikuru kupfuura kunyorera mutarisiri wako wehurumende kana kuti purezidhendi. Nenzira yakafanana, kana uchida kutsigira chinjo mumuitiro woutano, unonzwisisa kana chisarudzo chacho chiri cheBato rehurumende reUTreaty of Health and Human Services kana kuti dhipatimendi routano rehurumende yako richisarudza nzira yakanakisisa. Nyaya iyi inoputsika pasi mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende, inotsanangura kuti inoshanda sei pamwe chete, uye inogovera nhungamiro inoshanda sei zivo iyi kuva mugari wezvirongwa zvinobatanidzwa zvikuru uye zvinopesvedzera.

Mavambo Matatu Anokosha eHurumende

MuUnited States (nedzimwe gadziriro dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda), chiremera chehurumende chinokamuraniswa pakati pemibatanidzwa mitatu yakasiana asi yakabatanidzwa: hurumende, hurumende, uye nzvimbo. Imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene kana kuti dhipatimendi, yakasarudzwa vakuru vakuru, bhajeti, uye masangano. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, nenzvimbo chaidzo, nenzvimbo chaidzo. United States inopawo mamwe mabasa kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo (maruwa), mataundi, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo.

Hurumende Inotonga Nyika: Simba Panzvimbo Yenyika

Hurumende yehurumende inoshanda muWashington, D.C., uye ndiyo ine mutoro wenhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose.

  • Rigislatiti [[FURT:1] – Ipa mitemo, inozivisa hondo, inodzora kutengeserana kwomunyika imwe chete nekwedzimwe nyika, uye inodzora kubhadharwa nokushandiswa kwemari. Congress inoumbwa neDare (mitezo 100) neImba yaVamiririri (435 mitezo).
  • Mutemo (masangano ePresidenti nemubatanidzwa) - Mitemo inomanikidza, mufambiro wokumwe, anoraira masimba akashongedzerwa nezvombo, uye anotarisira makambani ehurumende (kubatanidza madhipatimendi akadai seDefense, Education, uye Health and Human Services.
  • Judicial (Dare reChirevo nematare ehurumende akaderera) - - Rinodudzira mitemo, rinohwirudzura pamutemo waro, uye rinopedza kakavadzano dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa.

Hurumende yehurumende inobata dziviriro yorudzi, kubuda munyika, ukama hwokumwe, mari, zvibvumirano nekodzero dzokubudisira mashoko, kutengeserana kwepakati penyika, uye kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Inoitawo basa guru mukutsigira mari nokugadza mipimo yemapurogiramu anoshandiswa nenyika, zvakadai seMedicaid, yamuro yezvokudya, uye kugadzirwa kwemigwagwa mikuru.

Hurumende: Vanhu Vari Pakati

Imwe neimwe yehurumende 50 ine hurumende yayo imene, inoenzanisirwa pagadziriro yehurumende asi inowirirana nezvinokosha zvenharaunda. Hurumende dzine simba renharaunda(zvinoreva) dzinogona kuita chiito panhau ipi neipi isingarambidzwi nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti kusunungurwa nomutemo wehurumende. Chinokosha mitoro inobatanidza:

  • Dzidzo yavose (mipimo yemasangano, miitiro yokushandisa mari)
  • Zvokufambisa (migwagwa mikuru yepamusoro, kunyoresa kwemotokari, kunyoresa motokari)
  • Kuchengeteka kwevanhu vose (mapurisa ehurumende, kururamisa, matare emhosva dzakawanda dzemhosva dzemhosva uye dzevagari vemo)
  • Utano hwavanhu vose (hospital, zvirongwa zvokudzivirira mhoteredzo, ganhuriro)
  • Kutengesa (vanachiremba, magweta, vadzidzisi)
  • Vanotarisira zvirongwa (nzvimbo dzokuvhota, nzvimbo dzokuvhotera)

Hurumende dzinoshandisa chaizvoizvo gavhuna (anotsigira), mubatanidzwa wehurumende yebhikameral (kunze kweuncameral yeNebraska), uye gadziriro yedare rehurumende. masangano ehurumende anoshandisa mitemo nemirau izvo zvinotapura chinhu chiri chose kuvambira pamitemo yokuvaka kusvikira kubhizimisi.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Vavariro Yapedyo Zvikuru Navanhu

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo(maruwa, maruwa, mataundi, misha), mataundikishi, uye maruwa chaiwo (maruwa echikoro, zviremera zvemvura, zviremera zvokufambisa).

  • Kuronga nzvimbo nenzvimbo zvinoshandisa ganhuriro
  • Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo (madhipatimendi ehurumende)
  • Kudzivirirwa nemoto uye kurapwa kwevanenge vangoerekana vabatwa
  • Mapaki avose, maraibhurari, uye zvirongwa zvevaraidzo
  • Kuunganidzwa kwemarara akasimba uye kugadzirwazve
  • Migwagwa yomunharaunda, nzira dzomumugwagwa, uye mwenje womumugwagwa
  • Kubvumirwa kwokuvaka uye kuchengetwa kwemitemo

Vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vanobatanidza vanameya, mitezo yedare reguta, vamiririri veruwa, mitezo yedare rezvikoro, uye vashandi vakasiana - siana vakagadzwa. Nemhaka yokuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo inowanika zvikurusa (magungano) anowanzoitwa pachena, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vanowanzova bedzi runhare kusiripo — inogovera banza gurusa rokubatanidzwa kwavagari vemo.

Chikonzero Nei Kusiyanisa Pakati Penzvimbo Dzine Nhau Dzokupa Nokuva Akachenjera

Imwe yebetsero dzinooneka zvikurusa dzemhesano dzehurumende kuita zvisarudzo zvakachenjera zvikuru pabhokisi rebhorati. Apo ukaziva kuti muteme wehurumende yako unoronga nzira dzokushandisa dzidzo uye boka rechikoro chomunzvimbomo rinopinza basa mutarisiri, unogona kuyera vanoda kupiwa nzvimbo idzi dzakavakirwa panhau dzakakodzera panzvimbo pezvitatiko zvisina kujeka. Murangariro mumwe chetewo unoshanda kumipimo yemitero inokarakadzwa: wedzero yemitero pabhorakiti yako yomunzvimbomo ingawanira mari raibhurari itsva, nepo kutora nhano yehurumende kungachinja kuti zvikoro zvinobhadhanyidzirwa munyika yose sei.

Nokuda kwokugadzira miti, kururama chinhu chiri chose. Kana uchiitira hanya pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze, ungaonana nomumiriri wako wehurumende pamusoro pemipimo yebutiro yenyika, mupi wemitemo wehurumende pamusoro pezvinyanduro zvesimba zvinomutsidzirwa, uye dare reguta rako pamusoro pemirayiro yomunzvimbomo yokugadzira miti kana kuti bhasikoro. Iyi fundo yePew Research Center yakawana kuti 24% yeAmerica bedzi vanogona kududza zvakarurama mapazu matatu ehurumende, uye vashomanene zvikuru vanonzwisisa kuti idzoi dzinobata mipimo chaiyo ( Pew Research Center ). Iyi zivo inoderedza kushanda kwebvumirano yenzanga uye inogona kusiya zvisarudzo zvakashata mumaoko ehurumende, uye zvinosano.

Kupindira Kunoita Hurumende: Simba Rinobatana uye Kushandira Pamwe

Kunzwisisa kubatana uku kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti vakwanise kuonana kana nyaya yacho yamuka.

Mitoro Yakagoveranwa

Nharaunda shomanene ndedzehurumende, dzehurumende, kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo. Dzidzo muenzaniso mukurusa: hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari kupfurikidza neTitle I (pazvikoro zvakaderera zvinowanwa) ndokugadza zvinodikanwa zvapamhiko zvavagari vemo, hurumende dzinotanga mipimo yedzidzo negadziriro dzenzvero, uye maruwa ezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo anodzora vadzidzisi vanoroja, zvisarudzo zvedzidzo, uye kugadziridzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, gadziriro dzezvokufambisa dzinowanzotsamira pamari yakapiwa nehurumende (g., Highway Trust Fund), kugadzirwa nokugadzirwa, uye kugadzirirwa kwomunzvimbomo kwemigwagwa miduku.

Fiscal Federalism: Mari Inoyerera Kupfuura Makuriro

Madhora anobhadharwa anodirana kazhinji kazhinji kunyika nenharaunda kupfurikidza namapurogiramu emari inotambirwa. Dzimwe mari dzinopa mari inoshandiswa. “mutsika,” zvinoreva kuti zvinofanira kushandiswa pazvinangwa zvakati (muchine nguva inotengwa, imba yakaderera inotambirwa), nepo dzimwe dziri“ mvumo dzemari inopa mari yakawandisa. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogamuchirawo mari yedzidzo, mabasa outano, uye chengeteko yavose. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, izvi zvinoreva kuti kana uchida kutsigira mari yakawanda nokuda kweraibhurari yako yomunzvimbomo, ungada kupwisa hofisi yako yose yemari yeguta neyapamutemo yako yehurumende.

Kushandiswa Kwemitemo uye Kuzvidzwa

Mitemo yeFederal inowanzogadza mipimo miduku iyo nyika dzinogona kupfuura asi isingawi pasi. Somuenzaniso, Ceaner Air Act inoda nyika kusvitsa mipimo yorudzi yemhepo, asi hurumende dzinogona kutevera mirau yorumano kana ikasarudza. Zvisinei, mutemo wehurumende unogonawo kubvisa kana kuti chiito chomunzvimbomo chose chose chose, mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika unogona kukurira hurumende kana kuti kuedza kwomunzvimbomo kugadza mitemo yakasiana yokuchengeta vatami vemo. Vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kusunungurwa vanogona kutsigira nenzira inobudirira zvikuru nokuda kwezvinobvira pamwero mumwe nomumwe.

Kuongorora Nyaya Mune Zvokuita Zvehurumende

Fundo Yenhau 1: Kupindura kweCHOVID - 19

Denda racho rakaratidzira kuti mwero yose mitatu yehurumende inofanira kutsinhirana sei, uye kuti kupesana pakati pavo kunogona sei kuparira nyongano. Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende (CDC, HHS) yakabudisa nhungamiro, nhomba dzinotenderwa, uye migove yezvokurapa. Hurumende dzakasarudza mitemo yokuvhara, kuraira, uye nhomba dzokudzivirira. Hurumende dzakaita kuongorora nokuisa mativi echipfuvara, uye nzvimbo dzokudzivirira mishonga, kumanikidza miraudzo youtano, uye kutaurirana nenzanga inoda kufanana nokuvhara kwechikoro uye kudzima moratorisms. Vagarica vakawana mwero usina kutora basa. Avo vakanzwisisa chitsamanyuko chomutoro chomutoro kudare routano nokuda kwegadziriro dzemishonga, kana kuti kuboka ravo routano remireza yemishonga mutaundi ravo.

Fundo Yenhau 2: Zvirongwa Zvokuvaka

Rangarira kukura kukuru kwemugwagwa mukuru weruwa. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari inokosha kupfurikidza neInfrablic Ressurationment and Jobs Act, inogadza zvinodikanwa zvokuhwirudzura mhoteredzo, uye inotarisira mipimo yekotsekano. Bazi rehurumende yezvokufambisa rinofanira kuona basa racho, kuwana nyika, uye kuronga kuvakwa. Hurumende dzemo dzingada kubvumira chinjo dzokuvaka, kuisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa munzanga, uye itiro yenzanga pamusoro poruzha nemotokari. Mugari wemo anoda kuyera basa racho papaki anofanira kuonana nedare reguta, nepo mumwe munhu ane hanya nenzvimbo yemhoteredzo yenzvimbo yacho anofanira kuendesa tsinhiro kuDOT munguva yetsinhiro yavose.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokunzwisisa Kukura Kwehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzakajeka, mhinganidzo dzinoverengeka dzinodzivisa vagari vemo kunzwisisa zvizere chimiro chehurumende. Chiratidzo ndicho chiri pachena zvikurusa: chiverengero chemibatanidzwa inodzorwa neyakaenzana ($matunhu mukati memaruwa, maruwa ezvikoro, maruwa chaiwo echinhu chiri chose kubva kudzoreso youmhutu kusvikira kudziviriro yomwoto.]

Raki yemashoko anowanika inowedzera chinetso. Mawebsite ehurumende anowanzova akakora, akaremara, kana kuti akaoma kutungamirira. Rondedzero dzapamutemo dzemitoro dzinoshandisa chidhindo chapamutemo chinotyisidzira varavi vakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, musiyano pakati peruwa neguta unogona kudzikamiswa: gamuchidzanwa rinogovera mabasa akafanana nematare namajeri, nepo maguta anobata mabasa akawanda omumaguta anoitirwa munzvimbo dzakarevererwa, asi munzvimbo dzakawanda mitsetse yakava noutsanana.

Kushanda kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoitwawo. Vamwe vagari vemo vanodavira kuti kubatanidzwa kwavo hakugoni kuita musiyano, naizvozvo havatongonetseki nokudzidza zvinhu zvikuru. Mukuwirirana nomushumo weHynight Foundation, 26% bedzi yavaAmerica vanodavira kuti vanogona kuita musiano munzanga yavo kupfurikidza nechiito chehurumende ([[FLT:]K [[FLT]]] )]. Kuputsa ichi chirongwa hakudi dzidzo bedzi asiwo miuyo inooneka mukutora rutivi kwehurumende.

Matanho Anoshanda Okuvandudza Kunzwisisa Kwako Nokupindirana

Kuti uzive zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoitwa nehurumende, haufaniri kuva nedhigirii remitemo.

  • Shandisa mafaira epamutemo. Website USA.gov inokubvumira kuwana hurumende yako, nyika, uye vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokupinda kero yako. Ziva peji ino ndokuishanyira pamberi pesarudzo imwe neimwe.
  • Yakaita musangano wehurumende womunzvimbomo. Dare reguta rakawanda zvikurusa, kosi yeruwa, uye misangano yedare rechikoro zvakazarukira vanhu vose. Kunyange kuona paIndaneti imwe inogona kujekesa nhaui dzinosarudzwa munzvimbomo. Uchanzwa vashandi vari kupa zvinetso uye vakuru vakuru vanokutaurira mhinduro.] Kuratidza chaizvoizvo kwokunangidzira mubato wako.
  • Zvinyoresa kumapepa ehurumende. Masangano akawanda ehurumende anotumira ziviso pamusoro pezvirongwa zvehurumende zviri kuuya, matare avose, uye chinjo dzemiitiro. Izvi zvakasununguka uye zvinokubetsera kuronga zvisarudzo zvine chokuita nenharaunda yako.
  • Shandisa masangano edzidzo avagari vemo. [ICPARIS] (yakavakirwa payaichimbova Mutongi Sandra Day O’Connor) inopa mitambo yokutaurirana pachena inodzidzisa mwero yehurumende neparadzano yemasimba. Vadzidzi vakura vanogonawo kutora makosi akasununguka paIndaneti kubva kunzvimbo dzakadai seKora kana kuti nhevedzano yeKhan Academy.
  • Kushandisa “mapu yemipimo.” Nguva inotevera paunosangana nechinetso chenzanga(a pot hope, purogiramu yokurava yakaputsika pachikoro chomwana wako, kana kuti gakava rinopesana(kunyora pasi mwero wehurumende yaunofunga kuti ine chiremera. Ipapo simbisa kupfurikidza nokunzvera website yehurumende yakakodzera kana kuti kudana sangano. Nokufamba kwenguva, iyi tsika inoumba mepu dzendangariro dzinoita kuti kufamba kuve kwavose.

Kukurira Zvinetso: Zvinogona Kuitwa Nehurumende Kuti Dzibatsire

Nepo nhamburiko yomunhu oga ichikosha, hurumende dzimene dzine mutoro wokuva dzinooneka neshamwari yovagari vemo. Kuisa kurukurirano yavose kunokosha: sangano rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinofanira kutaura zvakajeka udzori hwaro uye icho vanhu vanogona kukarira kwariri. Mamwe maguta akagadzira “shopu inomira" apo vagari vemo vanogona kushuma nhau uye kuendeswa kudhipatimendi rakarurama. dzidzo yeCCOP muzvikoro iyo inodzidzisa kwete chete nheyo dzemifungo asi inoshanda“ unyanzvi hwokunyora sei pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa kana kuti nzira yokuwana nayo mumiririri womunzvimbomo.

Nyika dzinogonawo kuderedza kuvhiringidzika nokuyera mazita nemabasa ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kutsanangura musiyano uri pakati peburough, taundi, musha, uye guta kunogona kushamisa kunyange kuvagari vemo vakareba. Mifananidzo yemashoko nezvinonyorwa nemitauro mirefu zvinoiswa paIndaneti uye muzvivako zvinowanika nevanhu vakawanda zvinogona kuvhara mukaha wacho.

Kupedzisa: Zivo Ndiyo Nhano Yokutanga Kusimba

Kunzwisisa miganhu yehurumende hakusi chinhu choumbozha, asi chinodikanwa kumunhu upi noupi anoda kuumba nyika yakapoteredza. Apo unoziva kana chisarudzo chikaitwa neCongress, chigaro chehurumende, kana kuti dare romunzvimbomo, unoramba kupambadza simba panyunyuto dzisingashandi, asi unotanga kuisa mepu yako yesimba paichava netapuro. Uchava muvhoti ane ruzivo zvikuru, mutsigiri anobudirira zvikuru, uye mutsigiri ane chivimbo zvikuru muteveri wehurumende. Zvivako zvehurumende yehurumende, hurumende, hurumende yomunzvimbomo zvingaratidzika sezvinhu zvisinoshaikwairira basa, asi chaizvoizvo imepu yesimba munzanga yako. Dzidza kurava kuti mepu iyoyo, uye hausati uchizotongofunga kuti unoda kuita musiyano.