Referendondoms nderimwe ramaturusi akananga zvikurusa okudzora kwedemocracy, achiisa simba rokuita zvisarudzo mumaoko avagari vemo. Kusafanana nehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende inomirira, apo vakuru vakuru vanovhoterwa nokuda kwavanhu, vanotora vanokumbira vavhoti vose kuti vasarudze mubvunzo wakananga wemitemo yapamutemo (8) kugadziridza kumiitiro mikuru mikuru. Iyi mitoo yedemocracy ine midziro yakadzika yakakwirira ine midzi yakakwirira musimba renhau, inodzokera kuAthens yekare uko vagari vemo vakaungana muAgora kuti vavhotete mitemo. Munhambo yazvino uno, Switzerland inomira kunze senyika inonongedzera zvikuru kupfuudza miuyo, nezvinovhotera zvama zvikurusa, zvichiitika gore rakawanda pagore rehurumende, mugondo, uye mwero unopfuudzira upfumi hwenyika dzose. Kukwira kwenzvimbo yeAratichi inopfuutsiridza kutsigira kutsigira kutsigira upfumi hwenyika, kunoreva mamirirono yadzodzo dzinoteverwa zvikuru, sezvinonziro, kuzivisa nhau dzinoteverwa zvikuru, nokuda kwehurumende dzinoteve

Kudzorera Chii?

Anongedzero ivhoti umo muvhoti yose inokumbirwa kugamuchira kana kuti kuramba chikarakadzo chakananga, mutemo, kana kuti muitiro. Shoko rinowanzopindirana ne "plebiscite," kunyange zvazvo mamwe masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika achiasiyanisa namashoko akapoteredza: plebissations dzinoshandiswa zvakakurumbira nokuda kwemibvunzo youchangamire hwerudzi kana kuti chinjo yenzvimbo, nepo majekisendi achifukidza nhau dzemitemo kana kuti dzebumbiro remitemo. Referendingum anosiana nezviito, apo vagari vemo vanokarakadza mutemo mutsva, uye kuyeuka, apo vavhotera vanobvisa mukuru mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa panzvimbo yavo pamberi pomugumo wenguva yavo.

Pfungwa huru yakapfava: panzvimbo pokurega vamiriri vachisarudza, vanhu vanotaura zvakananga. Zvisinei, zviitwa zvinosiyana zvikuru munyika nevhu. Mamwe madhestendindi ndiwo anobhadharira, zvinoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kuita mugumisiro wacho; mimwe yacho isangano ramasangano [, ichishanda semuenzaniso wepfungwa yavose kuti paramende ingasarudza kutevera. Chirongwa chepamutemo kazhinji kazhinji chinosarudza kana disvomhuro iri pamutemo (nokuchinja kwemitemo) kana kuti kusarudzwa (apo inotangwa nechikumbiro kana kuti kuvhotera).

Mhando Dzemareferendendom

Kunzwisisa marudzi aya kunobatsira kujekesa mabasa akasiyana - siyana avanoita mumasangano ezvematongerwe enyika akasiyana - siyana.

  • Binding Referendendums: Muuyo unofanira kuitwa nehurumende. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo muIreland kana kuti Brexit perendam muUnited Kingdom (mumauri imo yezvokudzorwa asi musungo wezvamatongerwe enyika).
  • .Advisory Referendentums: vhoti haisungi; masangano emitemo anochengeta chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Somuenzaniso, United Kingdom ine sumo isina kuisa kubatira pamwe pagadziriro yaMajita inotsiva muna 2011.
  • Constitugal Referendems: Inodikanwa kubvumira kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Nyika dzakawanda, dzakadai seAustralia neDenmark, dzinoraira metaendium nokuda kwechinjo ipi neipi yebumbiro remitemo.
  • [ Referenceums: yakashandiswa kuzivisa mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare remitemo. Dzimwe Switzerland dzinoda mvumo yakakurumbira yemitemo yakati.
  • Farecultums (Opacation): Kukuchidzirwa nechikumbiro chevagari vemo. MuSwitzerland, siginicha 50 000 dzinogona kumanikidza vhoti yakakurumbira pamutemo upi noupi wehurumende.
  • [[[FRANT:0] Hurumende dzinoraira nemutemo nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakati, zvakadai sokuchinja bumbiro remitemo kana kuti kukumbanira sangano ramarudzi ose.

Marudzi aya anowanzopindirana; somuenzaniso, chinyorwa chebumbiro remitemo chinowanzova zvose zviri zviviri chinosungirwa uye chinosungirirwa.

Kukosha Kwevadzoreri Mukutonga Kwehurumende Yegutsaruzhinji

Vatsigiri vehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga vanotaura kuti mahendero anoita kuti kutora rutivi kwedemokrasi kuve kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuzvidavirira, uye kuva pamutemo. Vanopa vagari vemo basa rinooneka mutsika inoumba, kuputsa kuva nesimba revatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika. Pazvisarudzo zvikuru zvakadai sokuenda kuhondo, kuchinja gadziriro yokuvhota, kana kuti kuchinja kodzero dzinokosha (‘ndiro iri padanda, menduru inogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti chisarudzo chacho chinoratidza kuda kwakakurumbira, panzvimbo pefariro dzechikamu chehurumende kana kuti zvigadziko zvepashure.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo Nokungwarira Zvematongerwe Enyika

Referendoms dzinoda vavhoti kuti vaite nhau dzakaoma munzira idzo kusarudzawo zvako kusingawanzoitwi. Nhimbe dzakapoteredza maachendindi dzinoparira gakava guru ravose, kupupurirwa kwenhau, uye nhimbe dzamashoko. Majeri anosundwa kudzidza pamusoro pemisoro yaangafuratira, zvakadai somutemo webumbiro remitemo, mutemo wezvokutengeserana, kana kuti tsika dzenzanga. Murondedzero, ikoku kunosimudzira sarudza kwapanguva dzose kwakadzidza. Kufunda kwakaratidza kuti masangano ehemendimu anogona kuwedzera zivo yezvamatongerwe enyika nefariro, zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vanowanzova vanotora mari.

Kururamisira uye Chivimbo

Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa zvakananga navanhu kazhinji kazhinji zvine kuva pamutemo kukurusa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Apo hurumende inoita muitiro wenharo pashure pekuvhozhokerwa, inogona kunongedzera kuchiremera chakakurumbira uye kubvisa pomero dzekudzorwa kana kuti udzori. Ikoku kunogona kusimbisa chivimbo chavose mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru munyika umo chivimbo mumasangano amiririri chiri chakaderera. Somuenzaniso, 1998 Belfast (Good Wearday) Chibvumirano muNorthern Ireland chakatenderwa kupfurikidza nokunongedzerwa pamativi ose ari maviri emuganhu, kuchipa kuva nohumbidzo inokosha kubvumirano yorugare yaida tsigiro inoyamuchinjikwa.

Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Referendondoms dzinogona kushandawo sechenjeri pamusoro pesimba rehurumende. Kana hurumende ikakarakadza chinjo iyo vavhoti vanorangarira kuva yakanyanyisa kana kuti isina kururama, metader endisum inobvumira vanhu kuiteerera. Ikoku kwakakodzera zvikurukuru nokuda kwenhau dzinotapura maruramiro makuru kana kuti zvivako zvebumbiro remitemo. MuSwitzerland, dare retexsum rinosarudza rinoita sedziviriro ine simba: mutemo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neParamende unogona kudenhwa navagari vemo usati washanda. Iri mauto anotema mitemo anofanoziva kuti varange varavi vezvakakurumbira uye vagadziri vemitemo inogamuchirwa zvikuru.

Kutungamirira Kunoita Kugadzirisa

Kushandisa dherendimu inonyatsovimbika kunoda kunyatsoronga, mitemo yakajeka, uye kushandiswa kunobudirira.

Kuzivisa uye Kuronga Mumutemo

Nhano yokutanga ndeyokurondedzera nhau yacho ndokupedza mubvunzo. Mashoko enhau yeapenduru akakomba; kunyange chinjo duku dzinogona kudzongonyedza miuyo. Hurumende dzinowanzobvunza nyanzvi dzemitemo, matare ebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti masangano akasarudzwa kuvimbisa mubvunzo wacho wakajeka, hauna kusarura, uye unoshanda zviri pamutemo. Mune dzimwe nyika, mibvunzo mizhinji inobatanidzwa, inogona kuparira kuvhiringidzika kana kuti kuvhota kwapamutemo. Muitiro wakanakisisa unorumbidza mubvunzo mumwe, wakajeka.

Somuenzaniso, Dare Repamusoro reAustralia rinoongorora mashoko ezvikamu zvakanzi zvinoshandiswa nebumbiro remitemo kuti rinyatsoenderana nemitemo.

Kurwisa uye Mhatsa Yemashoko

Kana dherendimu yaziviswa, kushingaira kunotanga. Nhimbe dzavakuru vakuru dzinobva kumativi e "yes" ne"no" dzinowanzowedzerwa namapoka echitsotsi, mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye masangano enzanga. Ruvara rwekurukurirano yavose runopesvedzerwa zvikuru nemirau yezvemari yenhimbe. Kana rumwe rutivi ruchipfuudza zvikuru rumwe, runogona kushatisa muuyo ndokusekesa ruramisiro inorangarirwa.

Mapepa okuvhota, nyaya dzinotevedzerwa nevanhu paIndaneti, uye mahofisi epaIndaneti anogovera tsananguro dziri pakati nepakati.Switzerland inobudisa kabhuku kane mashoko akawanda nokuda kwevhoti imwe neimwe, kutsanangura mashoko anobva kumativi ose ari maviri.

Muitiro Wokuwedzera Nokuverenga

Vanotarisira zvirongwa zvekuvhota vanofanira kuvimbisa kuvanza, kuchengeteka, uye kuwanikwa. Majekiseni anogona kuisirwa mumunhu panzvimbo dzokuvhota, netsamba, kana kuti nekombiyuta, zvichitsamira panyika. Kuvhota papositi kwakakurumbira muSwitzerland uye dzimwe nyika dzeU. Kuvhota kwemagetsi kwave kuchiitwa muEstonia nokuda kwezviteshi asi kunoramba kune nharo nemhaka yefunganyo dzeIndaneti.

Kuverenga kunotarisirwa nezviremera zvezvirongwa zvokuvhota kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuti zvakarurama. Munyika dzakawanda, zvinetso zvinorondedzerwa kana kuti dare zvinobvira kana mucheto makava matete kana kuti musiyano zvichifungidzirwa. Nokuda kwokubatanidza, voruzhinji vakapfava kazhinji kazhinji vakaringana, asi vamwe vanoda voruzhinji vakapetwa kaviri (zvose zviri zviviri vakakurumbira uye voruzhinji rwechinoputika kana kuti voruzhinji rwehurumende), somuAustralia neSwitzerland nokuda kwokugadziridza pamutemo.

Zviito Zvekupfuudza

Pashure pokunge muuyo waziviswa, hurumende inofanira kuita chiito. Nokuda kwemahesvom anosungirwa, kupedzisa kunodikanwa(8) mutemo unoiswa kana kuti kurambwa nenzira inowirirana. Madhesveroro anosiya nzvimbo nokuda kwokungwarira, asi kufuratira chisarudzo chakakurumbira chinogona kukuvadza kuvimbika kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Muzvimwe zviitiko, mamesendime ewirirano anoteverwa nekurukurirano dzemitemo kupfuudza udzame hwekushandisa. Somuenzaniso, pashure porusaitiso rwema 2016 Brexit endendium, UK Paramende yapedza makore akawanda achinzvera mamiriro ezvinhu okurega.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvekutsiva

Kunzwisisa kusava nesimba uku kunokosha pakuongorora kubudirira kwakwo uye pakugadzira kuchinja kunoderedza ngozi.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokushanda Nesimba

Mibvunzo yakawanda yeminhevedzo ine chokuita nenhau dzemichina kana kuti dzakaoma kunzwisisa .(mazita) mutemo wehurumende, muitiro wezvemari, zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Muvhoti avhareji angashaiwa nguva kana unyanzvi hwokunzwisisa zvizere zvaireva. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamirangariro, kuvimbika kwepapati, kana kuti mirairo inotsausa panzvimbo pokurangarira. Somuenzaniso, 2014 chitupa chokuzvimirira chaibatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pemibatanidzwa yemari, mitezo yeEU, uye mari inowanwa neoiri (*ssuo idzo nyanzvi dzinotambura kugadzira mifananidzo inoyera.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Nhimbe dzeReferendim dzinotapurwa nokutaura kwenhema kana kuti kunotsausa, zvikurukuru muzera resociation. Nhimbe yeBreexit yakashatiswa nenhema dzakatanhamara, zvakadai sokutaura kwokuti kusiya EU kungasunungura mamirioni $350 pavhiki nokuda kweNational Health Service. Kutaura kwakadaro kwakaipa kunogona kushatisa sarudzo uye kubvisa chivimbo mumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kudavirwa, zvakadai sokudzivisa maidi nemirairo yokushambadzira, kazhinji kazhinji hakukwani kurwisa mwero wenhema.

Kusakendenga Nokubuda Mumvura

Mukoto wakaderera unogona kusekesa kuva pamutemo kwecherekedzo. Kana bedzi vashomanene vavavhoti vanokwaniriswa, muuyo ungasamirira chido chavose chikuru. Pane dzimwe nguva madherendi akarongwa namaune pamadanho ezvikiti zvapasi anokarirwa kuti atsigire muuyo wakati. Somuenzaniso, zviteshi zvomunzvimbomo muUnited States zvinoona zviri pasi pe 20%, zvichimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokushanda kwazvo kwedemocracy.

Kushanda Kwevaduku uye Kodzero Dzokushanda Nevamwe

Ubati ushe hwehurumende yavanhu hunogona kutungamirira ku "kudzorwa kwavazhinji," uko voruzhinji vanovhota kuganhurira maruramiro amapoka mashoma. Roorano yeCalifornia 8 (2008) inorambidza roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano nevhoti yakakurumbira, inosimbisa dare rapakuvamba. Nepo mwero wakadzorwa gare gare nematare ehurumende, wakaenzanisira kusawirirana pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kudzivirira kwakadaro sehwirudzuruso rwedare nezvinodikanwa zvesimba zvakatanhamara kuri madikanwa kudzivisa kudzorwa kwekodzero huru.

Kushandisa Mifungo Yakaipa

Hurumende namapoka ezviwaro zvine simba zvinogona kushandisa madherendi kuti ashandise zvirongwa zvavo vamene. Hurumende ingadana dheketendimu kuti igovanisa chishoro, kudzivisa mutoro wechisarudzo chakaoma, kana kuti tsigiro yesangano pautungamiriri hwayo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Erdogan webumbiro remitemo ra2017 muTurkey rakashorwa nokuda kwokuva pasi pehurumende yekurumidziro, nokuwana kusina kuenzana kuvana nevenhau nokuda kwechirongwa che "no". Kushandisa kwakadaro kunosekesa chipikirwa chamasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu chakananga.

Zvikamu Zvinooneka Munyika Yose

Kunzvera zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvenyika kunozivisa mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana nemigumisiro yemiitiro. chinoitika chimwe nechimwe chinopa zvidzidzo nokuda kwavachinji navaiti.

Brexit Referendem (2016)

Musi waJune 23, 2016, United Kingdom yakavhota 51.9% kusvika 48,1% kuti isiye European Union. Nhimbe yacho yakanga ichiparadzanisa zvikuru, ichibudisa nharo dzakasimba pamusoro pokutama, uchangamire, uye simba remari. Nhaka munhimbe dzokutsigira mari uye kuparadzirwa kwemashoko asina kururama zvakatungamirira kuzvinetso zvepamutemo uye kubvunzurudza kwakatevera. Mugumisiro wacho wakapinza UK mumakore enyongano yezvematongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kuwedzerwa kwakawanda kwemisiano yokurega, sarudzo, uye kukurukurirana kunopfuurira kwebhizimisi. Bret endentum yakasimbisa ngozi yevhoti mbiri panhau yakaoma, dzakawanda dzeparamendi nechinetso chokushandisa kunyanyowana mamiriro ezvinhu akawana.

Kuzvimirira kweScotland (2014)

Musi wa18 September 2014, Scotland yakavhota 55.3% kusvika ku 44.7% kuti isava nyika yakazvimirira. Nhimbe yacho yakanangidzirwa pakubudirira kwezvemari, mari, uye gadziriro yenzanga, yakabva yakwirira zvikuru 84.6%. Mugumisiro wacho wakaparira kuwedzerwa kwemasangano kuParamende yeScotland, asi yakakurudzirawo kuramba kudiwa kwekutsvaka nyika yechipiri, zvikurukuru pashure pokunge UK vhota kuti isiye EU (iyo Scotland yakanga yaramba ichitsigira zvakasimba). Mhaka yacho inoratidza kuti kubatana kwemasangano ezve kunogona kudzoka sei kubatanidzwazve pa'diviti yeIstamenti yeScosset stanceity kana kuti "no" yakakunda, uye kuti vangagona sei kukunda zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kubvisa Pamuviri kwechiIrish Referendem (208)

Ireland yakava nenongedzero pana May 25, 2018, yokudzorera chinyorwa cheReleader, icho chakanga charambidza nenzira inobudirira kubvisa mimba muanenge migariro yose. Chikarakadzo chacho chakaitwa ne 66,4% chichifarirwa, kuchibvisa chirambidzo chebumbiro remitemo chakanga chave chiripo chisati chavapo chifo cha 1983. Nhimbe yacho yakaratidzirwa nokubatanidzwa kukuru kwenzanga yavagari vemo, kubatanidza uchapupu hwomunhu oga hwavakadzi hwakatapurwa nokurambidzwa. Muuyo wacho wakatungamirira kukupiwa kworupo rwemitemo yokubvisa mimba, kunoratidzira kuti kuenzana kunogona sei nhau dzouteredzo huru dzotsika nenzira iyo masangano anobatira kutamburira kuita. Yakaratidzawo uko kunokosha hwegadziriro yokungwarira uye kurukurirano mumurangariro wavose mumakumi amakore.

Kudzokerazve KweSwitzerland PaMinarets Nokutama KweMisa

Gadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeSwitzerland inoparira zvikarakadzo zvamasangano akananga panhau dzakawanda. Muna 2009, vavhoti vakatendera kurambidzwa kwokuvakwa kweminarets, mwero unotsoropodzwa zvikuru serinopa mhosva asi unopfuudzwa ne57. Muna 2014, vavhoti vakatendera chikarakadzo chokudzosa miganhu yokubuda munyika, ichipesana nezvibvumirano zvekudzorwa kwemibatanidzwa yezvizvarwa zveSwitzerland neEU. Zviidzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti kunongedzera kwemitoro yenyika yose kunogona kubudisa migumisiro inodzvinyirira misengwaro yenyika yose uye kusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu. Vanoratidzawo basa rezvirongwa zvehurumende zvehurumende yekare inoshanda pakushandisa zvibvumirano zvenyika zvinofambira mberi.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokuvandudza Miitiro

Dzichifunga nezvezvaizoitika uye ngozi dzingavapo, nyanzvi nevarapi vakakarakadza kuchinja kwakasiyana - siyana kuti zvigadziro zvekushandisa zvishande zvakanaka uye zvoutongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu.

  • [ Mubvunzo unofanira kuva wakapfava, usingatori rutivi, uye wakaedzwa nokuda kwenzwisiso. Miviri yezvisarudzo inofanira kubudisa mashoko.
  • Trackers for Factive Reformations: Kudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji nedzikamo yebumbiro remitemo, vamwe vanokarakadza kuda kuwanda (g., 60% kana kuti kupfuura) nokuda kwemitemo kana kuti maruramiro makuru.
  • [Mari Reparency neMitemo: mitemo yakakomba pakupa mipiro uye kushandisa mari yokubetsera kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba uye kuderedza ngozi yefariro dzapfuma dzinodzora hurukuro yavose.
  • [ Hurumende dzinofanira kutsigira masangano amashoko asingatsigiri, kubatanidza maturakiti epamutemo ane nharo dzinobva kumativi ose ari maviri uye kuongorora kwokuzvimirira.
  • Milliples kana kuti Votiond: Nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakaoma, muitiro wezvikuva zviviri (kutanga vhoti ine nheyo, ipapo vhoti ine udzame) inogona kuvandudza kurangarira.
  • Judicial Review of Adminicated and Rights: Dare rinofanira kuhwirudzura rugwaro rupi norupi runokarakadzwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti harwuputsi kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wamarudzi ose.

Hapana kuchinja kumwe chete kunopedza dambudziko racho, asi kubatanidza zvakawanda kunogona kugadzirisa ngozi dzinozivikanwa zvikuru ukuwo uchichengetedza kukosha kwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu kwokutora rutivi.

mhedziso

Referendondoms dzinoramba dziri kurukurirano ine simba(na) uye dzinomutsa nharo. Dzinogona kuwedzera kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo zvakananga. Dzinogona kupa chiremera kuzvisarudzo zvikuru, uye dzinoita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire. Bva kuvimba kwadzo navavhoti vasina ruzivo kana kuti vanoshandisa, bviro dzadzo dzokuputsa kodzero dzechipameso, uye kutsunga kwazvo kumutsa itiro dzakakomba. Chinokosha chokushandisa betsero nepo kuisa ngozi dziri mugadziriro yokufunga: mitemo yakajeka, ungwaru, dzidzo yevota, uye dziviriro dzapamutemo. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nezvinobudisa mashoko zvenyika yose zvinopfuurira kudzosa kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinosimudzira ndangariro yakakomba. Vagadziri vehurumende, vagari venzanga, uye vavhoteranisi vanofanira kuzviisa pasi pezvipikirwa kusimbisa kutendeka kutendeka kutendeka kutendeka kutendeka kuri kutendeka kwapamutemo panzvimbo pokudzora utongi wedemo.