Chitanga: Dombo Rokuvimbana

Kuoneka kwehurumende hakusi chinhuwo zvacho chinongova chinhu chisiri chinhu chinodiwa; iko nheyo inoshanda yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Apo vagari vemo vanogona kuona kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei, kuti mari yavose inoshandiswa sei, uye kuti mitemo inodzorwa sei, kuvimba kwainoitwa mumasangano kunowedzera. Ukuwo, kuvanza kunoparira kunyumwira, kunogonesa uori, uye kunokanganisa chibvumirano chenzanga pakati pehurumende nevanhu vayo. Rusununguko rwemitemo yeInformation (FO) ndidzo midziyo yepamutemo inogadzirirwa kuita kuti kujeka uku. Nokupa munhu wose kodzero inosungirwa pamutemo yokuwana mapepa anochengetwa nemitumbi yavose, FOI inomanikidza urongwa hwehurumende kuti hushande pachena. Nyaya iyi inoongorora nzira iyo iyi inotsigira nayo kudzora kwetsika, inonetsa kutarisana nayo munguva yokukurukurirana kwetsika, uye nei ichifanira kutungamirira nokuda kwoutungamiriri.

Mavambo Nemhindumupindu Yemitemo yeFOI

Murangariro wekodzero yapamutemo kumashoko ehurumende ndewekare kupfuura hurumende dzazvino uno dzakawanda. Mutemo weFOI wokutanga wakanga uri Sweden’s Freedom of the Press Act ya1766, iyo yakasimbisa kuwanwa kwavanhu vose kuzvinyorwa zvapamutemo sechinhu chinokosha chegadziriro yayo yebumbiro remitemo. Uyu mutemo wapakuvamba wakaziva kuti ruzivo rwavagari vemo rwuri madikanwa nokuda kwokuzvitonga vamene uye kunzvera simba rekorona.

FAI yakaisa mutemo weFOI wazvino uno wakavamba pakati pezana ramakore rechi520. United States yakapa Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) muna 1966, ichitanga muenzaniso uyo mamwe marudzi akawanda aizogamuchira gare gare. FOIA akapa vagari vemo navanyori varo chishandiso chokukumbira mapepa kubva kumasangano ehurumende, nokuganhurirwa kuganhurirwa nokuda kwechengeteko yorudzi uye kuva woga. Mutemo wakasimbiswa kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa muna 1974, 1986, uye 2002, zvikurukuru mukupindura kunyadzisa kweWatergate ne9/11.

Kubvira kuma1990 zvichienda mberi, mitemo yeFOI yakapararira nokukurumidza munyika yose. Kuputsika kweSoviet Union, kukwira kwekuchinja kwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu muLatin America neEastern Europe, uye kumanikidzwa kwenyika yose kuti pave nokuchinja kwekurwisa uori kwose kwakawedzerwa. Sangano reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose rakaita sesangano reAmerica (OAS) rakatanga kusimudzira SOI sekodzero dzevanhu .NUNIXI kubva kurudyi kuenda kurusununguko rwokutaura, runosanganisira rusununguko rwokutsvaka, kugamuchira, uye kupa mashoko.

Nhasi, nyika dzinopfuura 120 dzine chimiro chakati chemitemo yeFOI, kunyange zvazvo simba nokudzikamisa zvichisiana zvikuru. Masangano amarudzi ose akadai se Article 19 [ anoronda mitemo iyi ndokugovera kunzvera kwokuenzanisa, kunyora, uye mutemo wemienzaniso.

Nheyo Dzemakonzo Nemichina yeFOI

Kodzero Yokuziva

Mumwoyo mayo, mutemo weFOI unosimbisa nheyo yokusununguka: mashoko ose anopiwa nezviremera zvehurumende anofungidzirwa kuva anowanika, kutoti akapinda mukati mokusunungurwa kwakaganhurirwa, kwakaruramiswa. Vagari havadi kubvumikisa fariro chaiyo mumashoko; maruramiro ndeemunyika yose. Ikoku kunochinja mutoro kubva kumukumbiri kuhurumende, uko kunofanira kururamisa kuramba kupi nokupi.

Kukumbira Kwaunoita

Mugari wemo anowanzopa chikumbiro chakanyorwa kusangano racho rinowirirana, achirondedzera mafaro anenge atsvakwa nechakananga chine mufungo. Sangano racho rinofanira kupindura mukati megadziriro yenguva yemitemo yakarongwa (hechipiri mazuva 20 kana kuti 30 okushanda) achigovera marekodhi, achiramba kusvika nezvikonzero, kana kuti kukumbira kuwedzera nokuda kwezvikumbiro zvakaoma. Masangano akawanda anobvumira kukumbira munhu akazvimirira kana kuti mukuru mukuru wemashoko kana zvikumbiro zvikarambwa zvisina kufanira.

Kuora Mwoyo Neganhuriro Dzako

Kurega kubhadhara zvikwereti kunosanganisira:

  • [ chengeteko yenyika nedziviriro – kudzivirira ungwaru hunotapurika kana kuti zvirongwa zvebasa.
  • [ Ugaro hwomunhu oga [ – kudzivisa kuvhozhokerwa kwoupenyu hwomunhu oga hwomunhu oga.
  • [[[FOM:0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • [ kuisa mutemo nokutonga – kudzivisa kunzvera kusati kwaitwa kana kuti kutongwa kwakarurama.
  • [ Miitiro yeInternal inoparira [ – kuchengetedza pangiro yokutendeseka mukati mehurumende (kazhinji kazhinji inopiwa fariro yavanhu kupfurikidza nokuregeredzwa).

Chinokosha kukudzora tsika ndechokuti uku kusunungurwa kunorondedzerwa zvishoma uye kunodzorwa nemuedzo unokuvadza: kuziviswa kunofanira bedzi kunyimwa kana kuchizoparira kuvadziko inoparira kuvadziko yakakotsekana kufariro yakadzivirirwa. Mitemo yakawanda inewo miedzo yavose inoda kubudiswa kwamashoko kana betsero kunzanga ichipfuura kuvadziko.

Prosact v. Drassorective respective

Nepo FOI ichibvuma kukumbira chaikoiko . Miitiro yazvino uno yakanakisisa inosimbisa kuzivisa kusingachinji. Hurumende dzinodikanwa nenzira inowedzera kubudisa mashoko ane revo yakakwirira ane 35, mabhajeti, zvibvumirano, uye magwaro emitemo paIndaneti pasina kumirira chikumbiro. Ikoku kunoderedza mutoro pavose vari vaviri vagari vemo namasangano uye kunoratidzira tsika yokusununguka panzvimbo pokubvuma kwokusasundira.

Betsero Dzokutonga Kwoutongi Hunosarudzwa Nehurumende

Kuzvidavirira

Mitemo yeFOI inogona kugonesa vaongorori, vatori venhau, uye masangano enzanga kuti varonde zvisarudzo, vatevere mari, uye vafumura zvakaipa. Somuenzaniso, vatori venhau vanonzvera vanovimba neFOI kuti vabudise mitoo yetsvina yehurumende, kurwisana kwefariro, kana kuti uori mukuwana purofiti.

Kuvaka Chivimbo Chavose

Chivimbo chinowanwa kupfurikidza nokuratidzirwa kujeka. Apo hurumende dzinogoverana mashoko nenzira yokushingaira ndokupindura nokukurumidza kuzvikumbiro, vagari vemo vanonzwa vachiremekedzwa uye vachibatanidzwa. Nenzira inopesana, kuvanza kunoparira kusavimbika. High profile FOI budiriro. “‘ Zvakadai sokusunungura mashoko pamusoro peshatiso yemhoteredzo, kusazvibata kwamapurisa, kana kuti mishonga yemishonga .wnames anoratidzira kuti vanhu vanogona kubata kuoma uye kuti kujeka kunotungamirira kumiuyo iri nani.

Kubatanidzwa Kunokurudzira Kwechikwata

Vanhu vanoziva vavimbisana.Mitemo yeFAI inosimbisa vagariwo zvavo kuti vabatane zvine revo mukurukurirano pamusoro pokushandiswa kwenyika, kugadziridzwa kwedzidzo, muitiro wezveutano, uye zvakawanda. Mapoka enzanga anoshandisa FOI kuti matare omunzvimbomo azvidavirire nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvokuronga nyika kana kuti mari yechikoro. Muuyo ihurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ine simba zvikuru umo zvisarudzo zvinopokanidzwa pamaidi, kwete runyerekupe.

Kuderedza Uori

Uori hunobudirira pachivande. Mitemo yeFOI inoshanda sechinhu chinodzivisa kufumura nokuwedzera ngozi yokuva pachena. Apo zvibvumirano zvehurumende, zvinyorwa zvinokwezva, uye zviziviso zvepfuma zvinozarukira kunzverwa kwavose, mikana yepfumbamuromo nedzokudzosera. Kuoneka kwemarudzi ose kwagara kuchidudza FOI sechinhu chikuru chenzira dzinorwisa uori. Nyika dzine hurumende dzeFOI dzine simba dzinoda kuva nemwero yakaderera youori hunofungwa.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Kudzivisa Nemikana Yezvipatara Zvehurumende

Chimwe chemhinganidzo hurusa itsika dzamabureaucracy. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vangadzivisa kuziviswa nemhaka yetsika, rutyo rwetsoropodzo, kana kuti chishuvo chokudzivirira fariro dzesangano. Kunyange apo mitemo iripo, masangano asina basa naruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoshaiwa vashandi nenzira inobudirira. Zvirongwa zvinogona kutambanukira makore, zvichipa maruramiro okupinda mumugariro usina revo. Kurovedza navakuru vakuru vaFoI vakazvitsaurira vanokosha asi kazhinji kazhinji vanoregeredzwa.

Kuverenga Zvinetso Zvinopfuura 176

Dzimwe hurumende dzinokunda donzo raFOI kupfurikidza nokuisa “mapepa enguva dzose” pazvinyorwa zvenguva dzose kana kuti kupfurikidza nokududzira kuhesvurwa kukuru zvokuti dzinenge chinyorwa chipi nechipi chinogona kudziviswa. kutaura kwechengeteko yerudzi kunokombamira zvikurukuru kukubatwa zvisina kufanira. matare anotarisira anotsamira pamunhu anodikanwa kuhwirudzura kutaura kwakadaro ndokuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe.

Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira kweFAI Nokuda Kwenetswa Kana Kuti Zvikumbiro Zvisingashamisi

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mapoka ezvisarudzo anoshandisa FOI kuchera mashoko anokwenudza asi asina basa. Nepo kodzero yokuwana ichifanira kudzivirirwa, zviremera zvakawanda zvino zvine gadziriro dzokuramba zvikumbiro izvo zviri pachena kuva zvisina mufungo kana kuti zvinotuka.

Kushaikwa Kwokungwarira Pakati Pavagari Vemo

Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda munyika dzakawanda havana kumbonzwa nezvekodzero dzavo dzeFOI.Kushanda kwehurumende, kudzidziswa, uye kukumbira zviri nyore kunodiwa kuti mutemo uve chishandiso chinobatsira pane kodzero yepfungwa.

Denho Yokutarisira Mashoko Anoshandiswa Pamagetsi

Mazita ehurumende anoberekwa achiwedzera kugadzirwa neredhiyo($(email), mashoko ekare, masefa , uye mafaira enguva pfupi. Mitemo yeFOI yakanyorerwa zvinyorwa zvepepa, uye kuichinja kuti ienderane nezviripo zvakaoma. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kudzora marekodhi nenzira inobudirira kuti zviwirirane nezvikumbiro, asi kudzora kwakaipa kunowanzoita kuti mashoko atsakatike kana kuti adzime.

FAI Munguva Yokugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Nemadhigirii

Kutyaira uye Kukumbira Pakombiyuta

Hurumende dzakawanda dzava kupa maFOI makombiyuta anobatsira kukumbira zvinhu zvinotevedzana, kunyora mashoko, uye kugamuchira mhinduro.

Vhura Mashoko Nezvinovhariridza

Sangano remikoto inowirirana zvikuru nenheyo dzeFOI. Hurumende dzinobudisa michina inopinza mashoko ane chokuita nemari, mashandisirwo emari, utsotsi, utano, uye mhoteredzo. Kupfurikidza nokubudisa mashoko anodikanwa namabasa, vanogutsa mashoko akawanda zvisati zvanyorwa. . Hurumende inobudisa Hurumende (OGP]) inosimudzira miitiro yakadaro munyika yose, nyika dzine mitezo dzinoita kuti dzigadziridze kujeka.

Kufora Kunonakidza uye Kunofambiswa Nomunhu

Kugadzirwa kwounyanzvi kunogona kubatsira masangano kuti aongorore mapepa akawanda ezvinyorwa zvinodavidza, kuderedza nguva dzokugadzira. Zvisinei, A ingashandiswawo kudarika zvinyorwa kana kuti kuisa mumapoka magwaro pasina utarisiri hwevanhu. Kudzikamisa kusanoita nokuzvidavirira kuchava chinetso chikuru.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Zvakadzama

Sweden: Piona

Sweden’s Freedom of the Press Act, zvino rutivi rwomutemo wayo webumbiro remitemo, rwakasimba zvinoshamisa. Inobvumira kusvika nokukurumidza kuzvinyorwa zvose zvapamutemo kutoti mutemo wakananga uchigovera. Vagari vemo veSweden vanogona kupinda muhofisi yehurumende yehurumende ndokubvunza kuona magwaro pasina kupa chikonzero. Iyi tsika yakadzika yokubudira pachena inotambanukira Sweden imwe yehurumende dzine uori huduku zvikurusa nedzinovimbwa zvikurusa munyika. Nheyo ye [FLT: 0] inoita kuti ive nheveset-filterscipen (nheyo yokupinda pachena) inotambanukira kudare ramambo neparame, nedziro shomanene bedzi nokuda kwechengeteko yorudzi.

Canada: Kusvika kuChiratidzo Chomashoko

Canada’s Access to Information Act yakatanga kushanda muna 1983. Inofukidza masangano ehurumende uye yakachinjwa kanoverengeka, zvikurukuru muna 2006 kusimbisa basa reInformation Commissioner uye muna 2019 neAccess to Information Act yakaisa miganho yenguva yakaoma zvikuru uye kupfuudzira kwakakura kuhofisi yePrime Minister’s Office nevakuru vakuru. Pasinei zvapo nokuvandudzwa kwegadziriro yeATI yeCanada ichiri kutambura nokunonotswa uye tsika yokuviga mune mamwe masangano. Mumiririri weInformation anogona kubudisa mirayiro inodzika mirayiridzo, asi kuendesa mutemo kuhofisi yePrimente iri kufambira mberi.

United States: Nhaka yaFOIA Nemiganhu

FOIA yave iri chishandiswa mukufumura chinhu chiri chose kubva paPertagon Papers kusvikira kupurogiramu yokutambudza yeCIA nenjodzi yemvura yeFlint. FAIA zvikumbiro zvishandiso zvakakomba nokuda kwavanyori venhau, nyanzvi, uye mapoka ezvisarudzo. Zvisinei, gadziriro inoremerwa nezvikumbiro zvakawanda zvikuru (880 000 zvinomirira kumasangano. Kusunungurwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwechengeteko yenyika, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunopedzwa. VaObama vakavimbisa “kutarisira kwakajeka zvikurusa munhau” asi vakatamburira kugovera. Kutarisira kweBiden kwakatsvaka kusimbisa FOIA kupfurikidza nezvirevo zvavakuru vakuru vakuru uye kutsigira. Chidzidzo: FOI chinoda kuti zvitonge zvichingoramba zvichingoramba zvichiitwa, kwete mutemo pamabhuku.

India: Kodzero kumashoko (RTI) Act

RTI Act yeIndia, yakapfuudzwa muna 2005, inowanzorumbidzwa seimwe yemibato inoramba ichibudirira munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Inopa simba vagari vemo kuti vatsvake mashoko kubva kumitengo yose yehurumende uye kumasangano evoruzhinji anowana mari. Mutemo wacho wakaita chikwata cheMasangano eMan Information Commissional panzvimbo yehurumende. RTI yakashandiswa kuratidzira uori muPropublic Express System, mumigodhi yemigodhi isiri pamutemo, uye madhigirini ehurumende okunyepera. Masangano ehurumende avagari vemo akadai seMazhoom Shactigathan (MKS) akaita basa rinokosha mukurwira mutemo uye kupfuurira kutakura zvitima. Zvinetso zvamakuru ndezvo zviri shure, zvinonziyo dzeManyuko, uye kunetsa masangano eInformation Commus Comssiontion, uye kunetsa varwistrst.

Mabasa Amarudzi Ose Nemipimo

Kodzero yemashoko inozivikanwa muzvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvamarudzi ose. Declaration of Human Rights (Mazita 19) inozivisa maruramiro “okutsvaka, kugamuchira nokupa mashoko.” Nhlangano weInternational on Civil and Politic Rights (ICCPR) inosimbisa ikoku. African Charter on Human Rightss inobatanidza gadziriro yakafanana. Masangano akadai seDare reEurope akabudisa makokorodzano nerumbidzo pakupinda mumapepa ehurumende. The World Bank uye mamwe masangano ebudiriro anobatira pamutemo anobatirawo pamisengwa yokuoneka.

Mitemo yemienzaniso, yakadai seiya yakabudiswa neChikamu 19, inogovera nhungamiro pamiitiro yakanakisisa: rondedzero dzakajeka, kusapinda mumiitiro yakaganhurirwa, kutarisirwa kwokuzvimirira, uye zvirango nokuda kwokusawirirana. iyi mipimo inobetsera nyika dzinogadzira mitemo mitsva yeFOI kudzivisa mhinganidzo dzakafanana.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kusimbisa Utongi Hwematongerwo Enyika

Kuchinja Nguva

Mitemo yakawanda yeFOI yakaregwa. Kuchinja kunofanira kuganhurira kuhesvurwa, kubvisa mutauro usina kujeka, uye kugadza nguva huru yokupindura. Kuronga mashoko panzvimbo imwe chete kunogona kungoita kuti magwaro adzorwe pashure penguva yakarongwa, kuchiendesa mutoro kune avo vanoda kuachengeta akavanzika.

Kutama FAI Uchitonga Zviri Pachena

FOI haifaniri kumira yoga. Hurumende dzinofanira kubatanidza mitemo yokuwana nemirau yapamhene yemateru, zvikuva zvakavimbisana vagari vemo, uye dziviriro dzeririro. Kushandiswa kwechikamu chokuona kunoita kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chive chakasimba zvikuru. Hurumende ivhu paunigparn Office [ inogovera nzvimbo inobetsera nokuda kwenyika kugoverana chinjo nezvibvumirano.

Kudzivirira Vaiti Vezviito Nevatori Venhau

Hurumende dzinofanira kurwisa vakumbiri ndokusimbisa mitemo yokuridza mhere. Mitumbi yamarudzi ose inofanira kuongorora uye kubvumira kuti mauto aone kana kuti kutambudza vanotsigira kuoneka kwenzeve dzepasi pano.

Kugamuchira Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Paunenge Uchichengeta Usiri Wako

Maturusi emagetsi anogona kuita kuti FOI ikurumidze uye ive yakachipa, asi anokwidziridzawo ngozi dzakavanzika. Unyanzvi hwokushandisa mashoko, kuderedza mashoko, uye mitemo yokudzivirira mashoko yakasimba zvinofanira kufambidzana nokuona. Chinangwa hachisi kuzivisa zvinhu zvakanyatsojeka asi kuzivisa kwakanakisisa, uko kusvika kunobatira fariro yavose pasina kuputsa kodzero dzomunhu oga.

mhedziso

Rusununguko rweMashoko harusi rurangadzi, asi zvishandiso zvinokosha nokuda kwekudzora tsika. Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti mashoko asvike, vanomanikidza hurumende kuita nokuperera, vanopa vagari vemo maidi adzinoda kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo, uye vanoratidzira kusashanda zvakanaka apo ichaitika. Rwendo runobva kuSweden rwegumi namasere rwechigumi namasere rwokuedza kutsika yokuona kwepasi kwenyika yose rwave rwunoshamisa, bva basa riri kure zvikuru. Vadzori, vadzori, vadzori vehurumende, uye chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika zvinotyisidzira chipikirwa chaFOI mumarudzi akawanda. Kuziva kuti kukwanisa kwaro kwaro, mitemo yokuchinja, uye kudzora kusingachinjiki shati. Apo zvinoita, chivimbo icho chinotsigira udzori hunotsigira utongi hunovandudzwa. Chitendero chinodzivirira kudzivirira vamwe vose kururamarura.