Kushandiswa Kukuru Kwemvura Pakugadzira Mvura Nokubudisa Oiri

Hydrualic fracture, inowanzozivikanwa sekuvhiya, yakashandura zvikuru mativi esimba kupfurikidza nokugonesa kubudisa oiri negasi zvomusikirwo kubva kuurongwa hwakaderera. Uyu muitiro unotsamira zvikuru pamvura. Kazhinji kazhinji, muvhenganiswa wemvura, jecha, uye chemichero yemakemikoro zvinoiswa padzvinyiriro dzakakwirira zvikuru kuparira kuvhunika murwi, kuchibvumira hydrocarbon yakabatwa kuyerera kuyerera kutsime revhu. Kutsamira pamashandisiro egeo nerongeta, tsime rimwe rakacheka-tenuka rinogona kutora marita pakati pe2 namamirioni 15 emvura.

Mvura inoshandiswa muindasitiri yeoiri negasi zvakatambanudzwa kupfuura nhano yokutanga. Kunokoshawo nokuda kwemitoo inowedzerwa yokunaya oiri (EOR), kuchera madhaka, uye kudzvinyirirwa kweguruva panzvimbo dzinotevera. Kushandiswa kwemvura mumabasa aya kunopa zvinetso zvakasiyana---zvokuchinja padanho riri rose, kubva pakudzvuvanyika yokutanga kusvikira kukuraswa kwokupedzisira. Mishonga yemakemikoro inoshandiswa mukugadzira mafuta anonayamura inosiana zvikuru asi inowanzobatanidza michina yokudzivirira kukura kwebhakitiriya, makambani kuti adzivisire kushairwa kwaro. Kugadzirwa chaiko kwemvura iyi chinhu chinovimbwa zvikuru navashambadziridza mhepo inovakwa navanhu vose kuti vaone kuoneka nenjodzi dzoutano.

Nzvimbo Yacho Inodzika Mitemo: Kusvika Kwakakamuraniswa

MuUnited States, nzira yokuronga nayo kushandiswa kwemvura muoiri negasi yakakamukana zvikuru pamwero yehurumende, yehurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo.

Kutarisira Kwehurumende muUnited States

Pamwero wehurumende, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ine chiremera mumirairo yakawanda yemhoteredzo. Safety Topping Water Act (SDWA) inodzora mibato yejekiseni yapasi pevhu kupfurikidza neUnderster Inthopion Control (UIC). Chirongwa ichi chinosiya mvura inonangidzirwa zvikurukuru kunyika. Mvura Inonakisa mvura inodzorwa pamusoro pemafuta namafuta, bva inodzivisa njodzi dzemvura dzinobuda mumvura dzinovakwa nemubato. Kuwedzerazve, kudzivirira kugadzirwa kwemvura kwakawanda kwemvura kunoitwa mumvura. Kuchengetedzwa nokugadzirwa kwemvura kunowana upfumi hwemvura kusingashandumwi.

Kuchinja Kwetsika Kwehurumende

Mitezo mizhinji idzoro dzemibato yeoiri negasi, kubatanidza mvura inovava nokuraswa kwemvura. Ikoku kunoparira mhatsa huru mukudzorwa kwemitemo. Texas, somuenzaniso, yakaisa munhevedzano yenhau maruramiro emichina inoiswa mumichina inobvumira kukura kwesimba. Musiano, New York yakaisa chirambidzo chapasi pamitengo yakakwirira yepetroli yemvura muna 2015 kutevera mativi makuru outano netsvina zvakapoteredza. Ohio neOcalocaho yakabatanidza mitemo yakadzikamiswa mumichina yemichina yakagadzirwa kuparira kugadzirwa kwejeko, nemvura inobvumira zvikuru kuvakwa kwemipimo uye kurasika kwenzvimbo dzakapoteredza. Pennsylvania yakaisa ngwariro pamipimo yeNhambo yeNzvakano yeNyaka yakapoteredza (DEP) yakaita muganhuno yakakwana yetsvina inodzorwa yetsvindiro, ichiita kuti ishane zvakanaka kuti ishanduke zvakanaka nokuda kwemiteo inodzo inodzo inodzo yakaoma kushandira mberi.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mvura Munyika Yose

Kufamba munyika yose, kudzosera kudzokororwa kunosiyana zvikuru. Canada inotsamira pamiganhu yeruwa, Alberta neBritish Columbia dzine gadziriro dzakasimba dzokutarisira mvura. United Kingdom pakutanga yakabvumira kurashwa asi yakakurambidza nenzira inobudirira muna 2019 nemhaka yefunga pamusoro pokuvadziko dzinoparira kudengenyeka kwapasi uye kusakwanisa kufanotaura zvakarurama kudengenyeka. Australia ine ganhuriro dzakasimba pakushandiswa kwemvura uye kufukunurwa kwemakemikoro mugasi yayo yemarasha emombe (CSG). Iyi nhevedzano yenyika yose inosimbisa kusavapo kwebvumirano yamarudzi ose pamusoro pemiitiro yakanakisisa yokudzora nokudengenyeka kwemvura nokubudirira kwemvura.

Zvinetso Zvinonetsa Zvokudzora Mvura

Kudzora kupwanya kwemvura kunopa kumwe kwerwisano dzakananga nedzinooneka pakati pokukura kwesimba navamwe vanoshandisa mvura.

Makwikwi Ezviwanikwa Zvemvura Zvechitima

Munzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzisina mvura yakawanda dzakadai sePermian Basin (Texas neNew Mexico), nzvimbo yezvokurima nenzvimbo dzinokura dziri kukwikwidzana nokuda kwenzvimbo dzinowana mvura. Kuwedzera makwikwi aya. Mukati memigariro yokusanaya kwemvura, vadzori vemvura vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro huru kudzikamisa kugadzirwa kwesimba remari mukudikanwa kukuru kwemvura nokuchengeteka kwezvokudya. Chinetso chiri mukuwedzera gadziriro dzemvura dzinoisa zvinodikanwa zvinokosha zvikuru apo zvichibvumira nokuda kwokushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzamabasa ezvokugadzirwa. Dzidziso dzapamutemo dzinodzora kodzero dzemvura mumaruwa okumadokero (*.va nevanonzvera mari inoshayisa mvura inoshayisa mari mumigariro yokunze yokumadokero mukumabvazuva .)

Kuona Mativi Nemikaha Mumvura Inoshandiswa Kushuma

Mitemo yakarurama pakubvisa mvura inheyo yokudzora kunobudirira. Zvisinei, kusavapo kwemashoko kunokosha. FracFocus, makemikari nemvura zvinonyorwa munyika yose, yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokushuma kusingawirirani, kushaikwa kwokunzvera, uye kushaikwa kwakaganhurirwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kusanorongwa kushandiswa kwemvura kwemwedzi nomwedzi, nepo dzimwe dzichitsamira pakuzviisa pasi kwokuzvidira. Kushaikwa kwemipimo, kwakarongwa, uye kunowanika pachena kunoita kuti kuome nokuda kwevagadziri vemichina uye vanzveridzi kutevera kudivirira kudivirira mvura yose inotevedzerwa. Kujekeswa kwemashoko kunokosha kukutarisirwa kudzorererwa kwemvura inodzoreswa.

Kudzivirira Kunaka Kwemvura Yapasi Pose Panenge Pachikukurwa

Kushatiswa kwapasi pemvura kwakananga kunogona kuitika kana kutama kubva mumvura yemunyu kana kuti methane ichienda muaquifer yakapoteredza. Iyi ngozi yakakomba zvikurusa apo tsime rinopfuura nomumvura inonwa rinoisa musero unorema kuti risvike pakuumbwa kukuru. Mitemo yokuvaka yakaisvonaka inokosha, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvezvikamu zvakawanda zvesimbi zvinokandwa nesamende, pamwe chete nokuedza nesimba rakakomba nokuisa matanda. Kusunungurwa kwehurumende kwejekiseni remvura inoiswa mumvura inobva muSDWA kunoisa mutoro unorema pahurumende kuvimbisa kuti kuvimbika kwezvikamu zvesimbi hakutongotongotongorambwa, basa rakaoma rinopiwa zviuru zvezvituro zvematsime gore negore.

Denho Yemvura Inoraswa: Kuraswa, Kutsakatika, uye Zviputsi

Vanotarisira mvura inodzoka pamusoro-pasi nemvura inogadzirwa nejecha iri kugadzirwa nemvura (jecha) ndiyo chinetso chakaoma zvikuru chakabatana nokugadzirwa kwemvura inobuda mumvura. Mvura inogadzirwa inowanzova nesaline yakakwirira (bhirine), ine zvisimbi zvakanyunguduka zvakapetwa kakawanda, pamwe chete nesimbi dzinorema, zvinhu zvinobudisa mwaranzi (NORM), uye makemikari anogadzirwazve.

Kubvisa Kumwe Kunobva Mukubaya Kwakadzama

Nzira huru yokurasa nayo mvura yakaraswa ijekiseni mumatsime akadzika eBoka II. Kusvikira munguva ichangopfuura iyi, iyi yakarangarirwa kuva nzira yakakotsekana neyechigarire yokugadzirisa nayo njodzi. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kukuru mumubato wokudengenyeka kwenyika, zvikurukuru muOklahoma nemativi eKansas, kwave kwakabatana nesayenzi nejekiseni rescread restatic traffic magest. Vashandisi vemajekiseni vanofanira kuderedza marangidzi emagetsi emotokari nemadziro akakwirira mukupindura iyi njodzi. Iyi chinyorwa chinoparira kudengenyeka kwepasi chakamanikidzira maremikoro matsva, kazhinji kazhinji kacho maractive echiedza, umo vapfurotsi vanofanira kuderedza mavhomberi kana kuti kuvhara pasi chose chose kana mubato wemubato wepasi pevhu rinopfuura zviteshina.

Zvisipiti Nenhaka Zvinosvibisa

Kurasika kwemvura kubva mumatangi okuchengetera zvinhu, tsaona dzerori, kana kuti mapaipi anodzudza kunopa ngozi yakananga kumvura nevhu. Munyu mukuru nechepfu yemunyu wacho zvinogona kuuraya michetura, kushatisa manyuko emvura yokunwa, uye kunoda kuchenesa kunodhura. Kudzora zviuru zvemakiromita zvenzira dzerori nepombi dzemarori, pamwe chete namakumi ezviuru zvematangi okuchengetera zvinhu, idenho yetsika. Mitemo yazvino uno inowanzotsamira pabvumirowo nemhiko dzimene, nezvinodikanwa zvakasiyana- siyana nokuda kwokuzvidzora nokurambira kwezvirongwa zvechipiri.

Kufamba Nemvura Inoraswa

Kubvisa mvura yakashatiswa kubva munzvimbo dzinochengetedzwa zvakanaka kuenda kunzvimbo dzinoraswa zvinenge zvichitsamira pakurapa kana kuti kurasa zvinhu, zvinokonzera zvinhu zvinotevera: kufamba kwakawanda, kukuvadzwa kwemigwagwa, ruzha, kusvibiswa kwemhepo, uye ngozi dzetsaona. Michina yemichina inotsiva njodzi asi inoda kuchengetedzwa kwemari uye kubvumirwazve. Kugadzirwa kwemarori anochengetedzwa tsvina ivavariro inokosha yokuderedza ngozi dzinobatanidzwa nezvifambiso.

Miganhu Yezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Mvura

Kugonana nezvinetso zvokudzora uye zvemhoteredzo kunoda kuvandudza kunopfuurira muruzivo rwokudzora mvura.

Kushandiswazve Kwemvura Nokushandiswazve

Kurapa nokushandisazve mvura inoyerera uye kugadzira mvura nokuda kwokushanda kwomuviri kunotevera kwava kuzivikanwa zvikuru. Ikoku kunoderedza kudikanwa kwemvura yakachena neuwandu hwemvura inoda kuraswa. Unyanzvi hwakafanana nokubvisa mhepo inopisa, kudzokera kuosmosis, uye kukwidziridza kwemvura kunogona kubata mvura dzeTDS dzakakwirira, kunyange zvazvo dziri magetsi anopfuudza uye anodhura. Mitemo inobvumira kugadzirwazve kana kuti kugovera magetsi anoshandiswazve inogona kuvandudza kugamuchirwa kweidzidzidzwa. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwazve kwezvinhu izvi runogona kugadziridza dzvutsa uye runotsamira zvikuru pakuwanda kwemvura inotsvererwa nokuwanikwa kwemvura yakachena, uyewo mari inodhura zvikuru.

Kushandisa Manyuko Asiri Eforasi

Vashandi vari kutsvakazve kushandiswa kwedzimwe mvura dzinoshandiswa, dzakadai semvura yapasi yebhurackishi (chitsama chinoshaikwa nokuda kwokunwa kana kuti kurima) kana kuti mvura inoraswa yemanisiparati. Kushandisa aya manyuko kunoderedza tsvina pamigove yemvura. Mutemo unoshanda zvakanaka unofanira kurondedzera zvakajeka mipimo yemvura yakanaka nokuda kwemitengo yakasiana- siyana uye kugovera nzira nokuda kweidzi nzvimbo itsva dzokupa.

Zvigadzirwa Zvisina Mvura uye Zvinofamba Pasi

Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hunoshandisa mvura shoma kana kuti mvura yose zviri kugadzirwa uye kuiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Mienzaniso inosanganisira kushandisa propane gel, carbon dioxide fufu, kana kuti nitrogen semvura inonhuwira. Unyanzvi uhwu hunodzivisa kuvava kwemvura netsvina asi hune zvinetso zvahwo pachahwo.

Kuoma Kweutano Hwevanhu Nehwemhoteredzo

Kudzora kwemvura mukuforosa hakusi nhauwo zvayo younyanzvi; kune revo huru nokuda kwoutano hwavanhu nemhoteredzo.

Kutapura Nzanga Dzomunzvimbomo Noutano Hwavanhu Vose

Nzanga dzinogara pedyo neoiri yakakwirira negasi kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshuma funganyo pamusoro poukuru hwemvura, kunaka kwemhepo, uye ruzha. Nzvero dzakawana batano pakati pemibato yokushatisa nenhau dzoutano dzakadai seasima, zvinetso zvokufema, nemigumisiro yakaipa yokubereka. Nhamo dzeruramisiro dzemhoteredzo irevo huru, sezvo nzanga dzinoiswa pamuganhu nedzisingawaniki kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dziri pedyo neoiri negasi. Kudzika kunofanira kurangarira miuyo inowedzerwa yemichero mizhinji yeminyu yakaisvonaka panzanga.

Kunetseka Nepfungwa Nekuderera Kwokufamba Kwemvura

Kukweva mvura pamusoro pemvura yokuchera kunogona kuderedza mwero yemvura, zvikurukuru muhova duku dzemvura dzinoda kugadziriswa zvinhu zvipenyu zvomumvura. Hove nezvimwe zvipenyu zvomumvura zvinotsamira parukova runongogara ruchiyerera kuti zvibereke, zvidye, uye zvitami. Kuongorora mhoteredzo chinhu chinokosha asi chinowanzofuratirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kubvisa mvura pasi kunogona kudzika mepu dzemvura, dzinotapura matsime, matope, uye pombi dzinofambisa zvinotsigira mhoteredzo yezvinhu zvipenyu munguva dzokuoma.

Nzira Dziri Kufambira Mberi: Kuvaka Gadziriro Yokutungamirira Yezana Ramakore Ra 21

Kugadzirisa denho yakaoma yokudzora kushandiswa kwemvura mukubudisa oiri negasi kunoda kuchinja kuenda kukudzora kwakakwana, kunochinjika, uye kunooneka. Hapana muitiro mumwe chete uchakwana, asi kubatanidzwa kwemitoo kunogona kuita musiyano mukuru.

Kuronga Kutarisira Mvura Nebhasikoro

Mabudiro anofanira kuda vashandisi kuti vapinze mapurani okudzora mvura akawanda zvisati zvatenderwa. Izvi zvirongwa zvinofanira kufukidza chitsereso chose chemvura: kusvota (manyuko), kushandisa (zvinowedzerwa zvemakemikoro), kudzora (zvirongwa zvokuvhaira), uye kurasa (kukwanisa kana kuti mishonga). Izvi zvinofamba kupfuura mvumo dzekuongorora kugadzirwa kwemvura.

Kutarisira Kunogadziridzwa Nokuongorora Kunopfuurira

Mitemo inofanira kukwanisa kuchinjira kumashoko matsva esayenzi nengozi dzinobuda. Chinoitika chokuva nokudengenyeka kwapasi chinoparirwa inhau yebhuku rebhuku nokuda kwokudzora. Sezvo ruzivo rwokuongorora ruzivo rwemichina runovandudza (muchib., mifungo chaiyo yenguva, kuongororwa kwemakemikari ezvisaririra zvetellite yederest uye matangi okuchengetera), mirau inofanira kushanduka kuva yokubatanidza aya maturusi matsva. Kuedza mvura necherekedzo dzinopfuurira pedyo nenzvimbo dzokuchekerera kunokosha kunokosha kunokosha.

Kupinza Kuona Kure uye Kuwana Mashoko Avose

Kuvimba nevanhu kunowedzerwa kana mashoko achiwanika. Nyika dzinofanira kuisa mari mukubatanidza mashoko adzo kuti dzive nechokwadi chokuti mvura inoshandisa mavhoriyamu, kurasika kwemvura, uye kuwanikwa kwemakemikari kunoshumwa mumichina yakarongwa, inodhindwa uye inowanikwa paIndaneti munguva chaiyo. Kuongororwa kwesayenzi yemaindasitiri kunokoshawo kuti itevedzerwe.

Kukweva Simba Nemiitiro Yemvura

Munhau, muitiro wesimba nemvura zvakatangwa muruparadzano. Nexus yemvura inoda nzira yakabatana zvikuru. Ikoku kunoreva kuti gadziriro dzokukudziridza simba dzinofanira kuparira zvakajeka kuwanika kwemvura nokutsigirwa. Nenzira inopesana, gadziriro dzokudzora mvura dzinofanira kuparira migariro yokubudirira kwesimba munguva yemberi. Kufamba kupfuura kudzora kwadziro.

Kudzora kushandiswa kwemvura mukurongedza idenho yakaoma, inotenderera. Kunoda kudzikamisa chengeteko yesimba, kukura kwemari, uye tarisiro yemhoteredzo nedikanwo inokosha yemvura yakachena, yakawanda. Nepo matanda makuru achisara, kuvaka gadziriro yakasimba, yakavakirwa pasayenzi, uye kuoneka zvakanaka zviri zviviri zviri madikanwa uye zvinogona kuwanikwa.