Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero Dzakanaka

Chizvarwa chakagadzwa chainzwisisa kuti rusununguko harungagoni kuvapo pasina gadziriro yorudungwe. Paiungana nhume muPhiladelphia muna 1787, vakanga vasiri kungonyora havo gwaro rekodzero ne(*) vakanga vachivaka hurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kudzivirira rudzi patyisidziro dzokumwe, kumukira, uye nyongano yomukati, bva yakaganhurirwa zvakakwana kudzivisa kudzika muudzvinyiriri. Iyi mibato miviri inosimbiswa mugadziriro younyanzvi yeMitemo yeMitemo: Articlement I anopa simba rokugovera dziviriro yavose negarikano yavose, nepo Bill of Rights idzika miganhuro yakajeka pachiremera chehurumende yehurumende.

James Madison, munyori mukuru weBill of Rights, akaziva kuti kodzero dzakati kuti (sokutaura, mapepanhau, uye gungano) dzingavharwa padzinenge dzaita ngozi yechokwadi kuchengeteko yavose. Mumashoko ake kubva kuFirst Congress, Madison akabvuma kuti “kodzero dzehana, dzokutakura zvombo, dzokutaura nokudhinda, uye dzokubatanidza” dzakanga dzisina kunyorwa. Uku kuzivikanwa kwaiita kuti American jurisprunence ive yagara ichichinja kubvira ipapo. Mitemo yehurumende yapakuvamba, yakadai seAligien neSedition Acts ye1798, yakaratidzira kuoma kwokunyora mashoko iwayo: kushora kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika muzita rekotsekanhengerwo rwenyika, kudzosera zvinotyisa uye pakupedzisira mabasa okudzosera nyika.

Varidzi vekodzero dzemunhu nechengeteko havasi vanhu vakawanda; vanokwanisa kunge vaitarisira kuti zvinhu zvinenge zvachinja, zvougandanga, kana kuti zvirwere zvinongoitika, asi vakasiya mutemo unoita kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chide kuongorora mubvunzo mumwe chete uyu unokosha: Rusununguko rwakawanda sei runofanira kupiwa kuti chichengeteke, uye ndiani anosarudza?

Zviratidzo Zvedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Mupimo Wengozi Wakajeka Newazvino

Mu Scheck v. United States (1919), Mutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes akanyora chinoramba chiri chimwe chemiedzo inodudzwa zvikurusa mumutemo weFirst Amendment: kutaura kungaganhurirwa kana kuchiparira “ngozi yakajeka neyaparipo” yokuparira zvakaipa izvo Hurumende ine maruramiro okudzivisa. Mhaka yacho yamuka mukati meHondo yeNyika I, apo Charles Schenck akaparadzira mapepa anokurudzira kudzivisa kuiswa kwamauto. Dare rakatsigira kupwiswa kwake, richirangarira kuti migariro yenguva yehondo inoruramisa migariro yekutaura uko kungagona kudzivirirwa munguva yorugare. Ikoku, kunyange zvazvo gare gare gare gare yakanatswa mu [FLT] Branburg v.[FT][FT][3]

Chengeteko yeNyika Yose Norusununguko Rwokufambisa

Hafu yezana ramakore gare gare, mhaka yePentagon Papers, [[FLT] New York Times Co. v. United States [771], yakaedza kana hurumende yaigona kushandisa chengeteko yorudzi sezvikonzero nokuda kwokudzivisa kusati kwaitika. Dare Gurusa rakatonga kutungamirira Nixon, rikabata kuti hurumende yakanga isina kusangana nomutoro unorema unodikanwa kururamisa murairo wakadaro. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisazve basa renhau secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende, chakasiya bviro yokuti kudzo isati yaitika ingagona kubvumirwa mumigariro yakakomba, yakadai sokuzivisa masangano eNixon kana kuti mabasa okuvharira. Kuramba ikoko kukurukura mutengo nhasi, zvikurukuru sechitsarirano chinorwisana nokuregwa kwehurumende.

Midziyo Yehondo Ne Amendedzero Yechipiri

Delief of Columbia v. Heller [2008] yakaratidzira nguva yakapererwa mukurukurirano yekodzero. Dare rakakurira Washington D.C. chirambidzo chepfuti, richiita kuti Pendment yeChipiri idzivirire kodzero yomunhu oga nokutakura zvombo. Kunyange zvakadaro murangariro wakanyorwa neMutongi Antonin Scalia, wakacherekedza zvakajeka kuti rudyi hahuna kuganhurirwa: “Hapana chinhu mumurangariro wedu chinofanira kuiswa kupanikirwa pamusoro pezvirambidzo zvireviso zvirefu zvinoiswa papfuti kupfurikidza nezvipfuti kurwara nezvinotambudza mundangariro, kana kuti kurambidza kutakura zvombo munzvimbo dzinotaputisisa sezvikoro nezvivako zvehurumende. Chisarudzo chakagadza chakagadza chemitemo yomutemo womunzvimbomo kuti chisadzike.

Simba Renyika Neautonomy Imwe Chete

Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT:] (2012), Dare rakataura kana Congress ichida vanhu kuti vatenge inishuware youtano muchiremera chayo cheChem Claus. Kunyange zvazvo nhau yacho ichiwanzokurukurwa mukuwirirana nehurumende, yakabatanidza zvakananga kusagadzikana kwekodzero: hurumende yakapikisa kuti gadziriro yezvoutano inoshanda yaitsamira pakutora rutivi rwakafarama kuti ivimbise utano hwevoruzhinji nedzikamo yemari, nepo vapi vairamba murairo weSangano yeSangano reSangano reHurumende John Roberts vakatsigira maruramiro ehurumende somutero asi vakaramba Claus, chiratidzo chokuti kunyange kuchengeteko yapachena inofanira kuremekedza muganhu wemitemo yemitemo yavose.

Kupenya Kwenguva Ino

Kuwedzera Kwezvitayera Nemiganhu Ye Amendedzero Yechina

Kuwanda kwemichina yemichina kwakashandura kuongorora zvinhu. Pashure pekudenha kwepaSeptember 11, Congress yapfuura USA PATRIOT Act, kufutunura kwamasimba emitemo okutarisira kurukurirano, zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, uye mufambiro wokufamba. Mapoka ezvokuronga avagari vemo nenyanzvi dzemitengo zvakadenha gadziriro idzo, dzakapesana, dzakaputsa dziviriro yeGPSD yakareji yeCHED yoKunzvera nokusuruvara. United States v. Jones, Dare rapamusoro rakasarudza kuti mugwagwa weGPS uise mumugwagwa mumugwagwa unofungidzirwa kuti ushandiswe pasina dziviriro, asi mubvunzo mukuru wemitengo unochengetwa. Mukurukurirano pakati pekuchengeteka kwapanyika nechengeteka nyika inodzorwa zvikuru pamusoro pezvitengo, kuchekerwa nokushandiswa kwemapurisa asingashorerwi nemapurisa. Majeri anodzo asingarwi anodzoreswa zvikuru nokuda kwezvitokisi.

Kudzora Pfuti Pashure Pokunge Vapedzi Vapedzi Vacho

Sezvo [[FLT: 0] matare maduku akarwisana nemarudzi eganhuriro dzepfuti kuti ndedzipi dzemitemo inobvumirwa mumutemo. Mitemo inobatanidza zvirambidzo zvezvombo zvokudenha, ganhuriro dzamagazini, uye “hapashomausisvunyu” zvichitarisana na“Ipane dare rakapfuudza mitemo yakabudisa mativi akasiana okutonga. Mu [[FLT:] New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2022] [2002], Dare Rapamusoro rakapfuudzirazve ukuru hweRemende reChimbishipi, richiita kuti zvinodikanwa zveNew York zviratidzirwe kuti “chisakiso chapanyuko chapanyo chakavara kuputsa maoko. [Purcence] Brey, anotsinhirana basa guru mukunzvera nokuedza kwamasimba masimba echineicho, pepanhau rinotorotsungidzira pamutemo.

Utano Hwavose uye Kuzvishandisa Zvisina Kufanira

Mukati medenda reCOVID , hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvakaisa mirairo yokuvhara, miganhu yokuunganidza miganhu, mirairo yokupfiga, uye zvinodikanwa zvenhomba. Iyi mipimo youtano yavose yakakurumidza kudenhwa sechikanganiso parusununguko rworudzidziso, rusununguko rweungano, uye kuzvitonga kwomuviri. Dare Gurusa rakabudisa miraudzo yekurumidziro inoverengeka, yakadai se Katurike yeBrooklyn Diocese yeBrooklyn v. Cuomo [20], iyo yakaputsa miganhuro yokunamata yeNew York seinoputsa Free Confection Resition’ssion Classiexe. Nhau yekuti kana kurapa kushata kodzero dzinodikanwa kutora mushonga wechiuto. Chiratiko chakabvumikisa kuti ganhurirwa nokukurumidza miganhuro yemite yemigo yadzo inokwanisa kudzo inodzo inodzora nokukurumidza, kazhinji kacho inoshaiwa maruramiro okugovera.

Kutaura Norusununguko Pakafambwa uye Munzvimbo Yavose

Kusasarura uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvakatarisana nedzvinyiriro inowedzera yokuganhurira kutaura kunonyandura masimba masimba, kuparadzira mashoko, kana kuti kunetsa nzanga dzinopesana. Nepo First Amendment inodzivirira kunyange kutaura kunogumbura zvikuru, kumuka kwezvinobudisa nhau kwakakudziridza kuvadziko chaidzoidzo dzenyika dzenzanga dzezvikwata zvevatano nemhiri kwamapepanhau (paIndaneti) kukuvadziko chaiyo)) kupfura kwechikoro kwakatangira netyisidziro dzekurwisa kutambudzwa kwekunetsa vanhu muupenyu hwavo. Matare akaramba achidavira kuti tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kunyandurira kuti chiito chokusateerera mutemo chive pedyo, uye kuzvidza hakuna kudzivirirwa, asi muganhu uri pakati pechirevo chinodzivirira nengozi inoita chiito unowanzova usina kujeka. Somuenzaniso, nguva iri Dare Repamusorosoro rinouya richabatanidza nhau kana hurumende ichigona kukumbira kuti ibvise zvinhu zvinofungwa nehurumende kuti ive ive muganhu wakaipa, kuongorora muganhu wedzidziso mutsika yedzidziso.

Kudzikamisa Mabasa Anokosha Mudzidziso Yepamutemo

Mativi Escrutiny

Matare eAmerica anoshandisa mwero yakasiana---phaana yokunzvera kutsamira pakodzero inobatanidzwa uye chiito chehurumende panhau. Nzvero dzakasimba dzinoda kodzero dzinokosha dzakadai sokutaura norusununguko, kurovedza kworudzidziso, uye Pession yeChipiri (84) inonzvera hurumende kuratidza fariro inomanikidzira uye inoratidza kuti mutemo wayo unosanogadzirirwa kuti usvike. Kunzvera kwainoshandiswa kunzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa munguva inogarwa, nzvimbo, uye tsika, hazvimanikidzi. Nheyo dzapashure, dzinotsigira mitemo yakadzika kutoti yadzoke chose chose chose. Iyi nzira inorehwa kuti igove kuumba muitiro wokudzika, kuvimbisa kuti kodzero dzinogamuchira dziviriro huru nepo dzichibvumira ganhuriro apo fariro yavose ichiri yakasimba zvikuru. Zvisinei, vatsoropotetete matare anofuratira zvikuru, kuti anoramba kuti ngozi inowanzova inoshanda nenzira inodzorwa zvikuru.

Basa Rekuisa Zuva Pachena uye Kutungamirira

Masangano mazhinji akabatanidza zvikamu zvemitemo zvokunyura kwezuva izvo zvinowedzera kwechinguvana simba rehurumende nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokuchengeteka (somuenzaniso, zvibvumikiso zvokunzvera pasi peFreigent Surveillance Act (FA). Izvi zvirongwa zvinoda kunyorwazve kwapanhambo nenhambo, kumanikidza vaiti vemitemo kudzokororazve kudikanwa uye kuenzana kweganhuriro pakodzero. Kutarisisa nokuzvimirira, zvakadai seIndacy neCivil Liberies Oversing Force Active Act, mitoooct inoedza kuchengeta dzikamo pasina kuraira kupfuurira. Utano hweizvi zvirongwa zvinonzvera hunochinja zvikuru, uye vatsoropopo vanoona kuti kazhinji mitumbi inochengeta chiremera kana kuti inobatwa namasangano anoona.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa

Mutemo wemitemo weAmerica wakatanhamara mumwero waunoisa maruramiro avanhu panzvimbo yekotsekano yavose. Dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, dzakadai seCanada, United Kingdom, uye Germany, kazhinji kazhinji dzinobvumira ganhuriro dzakakura pakutaura, kuungana, uye kuva voga nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokuchengeteka kwavanhu. Somuenzaniso, Charter of Rights yeCanada yekodzero dzekodzero neFreedoms pasi peChikamu 1 chinopesana ne “miganhu ine mufungo yakarongwa nomutemo sezvinganzi madhimoni anoruramiswa nenzira inoruramiswa munzanga yakasununguka nedemokramendi." Pamushonga wezvo, nyika dzeEurope dzinoisa miganhuro yetsika negadziriro dzemazambiringa yepasipo netsono inopesana nemitemo inopesana nemitemo inopesana. Bva U. matare anowanzova anopanikira pachena kuti kuganhurirana kusingashandi. Nyanzvi dzedzidzo dzinorangarira kukurambira pakodzero dzamagaro pakodzero dzavanhu veAmerica dzinodzivisa kuzvidzivirira kukuvadziko dzinobudirira.

Zvinokurudzirwa Vanoita Mitemo

Vagadziri vemitemo pamitengo yose vanofanira kufunga nezvenheyo dzinotevera pakunyora mitemo ine chokuita nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo:

  • Chirango:[ Kuganhurirwa kupi nokupi pakodzero kunofanira kuva kwakaenzana netyisidziro yekotsekano yakawanwa. Chirambidzo chebutiro hachiwanzoruramiswa kana mwero wakanangidzirwa, wakatetepa zvikuru uchigona kusvika nharidzano imwe cheteyo.
  • ZVINOTAURWA ZVINOTAURWA: Hurumende dzinofanira kuunganidza mashoko anoratidzira ukombi hwetyisidziro nokushanda kwechiyero chinokarakadzwa. Matare angava anosuruvarisa zvikuru apo vaiti vemitemo vanogovera chinyorwa chakasimba chezviwanwa.
  • Mipimo Yokunze: Pamberi pokuganhurira maruramiro, hurumende inofanira kurangarira ndokugamuchira chisarudzo chinoisa mutoro mudukusa parusununguko rwomunhu apo ichiri kudzivirira kotsekano yavanhu.
  • Mitemo inoganhurira kodzero mukati memigariro yekurumidziro inofanira kubatanidza mipimo yakajeka, ganhuriro dzenguva, kushuma zvinodikanwa, uye nzira dzokurangarira. Vagari vanofanira kukwanisa kudenha kunyengera.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano chePublic:[[FLT: 1] Mitemo, nhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose, uye kubvunza kwavose kunogona kubudisa miuyo isingakanwi uye kubetsera kuronga uko kunoremekedza maruramiro apo unenge uchiwana nharidzano dzekotsekano.

Denho Yokutsungirira

Bumbiro reMitemo harina kugadzirirwa kuva chibvumirano chokuzviuraya, uyewo rakanga risina kuitirwa kusiya vanhu vasina dziviriro. Kurwisa kunodzokororwazve kuwana tsinhirano pakati perusununguko nechengeteko chinhu chinoitwa neAmerica, kwete chiputsi. Unyanzvi hutsva, magariro anochinja, uye njodzi dzisingafanoonekwi zvichapfuurira kuedza kudzikamisa. Nhau inoratidza kuti kupindira kukurusa pakodzero dzinoitika muzita rekotsekateko, uye kundikano yakakomba zvikurusa pane dzimwe nguva inobva mukusashanda zvakanaka. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunosimba hunofanira kuva hunokwanisa kuchengeta zvose zviri zviviri kuchengeteka kwapachena nerusununguko rwomunhu runopa upenyu kumipimo werudzi. Kuwana kuti kudikanwa kwoungwa kwokungwarira bedzi asi kunoitwa navagari vemo avo vanonzwisisa mapango anorevo kushambata nyore nyore.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona muedzo weRegion Information Institute wenzvero dzedzikamo , Constitution Anongedzerwa panjodzi yakajeka neyazvino uno [[[FLT:], uye [[FLT]][FLT]] , [[FLT][4] Pent Center yenzvero yesvukiro pachivandedzero nezvimiro zvendangariro zvokunzvera [[[FTLT:5]]. Kunyudza kwakadza zvikuru muFirifiti yeFirime yeChipiri pashure [[FT:] BB] B [FLT]], [FT] Center yaMakururo[FT]