Kunzwisisa Masangano Okugadzira Zvinhu Nerevo Yawo Munyika Yose

Masangano eElectoral anoumba musimboti wehurumende yedemocracy unodzora munyika yose. Anoshandura kuda kwavavhoti muzvigaro muimba yoga yeyamatongerwe enyika kana kuti hofisi inodzorwa, achiumba kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei uye kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei. Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro yevhota kune migumisiro mikuru nokuda kwokudzikamiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kumiririrwa, uye kugutsikana. Nepo pasina gadziriro yakakwana, imwe neimwe inoratidza kukura kwenhau kwerudzi, magariro enzanga, uye zvinhu zvinokosha. Nyaya inopa kuongororwa kwakajeka zvikuru kwegadziriro huru dzevavhiyi dzinoshandiswa nhasi, betsero dzadzo, uye kunzvera kuti nyika dzakasiyana-dzo dzakaita sei kuti dziwirirane zvinodikanwa zvavo zvakananga. Nokunzwisisa izvi zvirongwa, vagari vomunyika vanogona kuyera nokushanda zvakanaka uye kugona kudzora mufambiro zvakanaka kwegadzirironoruzhinji.

Gadziriro Dzakakura: Kupfava uye Kutsunga

Kutanga Masokisi (FPTP)

Nguva Yapakuvamba Nhevedzano yePost, inowanzonzi kuvhota, ndeimwe yemiitiro yekaresasarudzo inozivikanwa zvikurusa. MuFPTPP, mudanho anogamuchira vhoti zhinjisa mukuwina kwenzvimbo imwe, pasinei zvapo kana mutengi wacho akawana ruzhinji. Iyi tsika inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, India, uye United States nokuda kwechisarudzo chemitemo. FPP inokosheswa nokuda kwemiuyo yayo iri nyore: chivhoti anosarudza mumwe pamutambo, uye mugumisiro wakajeka. Inokomba kubudisa hurumende imwe inochengeteka chose chose chose, sezvo mapoka maduku anowanzotamburira kuwana tsigiro kutonge kutoko kana kuti tsigiro kwavosei kusingasarurwi. Zvisinei, FPPP inotso inoshorwawo nokuda kwokuparira purodziroteko. A boka guru rezvigaro rakakoso rehurumende risingashanduki nokuresarira muvhotanuro yeUT.

Maraiti maviri (TRS)

Muitiro unozivikanwawo segadziriro inokunda, Miviri-Round System (TRS) inoda mutevedzeri kuwana ruzhinji rwamarudzi evavhoti murudungwe rwokutanga kuwina. Kana pasina mutevedzeri anosvika mativi mazhinji, rutivi rwechipiri runovapo pakati pevatambi vaviri vapamusoro, kazhinji kazhinji vachibudisa kukunda kukuru. Uyu mutoo unoshandiswa muFrance nokuda kwokuwana purezidhendi nasarudzo dzemitemo, uyewo mumarudzi akawanda echiLatin America nokuda kwemitevedzo yenzvimbo yehurumende. TRS inobvumira vavhooti kuti varatidzire chisarudzo chapachokwadi chokutanga, ipapo marasce shure kwechisarudzo chinogamuchirika mumuka. Iyi inogonawo kusimudzira mibatanidzwa yakafara ndokuderedza ngozi yokuhwina nevoro duku. Panzvimbo yapasi, TRS, uye kudzorwa kwakakomba kugona kudzorwa.

Kubudirira Kwazvinoita: Ururami Nokunzwisisana

Kumirira Kuratidzwa Kwemagiramu Eboka

Kumirira kweboka rinowirirana igadziriro yavose zvikurusa yezvikamu zvinotevedzana munyika yose, inoshandiswa munyika dzinopfuura 80. Pasi peUndal PR, vavhoti vanosarudza mubato panzvimbo pomudariro wakati, uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa kumativi mukuenzanisa nokuvhotera kwavo. Zvigaro zvinorongedzerwa zvirongwa zvevanoda, uye zvigaro zvinozadzwa kubva munhevedzano idzodzo. Zvikamu zvinobatanidza zvikamu zvakavharwa, apo papati inosarudza nhevedzano, uye mitengoza, apo vavhoti vanogona kuratidza zvido zvevatengi, nokudaro zvinopesvedzera nzvimbo huru. Nyika dzakadai seSweden, Israel, uye South Africa inoshandisa Ndaza PR. Iyi inoita miuyo inova miuyo inova miuyo mikuru zvikuru, kunyange zvikamu zviduku zvinogona kudzivirira sezvo zvichipfuura mwero (95%% kusvikira ku 5%). Zvikamu zvizhinji zvinoratidzira kuva nemutengwi wakawanda. Kufunga kwechirongwa kwechikamu chavose, kunyange kupfuudzo yehurumende zvavose, zvichiraira kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kupfumisa, zvimwewo.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

Vote inopfuudzwa yoga yoga igadziriro inoshandiswa mumaruwa akawanda. Voters vanoshanda nokuda kwedaviro. Majekiseni anogoverwa neposvorati, uye vapfuure nhamba inosarudzwa, namavhoti akasara anoendeswa kuvatengi vakaderera. Iyi nzira inopfuurira kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazadzwa. STV inoshandiswa nokuda kwerusarudzo rweparamende muIreland neMalta, nokuda kweSango yeAustralia, uye nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo munyika dzinoverengeka. TSV inobatira pamwe chete nemigumisiro yemigumisiro yemitengo yakasimba nechisarudzo chakasimba. Voters anogona kuisa vadari pakati pemapati akasiyana, zvichibvumira kuratidzira zvisarudzo nokusimudzira mubato. Zvisinei, STV inokaoma kunzwisisa uye kurangarira, zvikurukuru maruwa makuru.

Masangano Akavhengana Neamajarini: Kudzora Kuparadzana

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

Mitemo yakavhengana yeMitemo yePropogal inoedza kubatanidza mirau yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo yegadziriro dzavakuru newirirano yemazita PR. Kuchinja kwakanakisisa kunozivikanwa kunoshandiswa muGermany neNew Zealand. Voters vanokanda mabhora maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomutengi muruwa rwavo rwomunzvimbomo (zvikurukurukurusa inoshandiswa. . . . . papati inosarudza wirira govera migove yezvigaro zvose zvezvigaro, nezvigaro zvoruwa zvinoverengwa ku hwerengedzo yebato. Zvigaro zvapamusoro-pamusoro-paro zvemapati zvinowedzerwa kuti zviwandike. MMP inobudisa mwero mukuru wemazaro.) Mune , inotsiviwawo mumitengo yakakurumbira yemitengo.

Kuvheneka (Mixed-Member Majomanitarian)

Kuvhota kwakaenzana, kunonziwo Mixmed-MMber Majoritarian (MMMM), kwakafanana neMMP asi pasina gadziriro yokuvhota. Voters zvakare vanosarudza mubhadhari weruwa nepati, asi zvigaro zvebato zvinogoverwa pasina migumisiro yoruwa. Ikoku kunoparira kubetsera mapati makuru uye kuderedza wirirano. Nyika dzakadai seJapan, Russia, uye Mexico inoshandisa gadziriro dzinowirirana. MuJapan, tsika yakatangwa muna 1994 kuderedza uori ndokuita makwikwikwi maviri. Nepo yakatungamirira kudzosera kupesana kwehurumende imwe inopa mativi, kazhinji kazhinji inoparira kuderera kwemiuyo inova miuyo inovanzwa yemari inovanzwa. Masangano maduku angawina mugove mukuru wokuvhotera asi anowana. Kuvhotera kunorererwa kupfumisa kupfuura kupfumisa MMP asi kugovera kupfumisa kuwanda.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Kuongorora Vara

United States: FPTP Legage

United States inomira somuenzaniso wakatanhamara weFPTP pamwero wehurumende, inoshandiswa nokuda kweHouse of Messionations uye (mugadziriro yakachinjwa yoruwa) nokuda kwesarudzo dzapurezidhendi kupfurikidza neElectoral College. Muuyo wacho inzvimbo yeparati mbiri dzinodzorwa nenzvimbo dzinodzorwa neRepublicans. Masangano echitatu akafanana naLibertarians kana kuti Greens haawanzowina zvigaro, uye chiverengero chavo chenyika chinopfuvura chigaro chavo. Muganhu unobetserawo kudzororo kuGgerrymanndering, uko miganhu yoruwa inokweviwa kufarira boka rimwe. Nepo FPPPP inobudisa pachena, zvinoitika zvakaderera zveUS zvinodzokororwa zvakaderera zvinodzokororwa kunzvimbo, nemhaka yokuti nharaunda dzakawanda mumaruwa avo akasarira. 2016, 2016 anowana purofesa wedare rinowana 2016, apo muvhoti anowana anowana murwi mukuru wenhau yeElceriti, asi anosimbiswa zvikuru pakati periti yeEriti.

Germany: Muenzaniso Wemadhimoni

Hurumende yeGermany inowanzodudzwa semuenzaniso wemireza yakadzikama. Bundestag inowanzova nezvigaro 598 (kunyange zvazvo zvigaro zvokugadziridza zvinogona kuwedzera nhamba iyi). Zvivhoti zveruwa zvinovhota zvisarudzo zvisarudzwa hafu yezvigaro, uye muvhoti unosarudza, nepati ipi neipi inowanwa pasi pe5% yevhoti (kana isingawani zvigaro zvitatu zveruwa). Chikumbamudzo ichi chinodzivisa kukamu chakanyanya kubviswa apo zvichibvumira mapoka akawanda (8, Kubva, uye FDP) kuti ive pedyo neCDU/CU neSD. Hurumende dzinoda kudzoka kwadzoka kwamakore akawanda, kunyange zvazvo zvichingova zvakakamuraniswa muGermany zvichiri kuvimbisa kuti boka reMicroteveri.

Sweden: Vhara-Drama PR

Riksdag yeSweden inosarudzwa ichishandisa gadziriro yakarongwa yakarongwa yakarongwa, inopa pesvedzero yakananga pamusoro peinenge vadairwi nechikumbaridzo chai 4% chorudzi (kana kuti 12% murutsi rumwe). Zvikamu zviripo; vhoti vanogona kuvhotera mubato kana kuti kutaura kuda kwomunhu. Zvivhoti zvinoda kudarika imwe chiverengero. Zvikamu zvinotsiva zvinogona kudzokororwa, kupa pesvedzero yakananga pamusoro peinosarudzwa navatendi. Sangano inopa pamutemo inova neambundiro yakakwirira zvikuru yemasangano akakwirira zvikuru(8", uye masangano mapfumbamwe anogona kuva maduku kana kuti mabhiridhi akasarira. Ikoku kusimudzira bvumirano nemirariro yakafara. Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva hurumende dzinobatana dzinogona kushatisa kuti vavhoti vapfuure zvikuru (papo napapo 80%) uye kudzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvakasiana.

Kupfuura Zvitatu Zvikuru: Kuenzanisa Kwomuraudzo

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inoshandisa FPTP nokuda kweSarudzo yayo yeLok Sabba. Gadziriro yakaparira kare kare hurumende dzakawanda dzakatsiga, asi inomirawo miduku nemapoka maduku enharaunda kunze kwainenge ine tsigiro huru. Brazil inoshandisa murongi akavhurika PR neruwa rukuru, inotungamirira kumativi akawanda enzanga uye nhimbe dzakakwirira zvikuru. TRS yeFrance yeNational Assembly inobatanidzaworuzhinji nemhete yechipiri iyo inowanzoparira nzvimbo yakabatana mubatanidzwa wehurumende inorwisana nezvinopfuura zvakawandisa. Chiitiko chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzira kuti magariro amo enzanga namasangano anoumba sei miuyo yetsika chaiyoiyo yegadziriro inosarudzwa.

Betsero Nedzipi: Murangariro Wakadzikama

Masangano Ezvikwata Zvikuru: Mapuro uye Makonzo

Mitemo yezviwiso: Mibatanidzwa mikuru yakadai seFPTP ne TRS yakapfava kunzwisisa nokuverenga. Inowanzoita hurumende imwe inogona kupfuudza mitemo nokukurumidza uye inozvidavirira kuvavhoti. Inodzivisa mapati akanyanyisa nemhaka yokuti kuwina kunoda kutanga kufadza kukuru. Idzo dzinochengetawo batano yakasimba yenzvimbo pakati pavamiriri nezvinodzoserwa.

Mipimo: Iyi gadziriro inobudisa miuyo inopesana, kazhinji kazhinji inotusa boka gurusa ne “voruzhinji vanowirirana” apo inoderedza vamwe. Mavhoti asingadiwi akapararira, achitungamirira kukusakendenga. Anogona kupfuudzira nzvimbo mbiri dzinobatanidzwa, kudzvinyirira pfungwa itsva, uye kuisa mukurumbira wakaipa nevhota.

Marongedzero: Mapuro Nezvinobatanidzwa

Mirangariro yePropotiography inovimbisa kuti zvigaro zvemitemo zvinoratidzira goverano dzakakurumbira, kubatanidza nokuda kwemapoka maduku. Inokurudzira gadziriro yamativi akawanda, inopa vavhoti zvisarudzo zvakawanda uye ingagona kuderedza mavhoti apambadzwa uye inogona kutungamirira kukuita kwomuitiro wakawanda.

Mipimo: PR inowanzoguma nehurumende dzakabatanidzwa, idzo dzingava dzisina kugadzikana kana kuti dzinononoka kupindura, zvikurukuru munzanga dzakaparadzana. Inogona kupa pesvedzero yakasiyana kumapoka maduku anokwanisa kudzikamisa dzikamo. Shanduro dzakaiswa murusando dzinonangidzira simba nevakakwirira vepapati, dzichinetesa kuzvidavirira kwakananga kumaPR.

Miitiro Yazvino Uno Nechinjo Dzinochinja

Nyika yose yeIndaneti haisati yatongomira. Nyika zhinji dzakaita chinjo kuti dzigadzirise zvikanganiso zvinorangarirwa kuva. MuUK, UK Vote (AV) yakarambwa mu 2011 serendindimu, asi kukumbira kuti PR ipfuurire. Chipikirwa cheCanada cha 2015 reLiberal chokuchinja FPTPP chakasiiwa pashure pokushaikwa kwekubvumirana. Kuchinja kweNew Zealand kubva kuFPPPP kuenda kuMP muna 1993 muenzaniso mukuru wokuchinja kunobudirira kunodzorwa nokusagutsikana kwavose. Ireland yashandisa STV nokuda kwezana ramakore uye ichangobva kurangarirwa kukura kushandiswa kwayo. Rhankerve-muki (RV) inotokuwedzerawo mamiriro okuwedzera pasina nhevedzano. Kunyange zvazvo zvichingova mukuwedzera, nyika dzeUnited States dziri mudenga dzinova nemo kufanana neSan Francisco City, uye dzinoshandisa kuwanda nokuda kwemifariro yomunzvimbomo. Ireland inova ichiri kutsigira kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kukuru kuti ive.

Chimwe chimiro kushandiswa kwemipimo yevatano nezvigaro zvakachengetwa kusimudzira kumirira, kazhinji kazhinji inoshanda mumibatanidzwa yevhota iripo. Nyika dzakafanana neRwanda neArgentina dzakashandisa murongedzero dzakavharwa PR nezvinodikanwa zvechikamu kuti awane mwero wechirume nechechirume mudzimba. Kuchinja kwakadaro kunoratidzira kuti gadziriro inosarudzwa inogona kuva chishandiso chine simba kukusvitsa nharidzano huru dzenzanga.

mhedziso

Mitemo yeElectoral haisati iri mibatowo zvayo younyanzvi; inoumba kunaka nechimiro chedemokrasi. Kuvambira pakupfava kweFirst Pst muUnited States neIndia kusvikira kukuenzana kwemuraudzo wePR yeSweden nedzikamo yemibatanidzwa yeMMP yeGermany, gadziriro imwe neimwe inopa kutengeserana. Hakuna nzira imwe inosiana nechinhu chose; tsika yakanakisisa inotsamira patsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka enzanga, uye kudzora. Kunzwisisa izvi zvirongwa zvinosimbisa vagari vemo kuti vatsigire chinjo dzinowirirana nezvinokosha zvavo. Sa democraficture, kunzvera nokugadziridzwa kunopfuurira kwegadziriro dzinosarudzwa kucharamba kuri madikanwa nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi kuti vanhu vachava vakwa zvakanaka uye vanokwanisa kudzorwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral help ne ACE RECLC KNOUT.]