Chitendero chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica chinotsamira papfungwa yokuti vanhu vose vanosikwa vakaenzana uye vakafanirwa neruramisiro mumutemo. Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinobatira sorugwaro rwakavakirwa pairi rugwaro rwechikamu, asi revo yaro haina kutongova yakarerekera. Igadziriro yakagadzirirwa nzanga ine mibatanidzwa mizhinji, inoda kutsanangurwa kwenguva dzose, kugadziriswa, uye kudzorwa kwakafanirwa kuti zvipikirwa zvaro zvive zvakatambanukira kuvagari vose. Iyi rondedzero inonzvera mashongwe emitemo yetsika youenzani neruramisiro, inoratidzira mhindumupinduko yavo kupfurikidza nemirairo yetsika, maSangano makurusa, masangano enzanga anopesvedzera, uye denho dzinorondedzera pamutemo.

Kuumbwa Kwenheyo kweBumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba, rakanyoreswa muna 1787, rakanga riri gwaro retsika iro simba rehurumende rakadzikama nouchangamire hwehurumende. Nepo risina kushandisa zvakajeka shoko "kuenzana," nheyo dzaro dzakanga dzadzikwa mumifungo yokuvhenekerwa. Nheyo dzePregail’s ku "Sarudzo" uye "kushambadzira Ruramisiro" rakagovera hwaro hwetsika nehwapamutemo nokuda kwekusimudzirwa kwapashure kwekodzero dzehurumende. Zvisinei, rugwaro rwapakuvamba rwakaisawo kusaenzana kukuru, zvikurukuru kupesana kweVatatu navapfuudziri veTsvuri. Kunyamiswa pakati perusununguko nouranda kwakanga kuri chivi chapakuvamba chebumbiro remitemo, kupesana kwaizoda pakupedzisira hondo yavagari vemo kuti vatange.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Norusununguko

Kugadziriswa kwakaitwa muna 1791, kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga kunoisa miganhu yakajeka pasimba rehurumende rokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. First Amendment inovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Gamende Yechina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari. Zvibvumirano zveChishanu nerechitanhatu zvinotanga kodzero dzakafanira mukuita utsotsi, kubatanidza kodzero dzokutongwa nokudzivirirwa pakusasarura. Dare guru rakavamba mutoo wekuzvidzivirira pakodzero dzekuzvidzora. Kudzivirira kwaSendrethmeters kunodzivisa utsinye nechirango. Pakutanga, idzi kodzero dzakangoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende yeChirungu. Kwakatokokera muzana remakore rechi20, kusvikira paGadhi rePhinda Rendementation Programme, kuti Dare Gurusalvementation itange mutoo wokuzvidzivirira pa "corration," kudzivirira maruramiro eredhiyose renyika yose.

Kugadziridza: Kuvapo Kwechipiri

Hurumende ye13, yechi14, uye 15 yeMitemo, yakatenderwa mushure meHondo yeChivili, inomirira kukura kwerugwaro kwakatanhamara zvikurusa kwokuenzana neruramisiro munhau yeAmerica. Pendement yechi 13th Amendment yakabvisa uranda nouranda. Pession yechi15 yairambidza kurambwa kwekodzero yokuvhota parudzi, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Gadziriro ye14 ndiyo musimboti weiyi chinjo yemitemo. Chitunzi chayo Classianace chakabvisa Scott v. Sandford , inozivisa vanhu vose vakaberekerwa muUnited States vagari vemo. Kudzivirira kwacho kwakagovera mipimo yetsika yapamutemo inodenha.

Chipikirwa cheReconstruct chakakwikwidzwa namasimba masimba. Kumuka kwemitemo yeCrow, kutsaura, uye kupesana kwegadziriro yeMarudzi evatema kwakaregeredzwa zvikuru neDare Rapamusoro muzvisarudzo zvakadai se , Chivil Rights Macaetis [1883]), chakaparadza Chirevo chekodzero dzechivonipeni cha 1875, uye [[FLT:] P [FLT] v. Ferguson [1866], iyo yakatsigira kusarura dzinza pasi pe "Flatelse" dzidziso. Kwarote-zana ramakore, maResmendectivementssss, kushandukira kwadzo dzinobvira. [FLD] [FT]

Kuchinja Kunofambira Mberi uye Kunoshatisa

Hurumende ye16, yechi17, yechi18, uye yechi19 yakaratidzira kuvavarira kweNhambo inofambira mberi nokuda kwokuvandudzwa kwenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika. Pession yechi17th Amendment yakatanga kuvhota kwakananga kwaSenator, kuchideredza ushati nokuwedzera kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Hurumende yechi 19th Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1920, yakarambidza kurambwa kwekodzero yokuvhota paboota, rukundo rukuru rwesangano ravakadzi rakanga rave richivakwa kwamakumi amakore. Gare gare gare gare kugadziriswa kwakapfuurira kukudza frantise: Chechi yechi 24 (1964) yakarambidza mitero yokuvhotera, iyo yakanga yave yakashandiswa kubvisa maruramiro okuvhotera paBrati, uye kupfuudza 26 perejimendex kupindura makore 18, kuti igovakwe kuti vakura nokuda kwehondo. Iyi idzoro inodzorerwe nokuda kwokubudirira kugadziriswa kwehurumende.

Kududzira Kunoratidza Kutonga

Dare Gurusa rinoshanda somupinyi wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo, uye mirau yaro pakuenzana neruramisiro inoumba chiteshi chomutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo veAmerica. Chiteshi chedare chinoratidzira mibvunzo yaikwikwidzwa zvikurusa yenyika pamusoro pouenzani. Nepo zvimwe zvisarudzo zvakakudziridza rusununguko, zvimwe zvakasimbisa kusarura, zvichiratidzira simba guru reDare noukoshi hukuru hweziviro yedare.

Kupesanisa Dzidziso Yakasiyana Asi Yakaenzana

NAACP Legal Defense Fund, yakatungamirirwa naThurfall Marshall, yakagadzira nzira yapamutemo yokudenha nayo kuganhura. Vakarangana kupedza kufunda dzidzo yokutanga, nhau dzakafanana ne Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada[ [[FFFF]]] [FFL:] [[FFFOL:]] na [[FFF:]] . [195] [194], inotoita kuti izivikaidzo kubatana kana kuti kuita nzvimbo dzakafanana. Rukukunda kwakanga kuri [[FLT]] [[10].[10] Nhengero dzinotemwa naro dzinodzoka] [murongedzero yapamutemo] [[FFFF].N] [ir.N]

Kuva Woga, Rusununguko, uye Kuzvishandira

Dare rakazivawo maruramiro echinongedzero chebumbiro remitemo kukuva voga, akadzika mu "penumbras" uye "kuchinja" kweChinyorwa chaMarurano. Mu Gerold v. Connecticut[ (65), Dare rakaputsa mutemo unorambidza kushandiswa kwezvisakafanira kuvata pamuviri nembata. Uku kurura maruramiro okuumba hwaro hwe [[FLT:]] RYP] r [FOFF] v. Wade v. [[FLT] [12] [7] [7] [7] [7], unozivikanwa naMado kurura pamutemo kuti maruramiro omuviri pasi pezvibvumirano zvechinjo dzinoramba kupfurikidza.[5] [mumumumutengodzo wechipo]

Kuwedzera Kuenzana

Kushandiswa kweDare Kudzivirira Claus kwakakura zvishoma nezvishoma kudzivirira mapoka anopfuura marongerwo echinjo yapakuvamba yePremence. Mu Reed v. , Dare rakabvisa mutemo wairambidza vakadzi kutarisira nzvimbo, wairatidzira nguva yokutanga Dare rakashandiswa kunzvera mativi ose echirume neasati asvika. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa mu [[FLT:] Krag v. Boren[F3][FF:] na [FFFF]].[FFFFF].[10][10]

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nedare Rehnquist/Roberts

Dare rakaitawo rutivi rwakaoma mumaruramiro okuvhota. Nepo rakadzivirira nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, v. Reynolds v. Sims, 1964, rakanetesawo zvikuru Dare reKodzero rekodzero dzapamberi pekuvhota. Mu [[FLT:]] Shelby County v. Raker (2013), Dare rakaparadza nzira yakashandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoro ipi ine nhau yorusaruro yaifanira kuchinja pakuvamba kuvhotera mitemo yavo nehurumende. Dare rakataura kuti mutoo wokutsiva wakanga watongerwa. Mumushonga we [FLT] [FLT] [F] [FFF]

Masangano Enzanga Senyanzvi Dzokuchinja Kunoita Bumbiro Romutemo

Bumbiro reMitemo harizvimanikidzi. Fambiro mberi mukuenzana neruramisiro dzinosundwa namasangano ouswa uye kuronga kudzora kunomanikidzira chiito chomutemo nechokutonga. Masangano aya anoshanda mumukaha pakati pezvipikirwa zvisingaoneki zveBumbiro reMitemo neidi chairoidzo dzerusarurano. Anoshandura zvinodikanwa zvenzanga munharo dzebumbiro remitemo, achigombedzera matare namasangano omutemo kuti apindure.

Sangano Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo (1950s - 1960)

Chivil Rights Movement yakanga iri chirongwa chokurwisa kusarurana kwedzinza nerusaruro. Vatungamiriri vakaita saMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, naJohn Lewis vakashandisa chiito chisina masimba masimba chakananga(nzi sit-ins, rusununguko, kukwira, uye kufamba) kufumura utsinye hwaJim Conrow. Musangano wacho wakaparira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika reChibvumirano chekodzero dzevoruzhinji neRwanda, izvo zvakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuita zvinotaura mamiriyoni. Iyi mitemo mienzaniso ine simba yenzira iyo dzvinyiriro yenzanga inoshandura nayo kuti ive nomutemo wemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende. [[FLG:0] Raibhurari yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cha 1964[FOvilG.[FLD1]

Sangano Rorusununguko Ravakadzi

Sangano ravakadzi rakawana permiment yechi 19. Sangano razvino uno ravakadzi ra1960 na 1970 rakasundira nokuda kweMutezo Wekodzero Dzevatano weAuncil (ERA), uyo, nepo usingatenderwi nenzira yapamutemo nemitemo isati yasvika nguva, wakapesvedzera zvikuru kutsanangurwa kwedare kweSucture Protection Clausse. Sangano racho rakachengetwawo mutemo wetsika wakadai seTitle IX of the Education Amendments of the Edult Remections ya1977279, inorambidza kusarura zvevatano mudzidzo, uye chibvumirano chePregmentmentat cha1979. # MaToo sangano rakapfuurirawo, kusimbisa kunetsa kwevatano nokudenha nokunyandura pamutemo.

Kupesana Kwekodzero

Sangano rekodzero dzohurema rakawana vaAmerica neUlimital Act (ADA) muna 1990, mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wakakwana unorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa paurema hwebasa, pokugara, zvokufambisa, uye zvokukurukurirana nefoni. Sangano racho rakaronga zvaidiwa mumashoko ebumbiro remitemo, richiramba kuti kubviswa kwevanhu vakaremara kwakapesana neConcial Protection Clause. ADA ibasa rinodzoreka retsika dzenzanga, rinoratidzira kuti mapoka akaderera anogona sei kushandisa gadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo kudzivirira makongi.

Kufamba Kwazvino Uno

Black Live Matter, yakatanga muna 2013 ichipindura chisimba chemapurisa pavaBlack Confection, yaita kuti pave nechikwata chevatema, chemarudzi, chevakaita kuti pave nemhosva dzerusaruraganda mudare retsotsi. Sangano iri raita kuti mapurisa agadziridze, adzikire, aparadze, uye ritsive, uye raita kuti pave nekurukurirano yerudzi pakutonga kwedzinza. LGBTQ+ + pamutemo iri kuramba ichirwira kudzivirira vanhu vanochinja mamiriro ezvinhu, kusvika pakurapwa, uye kusarongeka kwedzimba nemabasa. Masangano aya ari kunyora chitsauko chinotevera chemitemo yeAmerica, achidenha matare kuti ashandise kuenzana uye kururamisira kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva.

Masangano Ane Nyika Dzakasiyana - siyana Nebhizimisi Risingaparadzwi

Nyaya dzakadai sokusaenzana kwemari, kurambidzwa kwokuvhota, kusarurana mugadziriro yematsotsi, uye zvinetso zvemabhizimisi matsva zvinoratidza misiyano inoramba iri pakati pepfungwa dzepamutemo uye zvakaitika muupenyu.

Ruramisiro Yezvemari Nebumbiro Remitemo

Dare reMitemo rinogovera dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwekodzero dzezvinhu, asi haripi vimbiso yekuenzana kwezvemari. Mu [San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1773], Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti hakuna maruramiro makuru okutsigira mari yakaenzana nokuda kwedzidzo yavose, nenzira inobudirira kubvumira kusawirirana kukuru pakati pemaruwa echikoro akapfuma neasina upfumi. Dare rakaganhurirawo mano ehurumende okushandisa mitero inofambira mberi nemirayiro yemari kuparadzira pfuma. Gakava renhau yezve yemari inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro poukama hunokosha pakati peBumbiro remitemo neredzidzo, uye kana chinyorwa chacho chichigona kuraviwa nenzira inobudirira kuda mwero wakakwana wechengeteko yemari nokuda kwavagari vemo vose.

Kuchinja Kweruramisiro Youtsotsi

United States ine mwero wakakwirira wekusungwa wenyika ipi neipi yakabudirira. Wechi 4, yechi 5, uye wechi8 Amendments inogadza gadziriro yamaruramiro outsotsi, kubatanidza dziviriro panzvero isina mufungo nepfari, maruramiro okupa zano, maruramiro okutonga kwakarurama, uye dziviriro pachirango. Mukuedza, kusungwa kwamarudzi akawanda, kudzivirira kwamarudzi, uye utsinye hwamapurisa zvakasekesa iyi dziviriro. Dare Rapamusoro redare mu [FT:0] Gideon v. Wanright[[[FLT:] [193] [193]) akavimbisa rudyi rwevakwiripo vose, asi anodzivirira gadziriro dzavose dzinoramba dziri pasi pekudzorwa. [FT]

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana Chitendero Chinosarudzwa Nehurumende

Kodzero yokuvhota ndiyo honzeri yepfundo rekutora rutivi kwedemocracy. Bva, kusvika kubhokisi rebhorati kunoramba iri nhau inokwikwidzwa. Mitemo yeIndati, kubviswa kwemirongedzero, ganhuriro pavhoti napatsamba dzapakuvamba, uye kuvhota zvinomutsa zvose zvinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yemitemo yemitemo. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa remitemo mu Brnovich v. DNC [201] Yakaita kuti zvive zvakaoma kudenha ganhuriro dzokuvhotera pasi peChibvumirano cheRekodziso. Kuvhotera pamusoro pekodzero dzemitemo inorevesarudziro irwisa kunokosha pamusoro pomusikirwo weAmerica, ine manzwiro anonzwa mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Ruramisiro Yezvokugadzirwa Kwezvinhu, Kuva Woga, uye Ruramisiro Yemitemo

Kumuka kwouchenjeri hwokuisa mumuviri, kuzivikanwa kwesoftware, uye kuita chisarudzo chemitemo zvinoparira denho itsva nokuda kwokuenzana kwebumbiro remitemo neruramisiro. Kushandiswa kwemitemo mumapurisa, kutongerwa, uye kurovha kunogona kuparira zvimiro zvitsva zvetsaru izvo zvirongwa zviripo zvepamutemo zvinorwisa kukurukura. Kudzivirira kweFreadterment yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye nhamo kunoedzwa namano ehurumende okuunganidza mashoko akawanda emichina. Ruratimende rwemitemo kukuva vogano unodenhwa nomugariro wamagetsi unodenhwa. Rudo rwama muganhu rwemitemo runodenhwa noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runodzokorokorokodzera nokukurumidza.

Basa Risina Kuparadzwa Reruramisiro

Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokuenzana neruramisiro haisi shongwe asi kurukurirano inogara. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinogara nhaka rugwaro, mienzaniso, uye kusagadzikana kusingagadziriswi. Kurondwa kwomubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru kunoda kudisa kududzira nheyo huru dzeBumbiro remitemo mumugariro wezvinetso zvitsva. Kubva pakuumbwa kwePendementation ye 14 kurwisano inopfuurira nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhota, chiremera chemari, uye ruramisiro yeutsotsi, nhau yeruramisiro yeAmerica ndeimwe yewedzedzedzedzero dzinopfuurira nokukwikwikwidza. Kurangarira zvikomborero zverusununguko nokuda kwebhizimisi remitemo yose yakakwirira inoramba iripo, kuraira kubatanidzwa kwokushingaira kwavagari vemo, vatsigiriki, uye masangano akatsaurirwa kubvumirano zvekodzero zvemari, uye kugadziridzwa kweruramisiro yeutsotsi, nhau yeAmerica.