Basa Rokuvandudza Kuchinja Kuguma Kwoutano Hwavose

Mitemo youtano yavose iri pakati pezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvine mirau yokudzivirira utano hwevanhu. Kubva kumitemo yetsvina muzana ramakore rechi19 iyo yakadzivisa kutanga kwecholera kusvikira kumirayiro yazvino uno nokuda kwemhepo yakachena nezvinodzivirira nhomba, iyi mitemo inovavarira kuderedza zvirwere, kudzivisa kukuvara, uye kusimudzira zvakanaka. Bva kuvapowo zvako kwemiraudzo hakuvimbisi budiriro yayo. Kushanda kwemiraudzo youtano yavose kunoda kunzvera nokungwarira pakuitwa, kutevedzerwa, kuwirirana, uye, zvinokosha zvikurusa, kuvandudza utano.

Kudzorwa muutano hwavanhu kunoshanda pakupesana kwomutemo, sayenzi, uye mufambiro wenzanga. Apo inosanorongwa uye inomanikidzirwa zvakafanira, mirau inogona kuparira betsero dzinokatyamadza munduramo nerevo youpenyu. Zvisinei, mirau yakarongwa isina kurongwa kana kuti isina kusimba inogona kushatisa zvitengo, kuparira kusavimbana kwavanhu, uye kukundikana kuwana miuyo yazvo yakarondwa. Kunzwisisa zvinoita kuti mirau ibudirire kunokosha kuvagadziri vemitemo, nyanzvi dzezvoutano, uye nzanga zvakafanana.

Kurondedzera Kudzorwa Kwoutano Hworuzhinji

Mitemo youtano yavose inonongedzera kumirau inosungisa pamutemo yakapiwa nezviremera zvomunzvimbomo, nyika, kana kuti zvenyika iyo inoda kana kuti inorambidza miitiro yakati, zvinhu, kana kuti mhoteredzo kudzivirira utano. Iyi mirau inobva mumutemo wemitemo uye kugadzirwa kwemitemo yehurumende. Inofukidza mibato yakafara, kubatanidza chengeteko yezvokudya, kunaka kwemvura, kunzvera hosha, chengeteko yebasa, uye kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakadai sefodya nezvinodhaka.

Kusafanana nenhungamiro dzoutano dzokuzvidira kana kuti nhimbe dzedzidzo, mirau ine simba romutemo, kazhinji kazhinji nezvirango nokuda kwokusawirirana. Iyi nharaunda inobatira pamwe inoita kuti kurangarira kwayo kuve kunokosha zvikuru: apo hurumende dzinoganhurira rusununguko rwomunhu oga kana kuti dzinoisa mutengo pamabhizimisi, dzinofanira kuratidzira kuti betsero dzoutano dzinoruramisa kupindira. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru pamutemo, ona kupetwa kwa World Health Organization kwechiregober coumbishio yeutano[.

Mazita Anokosha Okudzoserwazve Kwoutano Hwavose

Mitemo inobudirira inowanzonanga zvinodzivisa utano zvinokosha zvikurusa uye zvinoshanda. Nzvimbo huru dzinobatanidza:

Kudzora Zvirwere Zvinotapukira

Mitemo iyi yakanzi ndiyo yakabvisa chibhokisi, yakadokubvisa poriyo, uye yakaderedza zvinoshamisa zvirwere zvinodzivirira kurapa. Kubudirira kwemishonga yakadaro kunotsamira pakupfuudzwa kwemari, izvo zvinotoda kuti vanhu vavimbwe uye vaibatsirwe.

Kuchengeteka Kwezvokudya Nemvura

Mitemo inodzora kugadzirwa kwezvokudya, kubata, uye kuiswa mazita mumvura, pamwe chete nemirairo yemvura, inodzivirira mamirioni ezvirwere zvezvokudya nezvinofambiswa nemvura gore negore. Food and Drug Administration yeU.S. (FDA) neEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) yakagadza mipimo inofanira kusvitswa navagadzirisi nevanodzivirira. 2011 Food Safety Moderzation Act yakabvisa pfungwa pakudzivirira, ichida kuti zvivako zvishandise njodzi uye mitemo inodzivirira ngozi.

Zvakatipoteredza Nezvoutano Hwebasa

Mhepo yakachena nezviito zvemvura, miganhu pazvinobudiswa zvine chepfu, mipimo yekotsekano yebasa, uye zvirambidzo pazvinhu zvine ngozi zvakadai seasbestos zvakaderedza hosha isingaperi nekuvadziko. Somuenzaniso, Dare reZvemhepo rakachena reU.S. rakaratidzwa kudzivisa mazana ezviuru zvenzufu dzapamberi gore rimwe nerimwe. EPA] mutengo wekunzvera kwechibharo [ nguva dzose]

Fodya, Doro, uye Kudzora Mutoo Wacho

Mitero inodzorwa, ganhuriro dzokushambadza, mitemo yemhepo isina utsi muimba, zvinodikanwa zvezera zvishoma, uye zvigadzirwa zviri pakati pemiitiro inoshanda zvikuru yokuderedza mutoro wehosha dzinotapukira. Framecow Commission on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) yakaparira fambiro mberi yenyika yose munharaunda ino. Kurangarirwa kweiyi mitemo kunoratidza kuti kurambidzwa kwakakwana pakushambadzira fodya uye mwero wemitero inoshanda zvikuru mukuderedza kushandiswa kwefodya.

Kuongorora Kubudirira Kwenhungamiro: Gadziriro Yezvaunosarudza

Kusarudza kana mirau youtano yavose iri kushanda kunoda mutoo wakawanda.

Utano Hunovapo

Chinonyanya kudzorwa pakudzora utano kupi nokupi isimba rahwo pakurwara, kufa, uye kunaka kwoupenyu. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokurambidzwa kweNew York City kunochinja mafuta, kuiswa muchipatara nokuda kwehosha dzemwoyo uye sitiroko kwakaderera ne 6,2% mumakore anotevera, zvichienzaniswa nokuverengwa kwekudzora. Kuongorora kufambira mberi kwehosha, shanyo dzemadhipati ekurumidziro, kana kuti zviratidzo zvebiologic (zvakadai semwero yeropa) zvinogovera ufakazi hwakananga hwokushanda.

Kushandira Nokumanikidza

Chiratidzo chinogona kuva chakakwana papepa asi chisingashandi kana chikasateverwa. Mwero yeCompance(* inoyerwa kupfurikidza nenzvero, mishumo, kana kuti mashoko okutengesa ) zivisa kuti nzanga inodzorwa inosanonamatira sei kumirano yemitemo. Zviito zvokudzoresa, zvakadai sefaindi kana kuti marezesidhi, zvinoratidza ukombi hwekuputsa. Kudzika mutemo kune simba kunowanzotsanangura chikonzero nei mimwe mitemo ichikundikana kuita budiriro dzoutano, sezvinooneka munharaunda dzine zvirambidzo zvokusvota zvinodzorwa nemapurisa zvakashata.

Kuziva Vanhu uye Kugamuchirwa

Mitemo inoshanda zvakanakisisa apo ruzhinji runonzwisisa mufungo warwo ndokutsigira kuita kwarwo. Nzvero namapoka akananga zvinogona kuyera kuziva mitemo (sezvikurukuru, mitemo yechigaro, mitemo isina utsi) uye kudisa kwavanhu kuwirirana. Kungwarira kana kuti chishoro chakasimba, zvikurukuru apo mirau inorangarirwa seyakanyanyokurirwa, inogona kusekesa kunyange mirairo yakavakirwa paufakazi.

Miuyo Yemitengo Netapuro Yemari

Mitemo inoisa ndyiko pavanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, uye hurumende. Iyi inofanira kurangarirwa mubetsero dzoutano. Kunzvera kwemitengo inoparira miuyo youtano padhora rimwe nerimwe rinopedzwa, kazhinji kazhinji sendyiko pagore roupenyu rakagadzirwa zvakanaka (MAZVO) raponeswa. Vatengi veMitemo yeBasa reBasa reU.S. Vanoshandisa miuyo inoparira betsero dzemari (kupfurikidza nendyiko dzoutano dzakaderedzwa, kuwanda kwemitengo, uye upenyu hunoshanda hurefu) sezvingabvira zvikuru vanobatira zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusasarura Nemigumisiro Yakarongerwa

Kudzikamiswa kunobudirira hakufaniri kuva nemitoro isingaenzaniswi yavagari vemo vanotapurwa. Somuenzaniso, mitero yefodya inokwira ingaderedza kusvuta pakati pamapoka anowana mari shoma asi inomanikidzirawo bhajeti dzemhuri kana isingawirirani netsigiro yemari. Migumisiro isingakarirwi yakadai semisika mitema yezvinhu zvakarambidzwa kana kuti kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka zvakawedzerwa pamusha pashure pokurambidza kunwa kwavose.

Matambudziko Anoderedza Kutungamirira

Kunzwisisa zvipingamupinyi zvinokosha pakuvandudza magadzirirwo uye kushandiswa kwemitemo yacho.

Kushora Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nekwepamutemo

Maindasitiri anotsiva mhindu anowanzowedzera denho dzapamutemo kana kuti kupesvedzera nokuda kwemirairo isina kusimba. Makambani efodya akarwisa kurambidzwa kwokusvuta kwamakumi amakore; indasitiri yeshuga yakadzivisa mitero yesoda. Kusunungurwa kwapamutemo, uko mwero yakakwirira yemirau inodzivisa miganhu yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, ndiimwe mhinganidzo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende zhinji dzeU.S. dzakapa mitemo inorambidza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kugamuchira mitero yezvinwiwa zvinodhakisa zveshuga, inoderedza zviito zveutano zvavanhu vose.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Kuronga mitemo kunoda vanzveri vakarovedzwa, simba rerabhoritari, masangano emashoko, uye vashandi vapabudiriri. Nyika dzakaderera napakati kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshaiwa izvi zvinhu, kuchitungamirira kukusawirirana kwakapararira. Kunyange munyika dzakapfuma, mabhajeti anogona kusiya masangano anodzorwa nehurumende. Dambudziko reCOVID ra19 rakaratidzwa pachena mikaha yemitemo yokuita kuti mitemo yekotsekano yebasa igovererwe nokuparadzaniswa.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokukamukana

Mitemo inogona kuva ine udzame zvikuru, inobatanidza masangano akawanda nemitemo. Mugadziri wezvokudya angada kuwirirana nemitemo yomunzvimbomo yezveutano, mipimo yekotsekano yehurumende, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvamarudzi ose. Kurova maoko kana kuti kupesana kunogona kuvhiringidza masangano anodzorwa uye kutora mwana zvishoma. Kupfavisa uye kudzikamisa mitemo, sezvinokurudzira Global Health Security Agenda, kunogona kuvandudza kuteerera.

Kuramba Maitiro Netsika

Mitemo youtano yavose inoshanda zvakanaka inofanira kupinda munzanga kupfurikidza nekurukurirano yakajeka, kuvaka chivimbo, uye, apo zvakakodzera, kusunungura kana kuti kurudziro panzvimbo pokumanikidzira kwakachena.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Mukuchinja Kunobudirira

Kuongorora kubudirira kwenyika chaiyo kunogovera zvidzidzo zvinoshanda zvokuronga mitemo yomunguva yemberi.

Mitemo Yemotokari Nechengeteko Yemotokari

Mitemo yepokugara inobvumira mapurisa kumisa vatyairi nemhaka bedzi yokusapfeka bhelt, yakawedzera kushandiswa kwe 90% mune dzimwe nyika. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration yeUnited States inofungidzira kuti magate anochengetedza matunhu akaponesa upenyu hunenge 15 000 muna 2017 moga. Mitemo yacho inoshanda nokuti inobatanidza mitemo yakajeka, kudzikamisa kunooneka (kazhinji kazhinji nenzvimbo dzokuongorora), uye mabhizimisi edzidzo avose anoita kuti tsika yacho ive yogaro.

Mitemo Yemhepo Isina Utsi Mumba

Kuramba vachirambidza kusvuta kunoitwa kumabasa, mumaresitorendi, uye mumabhawa kwakaderedza kusvuta utsi hwevanosvuta ne80 - 90% munzvimbo dzakawanda. Nzvero dzinoitwa kubva kuIreland, Scotland, uye dzimwe nyika dzeUnited States dzinoratidza kuderera kukuru mukuiswa kwezvirwere zvemwoyo muchipatara mugore rimwe chete. Mitemo iyi yakakurumbira kunyange pakati pevasingasvuti, uye kuzviisa pasi kunenge kuchiitwa apo mutemo unobatanidza faindi yemhosho uye nzira dzinoshandiswa nevanhu vose.

Purogiramu Yokudzora Fodya yeCalifornia

Mutoo wamativi akawanda weCalifornia (kubvisa mitero yakakwirira, nhimbe dzezvinobudisa nhau, uye mitemo yemhepo yakachena yomunzvimbomo) zvakaderedza kupararira kwokusvuta kwevakuru kubva pa 22% muna 1988 kusvikira kuinenge 10% nhasi. Independent inoyera budiriro kumari inotsigirwa, nzanga dzakasimba, uye kudisa kugamuchira matanho akavakirwa paufakazi pasinei zvapo nechishoro cheindasitiri. Puro yacho yakabvisawo miganhu mumwe yokusvuta kupfurikidza nokuvhota mari yakaderera nenzanga duku.

Kugadzirwa Kwakaitwa Mvura Munharaunda

Kuwedzera fluoride kumitengo yemvura yavose pamwero wakanakisisa itsika yavagari vemo yedzinongedzerwa zvikuru. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inoidana kuti chimwe chezviitwa zvine gumi zvikuru zvoutano hwavanhu vose muzana ramakore rechi 20. Mutemo unoshanda nemhaka yokuti haidi chiito chomunhu oga, inosvika mapoka ose enzanga, uye yaita makumi amakore echengeteko yekotseko. Mutengo womunhu mumwe nomumwe unova muduku kumutengo wokuzadza mazino mumwe chete.

Nzira Dzokuyera Nadzo Kubudirira Kutungamirira

Kunzvera kwokushingaira kunoda muvhenganiswa wezvirongwa zvefundo namanyuko amanyuko amaidi. Mitoo mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Nzvero dzendangariro: Kuenzanisa zvimiro zveutano mumativi anoshandisa murairo naavo vasingashandisi, vachishandisa wirirano-musiyano, nhevedzano yenguva, kana kuti kudzokororwa kwemiitiro.
  • Kuedza kwetsika: Gadziriro yokuchinja kusingadzorwi navanzveri, zvakadai sehurumende inokwidza zera rokutenga fodya nepo nyika dziri pedyo dzisingadaro.
  • Cost-benfit netsananguro dzemutengo: Kuisa mativi outano mumitengo yemari kana kuti masangano outano uye kuzvienzanisa nokushandisa ndyiko.
  • Kunzvera: Kuedza kutendeka kwokuita, kusvika mibato yokusimbisa, uye mhinganidzo kuwirirana kupfurikidza nebvunzurudzo, kunzvera, uye hwirudzuro.
  • Mashoko eIndaneti: Kushandisa nhamba dzinokosha, zvinyorwa zvokubudisa chipatara, kunyoresazve, uye kunzvera mashoko kuronda miitiro yenhambo refu pamberi napashure pomurairo.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Dzokudzoresa Utano Hworuzhinji

Kuchinja kuri kuita utano hwevanhu kuri kuchinja nokukurumidza, zvichikonzerwa nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kufamba munyika yose, kurwisa mishonga inorwisa utachiona, uye kuwedzera kwemakombiyuta outano.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemashoko uye Kugadziridzwa

Mitemo chaiyoiyo yenguva inobva mumarekodhi outano hwemagetsi, kunzvera kwemasero echinyakare, uye syndromic respolets zvinogona kubvumira vadzori kuti vaone tyisidziro dzinobuda uye mitemo igadziridze inoshanda. Nhevedzo inochinja.

Kukwana Kwoutano Senheyo Yemitemo

Mitemo yenguva yemberi inofanira kurangarira zvakajeka kuti magadzirirwo azvo anotapura sei mapoka asina maturo. Kunzvera kwechikaro, kwakafanana netapuro dzoutano, kunogona kusimbiswa mumuitiro wokudzora. Tsika dzinoderedza kusawirirana, dzakadai sokuderedza kurapa kwokutsiva chikakananda pamwe chete nemitero yefodya, dzine bviro huru yokuwana chiverengero chavagari vemo pasina kukuvadza varombo.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Nokubvumirana

Mirayiro yapamusoro inogona kuparira kupesana. Mitezo inochinja nzanga, vamiririri vemaindasitiri, uye nzanga mumirayiro yavanhu inogona kuwedzera kuva yapamutemo neyokuteerera. Mitemo inodzorwa yebhizimisi, umo maindasitiri anotarisirwa nehurumende, yakashandiswa munharaunda dzakadai sokushambadzira zvokudya kuvana uye mashoko asina kururama outano paIndaneti. Kujeka mukugadziridza mitemo, nhambo dzetsinhiro dzakazaruka, uye dare rinoramba riri madikanwa.

Kudzora Nyika Yose Nokudzorwa Kwemuchinjikwa

Ngozi zhinji dzoutano (somuenzaniso, kushatiswa kwemhepo, kurambwa kwemishonga inorwisa utachiona, uye fodya kuverevedza tsvina . Zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, zvakadai seWHO FCTC neInternational Health Regionalment, zvinogovera gadziriro dzechiito chechiito chakabatana. Kusimbisa batira pamwero yenyika yose, kubatanidza kuzivana kwemipimo namashoko, zvinogona kuvandudza kushanda kunopfuura uko rudzi rupi norupi runogona kuita. Rongedzero yeWHO pakurwisana nemishonga yeBP] inoratidzira kudikanwa kwemitemo inotsinhiraniswa munyika dzose.

mhedziso

Kunzvera kushanda kwemitemo youtano yavose haisi muitiro wenguva imwe asi muitiro unopfuurira wokunzvera kwokutsoropodza, kudzidza, uye kuchinjika. Mirairo inobudirira zvikurusa ndeiyo yakavakirwa muufakazi hwakasimba, yakagadzirwa nezvinoiswa padziyo, yakamanikidzirwa nguva dzose, uye yakasanoyera mitoo inoshandiswa nesimba iyo inoparirwa nemigumisiro yose iri yose iri miviri yakarongedzerwa neisina kurondwa. Nepo denho dzakadai sechishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika, mitengo yepfuma, uye kurambwa kwetsika inopfuurira, chinyorwa chemiraudzo inobudirira kudzo yefodya, / madhimoni anodzorwa anogona kuponesa upenyu pamwero mukuru.

Vagadziri vemitemo, vanzveri, uye vanhu vanofanira kupfuurira kubvunza mibvunzo yakaoma: Ko murairo wacho uri kuwana zvinangwa zvawo zvoutano here?