Gadziriro yomutemo injini yokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuchinja pfungwa nesangano renzanga zvinoda kuva mutemo unowirirana. Nepo ichiwanzorangarirwa sechigadziko chedandemutande nechekufamba zvishoma, kunzwisisa uyu muitiro ibwe resimba rokuva mugari wemo anoshingaira. Inopa vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vanovimbisa vagari vemo kuronda pamutemo, inokarira kurongedzerwa kwawo, uye inotora rutivi mune revo mukuumba mitemo inodzora upenyu hwedu. Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inopa nzwisiso inoshanda, uye inogovera zviwiro nokuda kwokudzidza kukuru kwenharaunda.

Kuverengazve Kwegadziriro Yomutemo

Pamavambo payo, muitiro wemitemo inzira yakarongeka yokuita kuti chikarakadzo chemiitiro chive mutemo unosunga. MuUnited States, ikoku kunoitika mukati meBadaral Congress(Imba yaVamiririri neDare) ichishanda munheyo yokuparadzana kwemasimba. Muitiro wacho unoratidzira zvikamu zvizhinji nechiyero zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa mutemo unodzorwa kana kuti unonzi hauna kufungwa zvakanaka. Gore rimwe nerimwe, zviuru zvemingava zvinotangwa, asi chikamu bedzi chinopukunyuka kunzwika kwedare, kurukurirano dzouriri, uye kuyanana pakati pedzimba. Rwendo runobatanidza zvikamu zvitanhatu zvikuru: sumo, dare rokuhwirudzura, dare rokuvhotera, dare redare (kana kuti) dare rezvokuvhotera, uye kutendera.

Kunzwisisa idzi nhano kunobetsera vagari vemo kutungamirira mamiriro emitemo. Somuenzaniso, kuziva kuti jambwa regweta rinosarudzwa zvikuru mudare kunopa simba vanhu kutungamirira nhamburiko dzokuva varavi kumitezo yedare yakakodzera. Uyezve, muitiro wacho hauna kujeka; unochinjika kupfurikidza nemirau yeparamende, mipimo, uye mufambiro wakarongwa wemitemo. Muuyo inzira yakaoma asi inojeka iyo, apo inoitwa navanhu vanoziva, inogona kuparira mitemo inowirirana neinoshanda.

Upenyu Hwebhiri: Chiteshi Nemari

Kutanga Kwebhiri

Mutezo webhii unotanga upenyu hwawo apo mutezo weCongress --mutsigiri anousuma nenzira yakarongwa mungava Imba kana kuti Dare. MuImba, mutengi unoiswa musengwa padhesiki romunyori; muDare, unopihwa kuMabharani. Mutengi unozogoverwa nhamba (zvikuru, H.R. 1 kana kuti S. 1) uye kudhindwa kuti igoverwa. Nepo muiti upi noupi wemitemo anogona kusuma mutengi, bviro yefambiro mberi kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira pamugoveri wedare romutsigiriki nomukuru.

Mabhiri anouya mumarudzi anoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe rine zvinangwa zvakasiyana:

  • Mabhiri ePublic - - zvinotapura vanhu vose ndokukurukura nhau dzomutemo wakafara dzakadai sezvoutano, mitero, kana kuti kutama.
  • [[[NHAU]] Mabhiri – Chigovera nyaradzo kuvanhu chaivo kana kuti masangano, zvakadai sokupa mugari wemo kumunhu anozivikanwa kana kuti kuita kukwikwidza mukurwisana nehurumende.
  • Zvinosarudzwa – zvinoshandiswa zvikurukuru nokuda kwekugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda, kana kuti kutambanudza mugariro wekurumidziro. Zvinoda chiverengero chezvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri uye, nokuda kwokugadziridza, kugadziriswa nedzitatu-na dzenyika.
  • Zvisarudzo zvechitsama – nhau dzeDzinobata makamuri ose ari maviri (g., zvisarudzo zvebhajeti, mirau inochinja) uye haitakuri simba romutemo.
  • Zvisarudzo zvakapfava[ – Kufunga nezvokushanda kwekamuri rimwe uye hakutumirwa kuPrezidhendi.

Kunzwisisa rudzi kunojekesa uko mutengo unoreverwa uye nzira inodikanwa yemitemo. Somuenzaniso, muromo womunhu oga unodarika madanho akawanda avose nemhaka yokuti unotapura boka duku bedzi, nepo chisarudzo chakabatana nokuda kwechigadziridzo chebumbiro remitemo chinoda mativi makurusa panhano imwe neimwe.

Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Pashure pesumo, bhoti yacho inonongedzerwa kudare rimire (kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva kudare duku rakafanira. Matare ndeapo basa rokuombera kwomutemo rinoitika. Anoita kuti pave nokunzwa, kuunganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye kunyora rugwaro rwemitengo). Chikamu ichi chinowanzonzi "gatenitor" nemhaka yokuti mutezo unokundikana kuwana tsigiro yedare haiwanzoitika.

Mabasa makuru ematare anosanganisira:

  • [ Kunzvera kwapakarepo[[FLT: 1] - Mitezo inonzvera mutauro webhukwana, inoziva miuyo isingakanwi, uye inoyera miuyo yemiuyo.
  • [ Kunzwa[ - Zvapupu zvinobva kumasangano ehurumende, mapoka ezviwaro, masuo endangariro, uye nzanga dzakatapurwa zvinogovera ufakazi nemirangariro. Kunzwa vanhu vose, zvichipa vagari vemo hwindo mukurangarira kwomutemo.
  • Zvikamu zvematsika – mitezo yeDare inokakavadzana uye vhoti pazvinogadziriswa, kuunganidza shanduro ye "shanduro" yegweta. Chinoguma chinovhoterwa nedare rakazara.

Matare anogona kuurayawo mutengo kupfurikidza nokuunyora._nototi, angashuma mushumo wakanaka, usingagamuchiriki, kana kuti pasina rumbidzo. Mushumo wedare igwaro rakakomba, rinotsanangura chinangwa chegweta racho nemufungo wechibvumirano chimwe nechimwe. Nokuda kwemutemo unonyorwa, mushumo wedare igwema renhau.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa mudare. Maererano nemashoko akabva kuGovTrack.us, inenge 4 muzana bedzi yemabhiri okusuma inova mutemo. Ikoku kunoita kuti dare rive rengwariro yakatanhamari. Nhengo dzedare dzinoonana pakuvamba-kumah._pamberi pokutonga kurongwa, dzinopesvedzera kana mutengo uchiwana tarisiro yakakomba.

Basa Rematare Asiri Anokosha

Matare akawanda akamira akapinda muzvikamu zviduku zvikuru zvinobata nhau nhete. Somuenzaniso, Dare reIndare paEnergy neChambery rine zvibvumirano zviduku paUtano, Mbango, uye Kudzivirirwa kwemhepo. Chibvumirano pamusoro pemhepo chaizotanga kuenda kuSub Compatee on Environment, uko nyanzvi dzinonyudza zvikuru musayenzi nezvinotapura zvemari. Vamiririri vePundi vePhondo vanoenda kudare rakazara, uye zvikarakadzo zvavo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinoumba vhota dare rokupedzisira.

Nharo Dzakaoma Nedzokuchinja

Kana mutengo wangoshumwa mudare, unoiswa pakarenda yemitemo nokuda kwokurangarira. MuImba, Dare reMitemo rinowanzogadza miganhu yekurukurirano //Inguva yakawanda sei rutivi rumwe norumwe runobvumirwa, uye kana mutemo wakavharwa kana kuti wakajeka unoshanda. MuDare, gakava rinowanzova risina kuganhurirwa kunze kwokunge kufambisa vhiyikwa (rinovhota 60). Uku kubvisa kutsanangura chikonzero nei Dare "chisarudzo che Zvomboro" kana kuti "Revoration" zvibvumirano zvenhau zvinodzokororwa.

Gakava rezvipfeko rinobatira madonzo akawanda:

  • [[[FOL:0] dzidzo - Mitemo nevoruzhinji vanodzidza pamusoro perevo dzegweta kupfurikidza nehurukuro nekurukurirano.
  • [[MVURA] Kugadziridza – Amendments dzinogona kuchinja mutezo wacho kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvinosimbiswa mukati mekurukurirano.
  • [ kuva newawanduro [ - Vagadziri veMitemo vanofanira kururamisa pachena nzvimbo dzavo, idzo dzinogona kutapura kariro dzekusarudzazve.

Nharo panguva imwe cheteyo inzvimbo yokurangarira kwechokwadi uye nzvimbo yokumira kwavakuru. Vacherekedzi vanofanira kusianisa pakati pezvigadziriso zvinovandudza mutengo neposvosvo. C-SPAN zvinotepfenyura zvinoitika pauriri hwenhau zvipenyu, zvichibvumira vagari vemo kutarira kuti vamiriri vavo vanotaura sei uye vavhota sei.

Kufara Pabhiri

Maitiro acho anosiyana - siyana uye mubvunzo uripo:

  • Voice Vote – Mukuru anotungamirira anobvunza "ye" uye "nay," ipapo anozivisa kuti rutivii rwakapararira. Vhoti dzeInzwi dzinozivikanwa nokuda kwemipimo isingawirirani, asi hadzinyore nzvimbo dzavanhu.
  • Dhiotete Vote - Mitezo inomira kuverengwa; mazita haanyorerwa. Anoshandiswa apo kuvhota kwenzwi kunodenhwa.
  • .Recored Vote (Kudana kwapamusana pebasa) - vhoti yomutezo mumwe nomumwe yakanyorwa pakombiyuta kana kuti nezita. Iyi ndiyo chimiro chinojeka zvikurusa, kuchibvumira vanhu kuona kuti ndiani chaizvoizvo akatsigira kana kuti anoshora mutezo.
  • , , kana kuti magetsi, kana kuti magetsi, kana kuti magetsi, kana kuti magetsi, kana kuti magetsi, kana kuti magetsi, kana kuti magetsi, zvinoiswa muimba.

Ruzhinji rwakapfava rwevhota (zvino) runodikanwa nokuda kwokutora. Zvikamu zvinobatanidza kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo (matatu maviri) uye kuisa purezidhendi wenzvimbo mbiri netutatu dzemakamuri ose ari maviri). Micheto yezvivhoti inogona kuva yakasimba, uye nguva yamavhoti kazhinji kazhinji inorongwa nenzira yakarongeka noutungamiriri hwebato kuti iwedzere tsigiro.

Vagari vanogona kuwana zvinyorwa zvokuvhota nenzvimbo dzakadai seCongress.gov kana kuti GovTrack. Kunzvera izvi zvinyorwa inzira ine simba yokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vapindure nayo — zvikurukuru pamavhoti makuru anotapura ruwa kana kuti nzanga yomunhu.

Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana: Dare Romusangano

Kana Imba neDare zvikapfuudza shanduro dzakasiana- siyana dzegweta rimwe, vanofanira kupedza misiano vasati vatumira shanduro imwe kuna Purezidhendi. Imomo ndimo dare resonganiro rinopinda. Rinoumba mitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri, nemitezo yavakuru yematare anokosha.

Mabasa edare romusangano anobatanidza:

  • Kuziva nzvimbo dzokusawirirana dziri pakati peshanduro mbiri dzacho.
  • Kugadzira bhiri rakabatana rine zvinhu zvakanakisisa (kana kuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kunaka) kune mumwe nomumwe.
  • Kunyora mushumo womusangano unotsanangura mutauro wakabvumiranwa uye chikonzero nei gadziriro imwe neimwe yakachinjwa kana kuti kuchengetwa.

Mushumo wemusangano unofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri pasina kumwe kugadziridzwa (muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa). Ikoku "kuitora kana kuti kuisiya" nzvimbo dzegadziriro dzebasa mumaoko avapinduri. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare esangano anogona kudzivirira mutauro wokupedzisira kuti urege kuongororwa zvakazara navanhu vose, sezvo wedzero dzokupedzisira dzezviduku dzinoiswa mudzimwe nguva. Zvisinei, kujeka kwomushumo wemusangano wacho .[1]wakabudiswa paIndaneti /wdols kuti aparadzanise basa racho.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mabhiri anodzivisa musangano wakarongwa kupfurikidza nokushandisa mutoo we "ping-pong", umo shanduro dzenzvimbo dzakachinjwa kutozosvikira bvumirano yasvikwa. Kuyananisa kunovimbisa kuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinobvumirana kurugwaro rumwe pamberi pokupfuurira kuenda kubazi ravakuru.

Kutenderwa naPuerceria

Kana kamuri dzose dziri mbiri dzangobvumira shanduro yokupedzisira, bhiri racho rinonyoreswa (rinodhindwa patehwe) ndokutumirwa kuPurezidhendi.Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira Purezidhendi mazuva gumi (kupfuudza maSvondo) kuita chiito. Zvisarudzo zvakajeka:

  • Chiratidzo Bill – Inova mutemo pakarepo kana kuti pamusi wakataurwa unoshanda.
  • `Irevo' kuBill – Purezidhendi anoidzosera kuCongress nokuramba. Congress inogona kudzora vhato nembiri ne 3 mumakamuri ose ari maviri, asi kupfuvura hakuwanzoitiki (zvisati zviri 5% zvevetoes).
  • [[NHAU] Remekedza Kuva Mutemo Usina Chisaini – Kana Purezidhendi asingaiti mukati mamazuva gumi apo Congress inenge iri murusando, mutemo wacho unova mutemo.
  • Pocket Veto-Apo Congress dzinovimbisa mazuva gumi asati apera, Purezidhendi anogona kungofuratira zvake mutemo, uye hausi mutemo. Iyi inzira inoshanda yokuuraya nayo mutemo pasina kutema.

Chisarudzo chaPurezidhendi chinopesvedzerwa nokurongeka kwemiitiro, fungisiso dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zano reHofisi yeMari yePrimend and Bactal (OMB), iro rinonzvera muuyo wegweta rimwe nerimwe. Tsinhiro dzokusaina dzakabudiswa naPurezidhendi pakusaina rugwaro rwetsoropoti, kunyange zvazvo urefu hwawo hwapamutemo huchikurukurwa.

Basa Rokubatanidzwa Kwavose

Muitiro wemitemo hausi muitiro wakavharwa; unobudirira pazvinokurukurwa nevoruzhinji.Vagari vemo, mapoka echitsotsi, uye mabhizimisi vanopinda pamwero uri wose:

  • Magasi anowirirana – tsamba, maemail, runhare, uye shanyo kumahofisi oruwa zvinoramba zvichingoshanda nzira dzokuratidzira nadzo tsigiro kana kuti chishoro. Zvishuvo zvenhau kazhinji kazhinji zvinopa mirangariro mitsva nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo vasina kunyorwa.
  • Kuedza paMatare okunzwa – Matare anokoka vanhu kugovera chipupuriro. Nepo zvapupu zvizhinjisa vari nyanzvi kana kuti vapinyi, vagariwo zvavo vemo vangapupurirawo, zvikurukuru panhau dzomunzvimbomo.
  • Monitoring ne Advocacy[[FL:1] - Masangano asingapinduri neanoona mabhiri ezvikwereti, anosvinurira mitezo yawo, uye anogadzira nhimbe dzouswa. Internet yaderedza muitiro uyu, ichiita kuti mashoko emitemo awanike kumunhu upi noupi ane chirango.
  • [ Kupa hurukuro muHoro dzeTown - Mitezo yeCongress inoitira misangano yehoro yetaundi kuti ionere murangariro wavose. Kuratidza, kubvunza mibvunzo, uye kugoverana nhau dzomunhu oga kunogona kupesvedzera chimiro chomuiti wemitemo.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kudzidzisa gadziriro yomutemo hakuna kukwana pasina rutivi runoshanda. Marusando emitemo okunyora tsamba kumimiririri, kana kuti kunyora mutemo kupfurikidza neCongress.gov inogona kuchinja mifungo isinganzwisisiki kuva kudzidza chaikoiko. Conreg. Website yeChiteshi inogovera kusvika kwapachena kurugwaro rwemishumo yemitemo, mishumo yedare, marekodhirobha, uye marusarusa okunzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, SATE[FT] uye [FLT:] Houses yevarames [FLT:] yapamutemo inogovera zviwiro zvedzidzo zvevadzidzi.

Zvinetso Zvinowanzoitika Mugadziriro Yokupa Mutemo

Pasinei zvapo nechimiro chayo, muitiro wemitemo unotarisana netsoropodzo dzinopfuurira. Gridlock, devolce, uye pesvedzero yefariro chaidzo zvinogona kumisa kana kuti kushatisa zvikwereti zvakakurumbira. Mutongi weReavybuster muDare, somuenzaniso, anobvumira vashomanene kumisa mutemo kutoti kana mavhoti 60 achibvumirana kugumisa kurukurirano. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuruvimbwa pakutsamira pakuyananisa bhangi kunoda bedzi voruzhinji asi vanoganhurirwa kunhau.

Chimwe chinetso ndechokuoma kunzwisisa kwomutemo wemitero uye wokutungamirira, unogona kuita kuti zvikwereti zvive zviuru zvamapeji kwenguva refu.Vagari vanowanzoparapatika kuonesa kuti mutemo uchatapura sei upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Nhano dzokuratidzira mativi, dzakadai sepfupiso dzomutauro mumishumo yedare, dzinovavarira kuvhara mukaha uyu.

Kunzwisisa izvi denho kunoshongedzera vatsigiri kushanda pabhotorocks. Somuenzaniso, mutongo unodzorwa mudare ungadzoserwa muDare rinotevera kana kuti kuiswa sechidzoreso kugweta rinofanira kupfuura. Iyi miitiro yemiitiro inokosha kuunyanzvi hwomutemo.

Kudzidza Nezvemakemikari Kunobatsira Vane Majeri

Kuti munhu atevere muitiro womutemo, anofanira kurovedzana namashoko akarovedzeka:

  • [ Calendar - Rudungwe rwezvikwereti zvakamirira chiito chapauriri.
  • [ Chibvumirano [ – Muitiro weDare wokugumisa nhubuster, unoda mavhoti 60.
  • Kukumbira [ – A Sero reImba rokumanikidzira chisaini mudare pasina kubvumira kwedare (inoda kusaina 218).
  • [ Omnibus Bill – chinyorwa chimwe chine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaparadzana, zvinowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwokunyora.
  • [[[FOL:0] Pocket Veto – Porofesi yedokeridhe isina kunanga kupfurikidza nokusaina mutemo pashure pevanokakavara vaCongress.
  • .Farse Confrect – Chibvumirano chokukurumidza muDare chokurega miitiro yenguva dzose apo kusava nechinhu chiri mitezo.

Kuziva mashoko aya kunogonesa kurava zvakajeka mishumo yenhau nezvinyorwa zvehurumende. Nokuda kwefundo yakadzama, Govtrack.us inogovera kujeka kwemashoko uye kupetwa kwechiNgezi chakapfava kwemubato wemitemo.

Mugumisiro: Kugara Munzvimbo Yacho Nokudzidza Nokunyora

Gadziriro yomutemo ingaratidzika kuva yerabyrinthine, asi kuoma kwayo chinhu, kwete chipukanana. Nhamba imwe neimwe(kuvambira pasumo kusvika kusigina yepurezidhendi) inopa mikana yokuisa, kunzvera, uye kunatsiridzwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa idzi nhano, vagari vemo vanogona kufamba kupfuura kurangarira kwokutanga kuvimbisana. Kana uri mudzidzi anonyora tsamba yako yokutanga kumumiriri, mudzidzi anoshandisa gadziriro yefundo, kana kuti mutsigiri kuedza kugadzira pepa, zivo yenzira iyo mutemo unogadzirwa nayo chishandiso chako chine simba zvikurusa.

Democracy hausi mutambo wedzidzo yavose. Apo vanhu vanodzidza kushandisa gadziriro dzemitemo, vanobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inobatira zvakanaka vanhu vose. Zviwanikwa zvadudzwa pamusoro apa. Zvirongwa zvedzidzo yavagari vemo zvakadai se Faceral Judiary yedzidzo ye[