Mutemo wezvoutano hwenyika yose unoramba uri mumwe wemiitiro inokakavadzana zvikurusa munyika yose, sezvo marudzi achidzikamisa zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinowirirana nemupimo wetsika wokuva nechokwadi chokuwana mishonga nokuda kwavose. Ndyiko dzinowedzera dzoutano, chiverengero chavagari vemo vakwegura, uye zvidzidzo zvedenda reCOVID-19 zvakawedzera kunzvera gadziriro dzakasiana--shambidzika. Kunzwisisa kutengeserana kunopindwa mumufananidzo upi noupi wenyika yose, (* mubhadhari wezvikamu zvizhinji nezvizhinji nechero, kana kuti muvhenganiswa wemitengo yemari yemari, rudzi rwekutarisira, chisarudzo chokushivirira, uye kupfuurira kwenguva refu. Uku kunzvera kunonzvera kushatsatsa ufakazi chaihwo hwenyika, matepi nohupi nohupi uhwo hunoumba mugariro woutano.

Mavambo Ezvoutano Hwose

Kurondedzera Kushanda Kwoutano Hwose

World Health Organization inorondedzera bhajeti yezvoutano yose (UHC) seyekuvimbisa kuti vanhu vose vanogona kuwana mabasa outano anodikanwa pasina kutambura nhamo dzemari. Ikoku kunobatanidza marudzi akazara emabasa outano anokosha (kubva pakusimudzirwa nokudzivirirwa kukurapwa, kuporeswa, uye kuiswa kwemari. UHC haisati ichiraira muenzaniso mumwe wemari; panzvimbo pezvo, inogadza nharidzano. Nyika dzinoshandisa UHC kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana, asi nheyo dzapakuvamba dzinosara: ruvimbiko, kunaka, uye dziviriro yemari.

Gadziriro dzezvoutano dzenyika yose dzinowanzopinda mumapoka matatu akafara:

  • Gadziriro dzokuripira dzisati dziri mbiri[[FL:1]]
  • Mitemo yeinishuwarenzi youtano (mubhadhari) [inopiwa mipiro yapamutemo inobva kuvashandirwi navashandirwi, inowanzotarisirwa nemari isingapinduri. Germany, France, uye Japan inoshandisa mutoo uyu.
  • Mienzaniso youtano hwerudzi

Nhoroondo uye Kugamuchirwa Kwevana Vari Mupasi Rose

Kukuchidzirwa kwezvoutano hwechisiko chose kwakawana simba pashure peHondo yeNyika II, UK ichitanga NHS muna 1948. Mamwe marudzi akabudirira akatevera mumakumi amakore anotevera. Mukuwirirana ne CD, nyika dzose 38 dziri mitezo zvino dzinogovera pedyo nokwazvo nokuda kwemitengo yakarongwa yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo mikaha yokupinda nokudzivirirwa nemari inopfuurira. Munyika dziri kubudirira, dzakadai seThailand (2002) neRwanda (2008) dzakaita kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwokufukidza, dzichiratidzira kuti UHC inopa dziviriro inowirirana kunyange mumagariro akaderera.

Kuderedza Betsero Dzokutarisira Utano Hwose

Kukwana Pakuwanwa

Chibvumikiso chinogombedzera zvikurusa chezvoutano hwese kuderedzwa kwemitsara mukuwana. Mugadziriro dzisina kufukidzwa kwose kwose, avo vane mari yakaderera, migariro inovapo, kana kuti mugariro muduku kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha. 2021 mu Health Affaits[ yakawana kuti vakuru vasina kudzivirirwa muUnited States vakanga vari sezvingabvira zvikuru nekatatu kupfuura vakuru vanoshushikana kurega tarisiro yezvokurapa nemhaka yendyiko yendyiko. Masangano echisiko chose anobvisa zvikurukuru mukahana uyu. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yokupa mari imwe chete yeCanada inovimbisa kuti vagari vose vemo vanogamuchira chipatara nachiremba pasina mutengo, vachibetsera kuderedza zvikuru kuva nedzivirika mushandiso youtano yeUnited States.

Kutarisirwa Kwokudzivirira uye Kupindira Kwokutanga

Masangano enyika yose anosimbisa chaizvoizvo mabasa okudzivirira, sezvo aderedza kurapa kunodhura. Nyika dzine mibatanidzwa mikuru yetarisiro yakasimba yadzo inopfuudzwa zvikuru.(kazhinji kazhinji) rutivi rwokuvakwa kwepasi pose (zvinoona mwero yakaderera yokuiswa muchipatara nokuda kwemigariro yakadai seasima, chirwere cheshuga, uye hypertension. Commonwealth Fund inoisa NHS yeUK'S yokutanga pakati penyika dzakakwirira nokuda kwokugovera kusvika panguva yakafanira kutarisiro nebetsero dzinodzivirira pasinei zvapo nokushandisa kwakaderera kwezvoutano kupedza mari yeUS.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemari

Kubhuroka kwezvokurapa kunoramba kuri chinetso chakakomba munyika dzisingapiwi mutengo mukuru. Nzvero yechiratidzo muAmerican Journal of Public Health yakafungidzira kuti 66.5% yemari yose yakaderera muUnited States yakasungirwa kunhau dzezvokurapa. Nokupesana, gadziriro dzepasi rose kana kuti kubvisa ndyiko dzemari dzemari dzinoshandiswa pakutarisira zvinokosha. MuGermany, somuenzaniso, kunze kwechitsama cha 13% bedzi chemari yose inobhadharwa, ichienzaniswa ne30% yemari muUS. Iyi dziviriro yemari haisati ichingodzivirira bedzi mhuri pakuparadzwa asi inochengetawo mari yakakwirira kupfurikidza nokuderedza mutengo nokurasikirwa.

Utano Hwevanhu Vanovapo

Kuenzanisa kwamarudzi ose kunoratidza nguva dzose kuti tarisiro youtano yapose pose yakabatanidzwa nenduramo dzakakwirira zvikuru nekufa kwavacheche. World Health Organization inoshuma kuti nyika dzine mativi ose akaenzana neyavose (akadai seJapan, Switzerland, uye Australia) dzinova pakati penzvimbo yapamusoro yenduramo dzoutano dzakaruramiswa. Uyezve, mukati medenda reCHOVID , marudzi ane gadziriro dzakasimba dzoutano uye zvinobatanidzwa zvoutano zvapachena kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzakawana mwero yakaderera yezviverengero zvapazati kuti vafei kukunda ayo akagoverwa.

Kubudirira Kwemari

Vashandi vane utano vanopa purofiti huru yezvemari. Zvirwere zvamanguva akawanda neurema zvisingarapiki zvinoderedza kutora rutivi nokukura kwebasa. International Monetary Fund yakafungidzira kuti kuvhara mukaha wekuvhara utano munyika dzinowana mari yakaderera neyapakati kungagona kuwedzera GDP ne2% pagore. Mumiganhu yemari yakawanda, kuderedza kuvapo kwechipo (kushanda apo unorwara) nokuwana zviri nani zvokutarisira. Utano hwezvoutano hwenyika yose hunoderedzawo “job kiroki yezvokubereka"., umo vanhu vanoramba vari mumabasa asingadiki kuchengetedza inishuwarenzi inodzivisa kugadzirwa nokushanda kwebasa.

Kuongorora Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Kutsigirwa Kwemari Nemitero

Kushandisa mari yezvoutano hwenyika yose kunoda ndyiko dzinochengetwa. Munyika zhinjisa dzeOECD, kudyira utano kunoshandisa 8-12% yeGDP, nehurumende dzine 70-80% yendyiko. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti aya masimba akakwirira kana kuti mapoka asingaiti mimwe mitero yavose. Zvisinei, ufakazi hwakavhengana. Mitengo inobhadharwa yehurumende yakafanana neyaCanada neTaiwan yakawana mari yakaderera (inowanzova 5% yemari yose inobhadharwa) kupfuura gadziriro dzakawanda dzemari inobhadharwa, apo kupfuudza pfuti inogona kupfuura 15% muUnited States. Bva, chipingamupingamupinyi wezvamatongerwe enyika wokukwidza mitero yemitero yemari yakakwirira zvikuru nokuda kwokubhadharwa kana kuti mari. Somuenzaniso, mipiro yeutano yeGermany inovakwa uye inopiwa vashandi, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kudiwa kwebasa mune mamwe masangano ezvo. Vateshi vanokwikwidza mari vanofanira kukwirira mari mubato yemari muUnited States.

Nguva Dzokumirira Nekuenzanisa Basa

Zvichida kutsoropodza kunopfuurira zvikurusa kwegadziriro dzapasi pose ibviro yenguva refu yokumirira miitiro yokuvhota. Canada neUK kazhinji kazhinji zvinomirira mavhiki kusvikira kumwedzi nokuda kwokutsiviwa kwehudyu, kuvhiyiwa kwekatsi, uye kubvunza kwounyanzvi. 2022 kubva kuFraser Institute yakaratidzira kuti nguva yezvokurapa yeCanada yakamirira nguva yokurapa kuri 27,4 yakava isina kuchinjwa kubva kugore rapfuura. Zvisinei, nguva dzinomirira dzinosiyana zvikuru nemhaka yokushanda uye nzvimbo. Nyika zhinji dzinokwanisa kudzora kudikanwa kwaparefukidzwa nekurumidziro yezvokukurumidzira kwekenza. Uyezve, nguva dzinomirira dzinogona kuderedzwa nokubudirira, kugadziriswa kwebasa, uye kushandiswa kwakasarudzwa kwomunhu oga, sezvinoonekwa muGermany neNetherlands.

Kutarisirwa uye Chiremba Anosimudzira

Vatsoropodzi vanonetseka kuti udzori hwehurumende hungadzivisa kuvandudzika, kuderedza sundo yemari, uye kunaka kwakaderera. Bva mavara amarudzi ose haatsigiri zvakafanana kutyiwa uku. Commonwealth Fund ya2021 “Muridzi, Mirrir” mushumo wakaisa UK’s NHS yokutanga pahunaka uye wechipiri pakurongeka, pasinei zvapo nokupedza mari shoma zvikuru kupfuura US. Kupesana, gadziriro yeCanada inobhadharwa zvakanaka netarisiro yapakati yomwoyo murefu asi inotapukurirwa nenguva. Sactore anogona kutapurwa nezvirongwa zvemikoro nemitoro zvokutungamirira; nyika dzakafanana neGermany neNetherlands dzakataura izvi nezvibvumirano zvemari mumitengo yavose uye kubvumira kudzo yakaganhurirwa kwebasa rapamhizha mukati mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende. Kudzorwa kwebasa rinoenderera mberi kumitengo

Kuramba Zvematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvimba Nematongerwe Ezvinhu

Kushandisa kana kuti kuchinja tarisiro yezvoutano mupasi rose kazhinji kazhinji kunosangana nechishoro chikuru chinobva kuvadzori vezvokudzivisa mishonga, mafemu emishonga, mapoka ezvokugovera, uye vashori vepfungwa zvekuwedzera kwehurumende. MuUnited States, kuedza kwokuwedzera kwakabudirira zvishoma bedzi (zvikurukuru, Medicare, Medicaid, Affordcable Care Act). Kunyange nyika dzine gadziriro dzapasi pose dzakagadzwa dzinotarisana nekurukurirano dzenhambo nenhambo pamusoro pePrintation, mari inoderedza, uye inobetsera. Kutsamira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoreva kuti kana gadziriro yegadziriro yezvivako yagara iripo, chinjo hurusanozivikanwa. Kunzwisisa upfumi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwechinjo kunokosha nokuda kwokudeyamura kurukurirano ipi neipi yezvoutano.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kunoita Vashandi

Mukupesana nefungidziro yokuti gadziriro dzokubhadharisa imwe chete inoda kudzorwa nyore, kutarisira gadziriro yechisiko chose kunobatanidza mibato yakaoma yokuripira, gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa mizhinji, uye utarisiri. Mitemo mizhinji inobhadharwa, yakadai se “mari inokosha,” inoda njodzi yakaenzana kudzivirira magwenya kubva mucherryâge inobvisa vanyoresi vane utano hwakanaka. Mutoro wehurumende unogona kuva unorema zvikuru (kazhinjisapfuura mumitengo yakaputsika, inoita mari inorema. Somuenzaniso, mari inoshandiswa mugadziriro yezve zvoutano yeUS inodarika $800 pa $300. Kunyange zvakadaro, muFrance yose inoda kudzora kune simba rakasimba, kuoneka zvakanaka, uye kuzivisa kwoutano kuti zvichengetedze.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa Kwemienzaniso Yokurapa Kwenyika Yose

Mutengo Wemari Usingabhadhari Munhu Mumwe Woga weCanada

Canada inogovera purofiti yezvipatara nachiremba kupfurikidza namarongedzero einishuwarenzi yoruwa anotsigirwa nemitero yehurumende neruwa. Inishuwarenzi yapachivande inorambidzwa nokuda kweminamato inofukidzwa negadziriro yavose. Sangano inoita mari inofukidza 889 renyika yose, yakaderera pajini yeUS (inenge hafu yemwero yeUS), uye gutsikano yakakwirira pakati pavagari vemo. Zvisinei, inomirira nguva nokuda kwemiitiro yokuvhotera iri refu pakati penyika dzeOECD inotsigirwa nemitero. Sangano inobvisawo mirimo inotenderwa, , , uye kutarisirwa kwenhambo ne $16,500, kuUS.[FL: 0]

Muenzaniso Weinishuwarenzi Youtano Hwenzanga yeGermany

Gadziriro yeGermany imari yakawanda: vashandi navashandirwi vanopa mipiro mizhinji: mari isingapinduri. Inotsiva mari inokwikwidzana pamutengo napabasa. Inenge 87% yavagari vemo inofukidzwa neinishuwarenzi yavose; vapfumi vanogona kusarudza nokuda kwokuvakwa. Sangano inopa betsero huru, nguva dzinomirira (nokuda kurongedzerwa kwakakomba kwemitengo), uye kuzvimirira kwakakwirira. Kudzora kunoitwa kupfurikidza nemitengo yakarongwa pakati pemari yechirwere nesangano rachiremba. Kushandiswa kwemari yemari yavose kwakaderera, uye gadziriro dzemitengo inosano neapute. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuoma kwemitengo kwemitengo yemitengo yengozi neyamutengo. [FL: 0] .GUP1]

United Kingdom’s National Health Service

NHS inogovera tarisiro inotsigirwa nemari inotsigirwa kupfurikidza nemitero yose, isina mutengo. Iro igadziriro inosakaenzana zvikurusa pakati penyika dzeOECD, ine mhinganidzo shomanene dzemari. NHS inopfuura mugadziriro huru yetarisiro uye utano hunodzivirira. Zvisinei, inotarisana nezvinopesana nokuderera, kukwegura, uye kuperevedza kwevashandi. Miitiro isingachinjiki yakawedzera chifo chapanguva inoteshi, nevarwere vanopfuura 7 miriyoni pakutarisira mukuvamba kwe 2023. Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, NHS inoramba iri yakakurumbira uye inodya mari inotengwa na[FL:] yaKing Fund [FLD:1] inonyora kuti UKS inopedza bedzi 11.P, kunyange zvazvo zvichiripo zvinobudirira 15%,

Inishuwarenzi Youtano Yorudzi rweTaiwan

Taiwan yakashandisa gadziriro imwe chete yavanobhadharwa muna 1995, ichifukidza chiverengero chose chavagari vemo nepasuru yebetsero huru. Mari inobva mukubhadhara mitero yemitero yemitero, mari yehurumende, uye mari inobhadharwa zvine mwero. Gadziriro yeTaiwan inozivikanwa nokuda kwendyiko dzayo dzakaderera (inenge 2% yendyiko yose yemari inobhadharwa) uye kusanosanobudirira. Nguva dzakamirira nguva kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinoperevedza nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri tarisiro yokushivirira neyavaregeredza. Sangano inoshandisa mari yemari yenyika yose nepurogiramu dzemari kuti idzore, kuchengeta utano hwayo panenge 6.5% yeGDP. Zvisinei, vanachiremba vanowanzotarisana namavhoriyamu anorwara anobatira akakwirira, zvichitungamirira kukuva nehanya nokuneta. Chinoitika kuti mushandiridziro mumwe chete wemari anogona kubetserwa nokugutsikana kwapakati pevhu negutswa navanhu vose.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nemasimba Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nzvero Nemiitiro

Tsigiro yavose yezvoutano hwepasi pose inosiyana zvikuru munyika dzose. MuUnited States, kunzvera kweGallup kunoratidza nguva dzose kuti vaAmerica vazhinjisa vanofarira “hurumende shangu” gadziriro yokutarisira utano, kunyange zvazvo tsigiro iyoyo ichiderera apo kutengesa kunenge mitero yakakwirira kana kuti kumirira nguva dzinodudzwa. MuCanada neUK, kutsigira tsika dzazvino uno kunoramba kwakasimba, navanopfuura 70% vevapinduri vanoratidzira gutsikano munzvero ichangobva kuitwa. Pew Research Center inoratidzira kuti vaEurope vanowanzorangarira mutoro wehurumende nokuda kwemitoro yezvoutano sebasa rehurumende repamusoro, nepo vaAmerica vanoramba vachikamuraniswa nemitsetse yemitsetse yemifungo yechadiro.

Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Maonero Avo

Zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvinochinja mafungiro evanhu pakuzivikanwa kwepasi pose:

  • [ Chinoitika chako umene[] [“avo vakatarisana nenhamo yemari nezvikwereti zvokurapa vanotsigira zvikuru.
  • Media faming
  • [ology
  • Vimba nehurumende (61]) ndudzi dzine mwero yakakwirira yechivimbo dzinova negadziriro dzavanhu dzinopa zvikuru.
  • [ Mienzaniso yenyika yose [1] (kungwarira mienzaniso inobudirira kune imwe nyika kunogona kubvisa nharo dzomumba.

Kuyera Makambani Okutengesa: Nzira Iri Pamberi

Kudzikamisa Kukwana Nokugutsikana

Hapana gadziriro yokutarisira utano yakakwana; imwe neimwe inobatanidza kudzorwa pakati pekuwana, mutengo, kunaka, uye chisarudzo. Nyika dzinoronda kubatanidzwa kwose kunofanira kusarudza kuti mitaroi yokuisa panzvimbo yazvo. Somuenzaniso, Canada neUK vanobaira nguva dzakati kuti vakamirira kuwana equity, nepo Germany neNetherlands dzinochengeta nguva pfupi mumakwikwidzani ane mikwikwidzo mizhinji asi dzinogamuchira ndyiko dzakakwirira dzedzokudzora. Dzino iri pakati pemipimo yenyika, nzvimbo yemari, uye tsika yeutano.

Zvinorayirwa Nemitemo

Kushandisa ufakazi hwamarudzi ose, zvirongwa zvinoverengeka zvinogona kubetsera kuderedza mativi akaipa egadziriro dzapose pose:

  • [ Yakanyanya mutarisiro huru --kuchengeta magedhi akasimba kunoderedza kushandiswa kwechipatara kusiri madikanwa uye kunovandudza utano hwechiverengero chavagari vemo.
  • Shandisa mashoko nemichina [1] Zvirongwa zvemashoko eutano zvakavhengana zvinogona kumirira nguva, kutarira kunaka, uye kuderedza tsvina yehurumende.
  • Kushandiswa kwakaitirwa kubuda mumakepisi
  • [ Kuisa pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika [1] [1] Unyanzvi hwokunzvera utano hunotsamira pamitumbi nemaoko zvinoda kupfuudza [1] masangano anobhadhara mari anogona kuderedza ganhuriro yezvisarudzo zvemari.
  • Tsanzira inishuwarenzi yapachivande yokusasarudza (_panovhozhokera kudzivirira nguva dzokumirira, nepo uchichengeta mirairo yakakomba kudzivisa creamma.

mhedziso

Mutemo wezvoutano hwenyika yose hausi chisarudzo chenzira mbiri asi mhatsa yezvisarudzo zvemagadzirirwo, chimwe nechimwe chakatakura mibatanidzwa yakasiyana. Ufakazi hunoratidza zvakajeka kuti gadziriro dzinogovera kufukidza kwepasi pose dzinowana miuyo mikuru zvikuru, dziviriro yemari, uye kazhinji kazhinji iri nani yeutano kupfuura miuyo yakakamukana. Chinoshuva tarisiro yokungwarira kudzivisa dzvinyiriro, miganhu, miganhu mirengwa, uye shavo inodzorwa. Sezvo nyika dzinokurukura chinjo dzenguva yemberi, dzinofanira kuisa zvisarudzo zvemari, kuisa pachena kutengeswa kwemitengo, uye kurangarira kusingadzokororwi navanhu vose. Vavariro yacho haisi gadziriro yeCroolderns, asi inovandudza kuva nomwero inopfuurengana neyakakwira yechinero yechinetsono chakakwirira, kutarisira kupfurikidza nokuremekedza zvose pamusoro pezvipingamupinyi nezve zvoupfumi zvenyika zvemari zvenyika zvenyika yorudzi rumwe norumwe norumwe.