Sumo: Fandesheni Yokumiririra Dhemocratic imication

Gadziriro dzinoita kuti pave nepesvedzero inodzorwa nehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende. Dzinoshandura zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga musimba rezvamatongerwe enyika rakabatana, dzichiumba chinhu chiri chose icho vada kuhwina hofisi kusvikira kunzira iyo miitiro inogadzirwa nayo. Kunyange zvazvo iri pakati pavo, vagari vashoma vanonzwisisa zvizere kuti makambani etsika dzinosarudzwa nenyika yavo dzinoguma sei — kubva kunhamba yemasangano anofungidzirwa kuva apamutemo ehurumende. Iyi nzvero yemiitiro yokuvhotera yakatanhamara zvikurusa inoshandiswa munyika yose: Kutanga-Past- Post- Post (FPP), kugadziridza, kupfaviswa kwemite, uye kugadziriswa kwemiitiro yezvokutengeserana pakati peidzi, uye kugadziridzwa. Kutemwa kwakanakisisa, kugona kuita sei kuti zvisarungateverwa.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Mashandiro Anoita FPTP

Kutanga-Past-Pst igadziriro yokuvhota yakapfava zvikurusa neyakaresa ichiri kushandiswa zvikuru. Mumaruwa ane mitezo mimwe, muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anovhotera mumwe nokuda kwomubhadhari mumwe, uye muvhoti ane vhoti zhinjisa anohwina — kunyange kana nhamba iyoyo ikundikana kuva yakawanda. FPTP igadziriro yapashaikwose muUnited Kingdom (nokuvhotera kwavose), United States (yokuvhotera nehurumende kusarudza kwemitemo), Canada, India, uye yaichimbova nyika dzeBritain. Kukwirira kwacho kuri mururimisoso rwakananga: blatorsss iri nyore kunzwisisa, kuverenga kunokurumidza, uye miuyo inozivikanwa zvikuru mukati mamaawa okunzvera anopfigwa.

Betsero dzeFPTP

  • Kudzorwa uye kumhanya: Majeri anoda bedzi kuratidzira bhokisi rimwe, uye vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanogona kutora mavhoti nokukurumidza. Ikoku kunoderedza ngozi yekanganisika kwomuvhoti uye kunokurumidzisa muuyo wokushuma.
  • Chiratidzo chenhau: Ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiriri mumwe anozvidavirira kunzanga yakati, achisimudzira batano yakananga pakati pavamiriri nemuiti wavo wemitemo.
  • Gadziriro mbiri dzezvikamu: Mutemo weMichero, nheyo yesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, posit kuti FPTP inowanzoita makwikwi maviri anotsigirwa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuhurumende dzakawanda dzinokwanisa kupfuudza mutemo pasina kuvimba nemapoka asina kusimba.

Dzisiri Betsero DzeFPTP

  • Vavhoti vakavhota navakuru vakuru: Vatambi vasingapedzi kutanga kugamuchira mimiririri, uye mapoka anowana mugove wakatanhamara wevhoti munyika angawana zvigaro zvishoma kana kuti kwete. Somuenzaniso, mujambwa re 2019 UK reLiberal Democrates vakawana 11.6% yevhoti asi 1. Mune 2020% vhoti yeUS, vapangi vechitatu vakagamuchira vanenge 2% vevhoti yakakurumbira asi inovhota.
  • murairo worusarura nokuparadzana: Mudanho anogona kuwina nerisingasviki 50% ramavhoti kana vhoti dzechishoro akakamuraniswa pakati pavakwikwidzani vakawanda. Muna 2000 sarudzo yapurezidhendi weUS, George W. Bush akahwina Florida — uye nokudaro purezidhendi — na537 bedzi vhoti, nemhaka yokuti Ralph Nader’s revice akabvisa mavhoti kubva kuAl Gore.
  • Tractal (tratic) vhota: Vatambi vanowanzosiya chisarudzo chavo chechokwadi chokutanga kudzivisa mudikani asingadiwi kuhwina, kuchishatisa kuratidzirwa kwezvisarudzo zvapachokwadi.
  • Kubudiswa kwamanzwi akasiyana - siyana: Vakadzi, mapoka maduku, uye mapoka matsva anotarisana nemhinganidzo dzakakwirira nemhaka yokuti tsigiro yavo inowanzoparadzirwa munharaunda panzvimbo pokunangidzirwa muruwa rumwe.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pezvikanganiso zveFPTP, ona Electoral Reform Society kunzvera kukuru kwegadziriro yeUK.

Kurumidza Kusingadzorwi (RCV)

Kushanda Kunoita RCV

Chisarudzo Chokuvhota chakaitwa naRokiced Voling — chinozivikanwawo sevhota yapakarepo muvhoti imwe chete — chinobvumira vavhoti kuisa vavhoti munhevedzano yechisarudzo 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). Kana pasina muvhoti akachengeta ruzhinji rwevhoti yokutanga yechoice, muvhoti wokutanga mushomanenesa muvhoti inobviswa, uye vhoti dzomutengi dzomutengi dzinoiswa kuchisarudzo chapamuvhoti mumwe nomumwe. Muitiro wacho unodzokororwa kusvikira asvika voruzhinji. RCV inoshandiswa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvehurumende yehurumende muMaie neAlaska (United States), uye nokuda kwamavhotaro anoverengeka munyika yose, kubatanidza San Francisco naMarame Meya weLondon.

Betsero dzeRCV

  • [[FLT: 0] inoparira kupambadza mavhoti: Nemhaka yokuti muvhoti anogona kuendesa kuchisarudzo chavo chechipiri kana kuti chechitatu, inodokuva bharasi riri rose rinogovera kumuuyo wokupedzisira, kuchiwedzera pfungwa yokuti kutora rutivi kunokosha.
  • Kubatanidza mibatanidzwa mihombe nenhimbe dzakanaka: Vadavi vane sundo yokukumbira kuvatsigiri vavamwe vanoda kufunda nokuda kwenzvimbo dzechipiri, kuderedza kushambadzira kwakaipa uye kusimudzira batira pamwe yezvokutenderera kwemichinjikwa.
  • inoreva muwiri mukuru akajeka: Kusafanana neFPTP, anowana pakupedzisira ane tsigiro yavazhinji — zvimwe sechisarudzo chokutanga kana kuti kupfurikidza nezvinodiwa zvakaunganidzwa. Ikoku kunosimbisa maruramiro anorangarirwa omuuyo.
  • Mhinganidzo dzezvikwereti nokuda kwavatsva vanoda kufunda: Vadai vechitatu navanozvimirira vanogona kumhanya pasina kupomerwa mhaka ye “kukwidziridza” nhangemutange, nemhaka yokuti vhoti dzavatsigiri vavo dzinogona kubetsera kusarudza mutsigiri anodiwa zvikuru wegoverano kana akazvimirira akabviswa.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeRCV

  • Kutsiva nokuvhota vhiringidziko: Vamwe vavhoti vanowana vadaviri vakatanhamara vachivhiringidza kana kuti kurema, kuchitungamirira kumwero wakakwirira wokushata kwechisarudzo — zvikurukuru mukuitwa kwenguva yokutanga. Mudzimwe nyika dzeAustralia, mwero wevhoti yamasanga wapfuura 5%.
  • Migumisiro yakanonoka: RCV inoda kuti uverenge michinjikwa yakawanda, kureva migumisiro yokupedzisira ingasazivikanwa kwamazuva kana kuti mavhiki — musiyano nechisarudzo chapakarepo cheFPTPP.
  • Kuchinja kwezvisati zviri pamutemo: Muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, mukwikwidziridziridziridziri anowana vhoti yokutanga yekoki yedanga anogona kurasikirwa zvomenemene, kana kuti mutengi anorasikirwa netsigiro yokutanga yemari anogona kukunda — chinhu chinotsiva chinogona kusekesa chivimbo murusarudzo rwetsika.

Nokuda kwenhau dzine udzame nepfuma dzemari, shanyira Fairvote, chinhu chisingabetseri chakatsaurirwa kugamuchirwa kweRCV muUnited States.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Mashandiro Anoita PR

Proportigal Idmiration imhuri yegadziriro dzokuvhota dzakagadzirirwa kugovera zvigaro mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji zvichienzaniswa nezvivhoti zvinogamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe. Chimiro chinozivikanwa zvikurusa igadziriro yendaza, umo vavhoti vanosarudza papati nezvigaro zvinogoverwa pachivako chebato rimwe nerimwe — kazhinji kazhinji nechikumbaridzo chiduku (g. 4,45%) kudzivisa kukamukamuraniswa. PR igadziriro hurusa muEurope, inoshandiswa muSweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, uye dzimwe . Chinoshandiswawo muPalamende yeEurope nemitemo yakasiana-nyika mhiri kweLatin neAfrica.

Betsero dzePR

  • Kumirira Fair: PR inovimbisa kuti boka rinogamuchira 30% yevhoti rinowana inenge 30% yezvigaro. Ikoku kunobvisa kusarura kwakapararira kuFPTP uye kunoita kuti anenge mavhoti ose aive anokosha kumimiririre.
  • Kuisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yamativi akawanda: Kupfurikidza nokuderedza mhinganidzo kukupinda, PR inopa inzwi kumapoka maduku — kubatanidza maruva, maresitiri, uye mapati eruwa — izvo kazhinji kazhinji zvinokundikana kuwina chigaro chimwe pasi peFPTP. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumisi yemitemo inoratidzira nenzira yakarurama zvikuru mhatsa yepfungwa dzevavhoti.
  • Nzvero dzakawanda dzinopa mivhoti yakakwirira: dzakawana kuti muvhoti mugadziriro dzePR anowanzova 5-10 percentage mativi akakwirira kupfuura mumasangano makuru, murutivi nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vavo vanodavira kuti vhoti ine tapuro ine revo pakuparadzirwa kwezvigaro.
  • Kuvhota kwamanomano kwakaregwa: Nemhaka yokuti zvigaro zvinogoverwa mukuwirirana, vavhoti vanogona kutsigira vadikani vavo vasingatyi “kuvhota” kwavo.

Dzisiri Betsero dzePR

  • Hurumende dzeMatare nekusatsiga: PR inowanzobudisa maparamende akawanda, inoda hurumende dzinobatana dzinogona kunonoka kuumba ndokuparadza. Somuenzaniso, Italy yakawana hurumende dzinopfuura 60 kubvira muna 1946, uye Belgium yakambova mazuva 589 isina kamba kambani inoshanda zvizere pashure pejambwa ra2010.
  • Mapati eActreme nedivi:[[FL:1] Nomukumbaridzo wakaderera, mapoka anonyanyisa anogona kuwana simba — sezvinoonekwa nokukwira kweAstate yapachadenga yeGermany (AfD) uye hama dzechitsva dzeItaly.
  • Mimiriro yakabviswa yomunzvimbomo: Mundaza yakachena PR, zvisarudzo zvebato zvakabva pandaza huru yoruwa kana kuti yenyika yose, kuchideredza kuzvidavirira kwakananga pakati pomumiriri chaiye nenzanga yenzvimbo.
  • Rinopa mutoro wakajeka: Mumapoka akawanda, vavhoti vangakuwana kwakaoma kupa miuyo yemiitiro kubato rimwe, sezvingabvira kuderedza kuzvidavirira pabhokisi rebhora.

SAYENZI (Indaneti yezivo yeCretal]) inopa nhungamiro dzinonzwika pamasangano ePR nokugamuchirwa kwawo kwenyika yose.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

Mashandiro Anoita MMP

Mubatanidzwa weMember Proportional (MMP) unobatanidza masangano eFPTP nePR musarudzo imwe. Voter vanokanda mabhorati maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomubhadhari womunzvimbomo muruwa rumwe chete (kushandisa FPTP) uye mumwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Selts dzinogoverwa kuva nechokwadi chetemuro — kutanga, vakundi voruwa vagere, uye ipapo “pamusoro-pamusoro” vanobhadharwa kuti nhamba yose yezvigaro yeboka rimwe nerimwe riratidze kuvhota. MMP inoshandiswa munyika yose muGermany, New Zealand, Bolivia, uye dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka, uye muScotland neWales.

Betsero dzeMMP

  • Majekiseni anomirira munzvimbomo neakaenzana: Mavota anochengeta MP yomunzvimbomo yaanogona kuridza, nepo vhoti yebato inovimbisa kuti paramende inoratidzira kuda kwakakurumbira — kwakanakisisa kwenyika dzose dziri mbiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] inoparira kugadzirwa kwezvigaro zvikuru: MuMMP, boka rinofanira kuwina ruzhinji zvikurusa rwevhoti kuti riwane ruzhinji rwezvigaro, kuchidzivisa chinoitika cheFPTPP chebato rinotonga nezvigaro zvizhinji pa 35-40% bedzi zvevhoti.
  • inovaka chivako chakabatana: Kufanana nePR yakachena, MMP inokurudzira batira pamwe yakasiyana - siyana, kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kukuitwa kwemiitiro yakawanda uye inobatanidza.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeMMP

  • Zvigaro zvinodzika-dzika nokuoma kunzwisisa: Apo mubato unowana zvigaro zvoruwa zvakawanda kupfuura zvaungafanira kuva pasi pemiganhu yepakati (zvigaro zvegaro), zvigaro zvokuwedzera zvinodzikamisa zvinofanira kuwedzerwa kudzorera kuenzana. Ikoku kunogona kukudziridza chibvumirano chisingatauriki — mitezo yeGermany yeBundestag yakabharutswa kusvikira ku709 muna 2021, kubva kuurefu hwe 598.
  • Party divisions: Voters vanofanira kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pevhoti yoruwa nebato, uko kunogona kuparira nyongano. MuNew Zealand vamwe vavhoti vanodavira zvisarudzo zvavo nenzira yenhema kuti vhoti yavo inotapurawo dzikamo yebato.
  • Vanoda kutevedzerwa:[[FL:1] maMP akasarudzwa munhamba dzebato kazhinji kazhinji ane kuzvidavirira kushoma kwomunzvimbomo kupfuura maMP oruwa, kuchiparira kunzwisisa mapoka maviri avamiriri.

Electoral Commission yeNew Zealand inogovera mutsananguri akaisvonaka paMMP nemhindumupindu yayo chifo cha1996 kugamuchirwa.

Kurumbidzwa

Kurumbidzwa Kunoitwa Nokupiwa Kwatinoitwa Basa

Kutendera ndichimwe chinhu chiri nyore kupfuudzira RCV. Voters dzinogona kuvhotera (kubvumikisa kwa) vazhinji savanoda; mutsigiri mumwe nomumwe anotenderwa anogamuchira vhoti imwe, uye mutsigiri ane mvumo hurusa anohwina. Hakuna nzvimbo kana kuti kubviswa — chisarudzo chimwe chete (“kusimbisa” kana kuti“ kusatendera) nokuda kwomumwe nomumwe. Sangano rinoshandiswa mumaguta mashomanene eUS nokuda kwamadzinza emonarial (umr. Fargo, North Dakota, uye St. Louis, Missouri) uye rakakarakadzwa nokuda kwesarudzo huru neisipani.

Betsero Dzokurumbidzwa

  • Vota dzinongoda bedzi kusarudza kuti vadei vavanowana kuva vanogamuchirika, vachideredza mutoro wendangariro uchienzaniswa nezvisarudzo zvapamusoro zvakawanda.
  • Inorerutsa kuvhota kwapamutemo: Kusafanana neFPTP, vatsigiri vomudaviri asina simba vanogona kutsigira chavanonyanya kuda pasina kubatsira mudariki asingafarirwi. Vanogonawo kubvumira mushandirwi anoshanda sechiwiriso, vachiita kuti zvisave madikanwa kusiya chisarudzo chapachokwadi.
  • Kufadza kwakafara: Vatsigiri vanofanira kutsvaka tsigiro kupfuura mavambo avo, nemhaka yokuti vanoda tendero dzinobva kumapoka akawanda kuti vakunde. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza zvikuva ndokuderedza mativi okunze.
  • miuyo: SaFP, kuverenga kunoda bedzi kupeta tendero, naizvozvo miuyo inowanika nokukurumidza.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzokupiwa Chitendero

  • Vavhoti vakawanda havatauri kuti vanofarira zvikuru. Muvhoti anotsigira zvakaenzana vaidiwa vaviri haagoni kuratidzira chisarudzo chokutanga, icho chinogona kutungamirira kumasungo kana kuti miuyo inonzwa isina mufungo.
  • Chisarudzo cha “kuvhota kwapaburi retsono”: Mumakwikwi akasimba, nyanzvi dzingapa zano vavhoti kutendera bedzi vatsvaki vavo vapamusoro, vachideredza mano etsika okuyera tsigiro yakafara uye sezvingabvira kusimbisa masimba maviri.
  • Les dzinoedzwa pamwero:[[FLT: 1] Kutendera Volting kune ruzivo rwokuzviwanira chairwoirwo rwenyika pasarudzo huru, zvichiita tapuro dzayo dzenhambo refu patsika yomuvhoti kusavirwa kuva asina chokwadi.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kwemiitiro nokunyora, Chaunga cheEvolution Science [ chinogovera mashoko pamusoro pokuita zvokurera nokuchinja.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Kudzika Mitauro

Nepo gadziriro yokuvhota imwe neimwe ine vatsigiri vanodisa, kunobetsera zvikuru kuienzanisa nemipimo mikuru yedemocracy:

  • Chiratidzo:[[FT:1] PR neMMP churo chakakwirira zvikurusa; FTP yakaderera zvikuru. RCV inogona kuvandudza uwandu mumaruwa ane mibatanidzwa mizhinji asi inoshandiswa zvikurukuru mumashoko akapoteredza umo inovimbisa voruzhinji, kwete nhevedzano.
  • [ Kuzvinyima nokuda kwavavhoti: FP neTrease Voting ndizvo zvakapfava zvikurusa; MMP ne RCV vanoda dzidzo yakawanda yavavhoti.
  • Kushanda kwehurumende: FTP kunowanzoparira hurumende dzakawanda dzine chikamu chimwe, nepo PR ne MMP kazhinji kazhinji ichida mibatanidzwa — inogona kuva yakatsiga zvikuru muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakasimbiswa netsika dzakasimba (mh., Germany) kana kuti isingachinjiki uko kukwira kwenyika kwakakwirira (g., Israel).
  • Kupiwa kwezvishomanene: PR neMMP kazhinji kazhinji zvakakwirira pakumirira dzinza, mitauro, uye pfungwa duku; FPTP inokombamira kuvava pasi kutoti yanangidzirwa.
  • Ubhadharo hwevamiriri: FPP ne MMP (maMP) omunzvimbomo anopa kuzvidavirira kwakasimba kwenzvimbo; ndaza yakachena PR inoinetesa.

Hapana nzira imwe chete inopfuura dzose, asi chisarudzo chacho chisingadzivisiki chinoratidza zvinokosheswa nenyika: vaya vanoda hurumende inotonga zvakanaka vangafarira FPTP; vaya vanokoshesa kuwanda kwezvitendero zvakawanda vangasarudza PR; vaya vanotsvaka kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira vanowanzogamuchira MMP.

Fundo Dzemhosva: Matapuro Enyika Chaiyoiyo

Umambo hweUnited Kingdom neFPTP

Sarudzo ya20K yavose yakapa Conservative Party 56% yezvigaro pa 43.6% bedzi yevhoti, kunyandurazve kuraira kwokuchinja kwevasarudzo. Munguvayo, Liberal Democrates neGreen Party pamwe chete zvakawana inopfuura 12% yevhoti asi zvakachengetwa bedzi 1. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ikoku kunosekesa ruramisiro yedemokrati nerakarovha. [[FLT: 0] .

Kuchinja kweMMP muNew Zealand

New Zealand yakagamuchira MMP pashure pekuvhota kwapamubatanidzwa muna 1993, ichitsiva FPTP. Chifo chenguva iyeyo, hurumende dzakabatana dzazova tsika — asi gutsikano yomuvhoti nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yave yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura kare. Sarudzo ya2020 yakabudisa chikamu chimwe chechienzi cheLabour (nemhaka yokuti yakawina 50% yevhoti), asi muna 2017 na2014, kutaurirana kwemibatanidzwa kwaidikanwa. Sangano yakawedzerawo kumiririra Māori, sezvikarakadzo zvemapati zvemāi kuti zvibatanidze Māi pamikoro yebato.

Kushandisa kweAustralia RCV Kuimba Yavamiriri

Australia yakashandisa RCV (iyo ivo vanoidana kuti “vhota yapamberi") chifo cha 1918 nokuda kweimba yakaderera. Gadziriro yakakurudzira vavhoti kuronga vadaviri vose, uye maMP akabudirira muzvigaro umo vanogona kuva nezvisarudzo zechipiri. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mapoka makuru — Labor and Liberal / National Coalition — akachengeta udzori, murutivi nemhaka yokuti tsika ichiri kuwirirana kumakwikwi maviri ane zvikamu pashure pezvisarudzo zvinoparadzirwa.

Zvinetso uye Kuchinja Zvinhu Kunoramba Kuchiwedzera

Electoral transformation remistry haitongorina unyanzvi chaihwoihwo; itsika huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapati akaoma anowana zvigaro zvisina kutsarukana pasi peFPTP anowanzozengurira kuchinja. Bva kusagutsikana kwavanhu negerrymanirling (muU), kupambadza mavhoti (muUK neCanada), uye kukamukana kunonyanyisa (mugadziriro dzakawanda dzePR) kunopfuurira kupfuumbiridza mamitengi ouswa. Magaro eAmerica akawanda — kubatanidza Maine, Alaska, uye New York City — zvakagamuchira RCV mumakore achangobva kupfuura, nepo kuvhotera kwapa kubvumira kuri kukura. MuCanada, 2016 dare reparameo rinorumbidzwa kuva revoranzi. [Flective]

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukurusa kwokudzosa uye maruramiro okuvhota, Brennan Center yeRuramisiro nzira dzinochinja mamiriro ezvinhu nezvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza muUnited States mose.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzokutaura hadzina kubatana; dzinoumba nokushingaira manzwi anonzwiwa, ayo anotonga, uye mawirirano anoita vagari vemo nehurumende yavo inosarudzwa navanhu. FPTP inopa kupfava nebatano dzakasimba dzenzvimbo asi pamutengo wemireza yakaitwa uye kupambadza mavhoti. RCV inovimbisa vakundi vazhinji uye inoderedza nhimbe yakaipa, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kuomesa miuyo inowirirana neyakasiyana - siyana, bva inopinza mungozi nokunetesa batano dzomunzvimbomo. MMP inoedza kuyananisa idzi zvinetso, nemiuyo yakavhengana. Kutendera kunopa nzvimbo yapakati inofadza asi yakaganhurirwa.

Sezvo nzanga dzinova dzakasiana zvikuru uye kariro dzavavhoti dzinochinja, gakava pamusoro pegadziriro yegadziriro yevhota richangowedzera bedzi. Gadziriro yakanakisisa yenyika ipi neipi inotsamira patsika yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika, mamiriro enhau, uye mipimo yadzinoisa pakutanga — kungava kudzora kunobudirira, kumirira kwakafara, kana kuti kuzvidavirira kwakananga. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza mubudiriro nokundikano dzegadziriro dzenyika, democracy inogona kuchinjika ndokusimbisa nheyo dzesangano idzo dzinobatanidza kuzvitonga kwakabatana.