Kutanga: Chisakiso Chomutemo Chokuhwirudzura Ruramisiro

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokunzvera zviito zvamapazu emitemo neanotungamirira ndokuazivisa kuva asingakwanisi kana akarwisana nebumbiro remitemo rorudzi. MuUnited States, chiremera ichi hachipiwi zvakajeka norugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo asi chazova chinhu chinokosha chetsika yechekedzo nedzikamo. Kupfurikidza nokugonesa judicariary kubvisa mitemo yemitemo kana kuti zviito zvechiremera, kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kunovimbisa kuti hurumende inoshanda mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa nechinyorwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera mavambirwo, kushandirwa kwemitemo yetsika, zvirongwa zvenyika, mirairo, zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye kudzorwa kwenguva yemberi kwekurukurirano yedare mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica yemitemo.

Pfungwa yacho iri panheyo yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Sezvo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akanyora mu Marbury v. Madison [1803], “Iyasimbisa zvikuru purovhinzi nemusengwa webato redare kuti ritaure kuti mutemo ndeupi.” Iyi dzidziso inopa matare shoko rokupedzisira pakududzirwa kwemitemo, kuita hwirudzura gumbo rehurumende yedemokrase. Pesvedzero yayo inotambanukira kupfuudzira kudarika dare rehurumende, kodzero dzavose, uye chiyero chesimba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende. Nokuda kwokunzwisisa zvakadza zvikuru, ona mutevedzero mukuru wenhau yemafaunzi [[FLT:]

Pasina hwirudzuro yorutongeso, mitemo kana kuti mutungamiriri angagona kudzorwa, sezvinobvira kuputsa rusununguko rukuru. Nokudaro muitiro wacho unobatira sedziviriro muchiito chehurumende choudzvinyiriri noudzvinyiriri. Inogoverawo nzvimbo nokuda kwezviduku navanhu vamwe navamwe kudenha mitemo inoputsa maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo. Nemhaka yakadaro, kuongorora kwokutonga hakusati kuri muitiro wapamutemo chete asi sangano redemocracy unokosha iro rinotsigira mutemo.

Mavambo Ehwirudzuro

Kutanga Kwomunhau: Kubva paMutemo Wavose weChirungu Kuenda Kukuedza kuAmerica

Mitemo yapakuvamba yeChirungu yaiva nemirangariro yokuti mitemo inoputsa nheyo huru ingagona kurangarirwa kuva isina maturo, kunyange zvazvo pasina muitiro wetsika waivapo. Mumakoroni acho, matare ehurumende aidzorwa nehurumende dzimwe nguva aihwirudzura zviito zvemirayiro yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende. Zvisinei, Chinjo yeAmerica yakaunza bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rakakwirira raigona kubatira sechiratidzo chedare redare rinonzvera.

Mukati menharo dzekunatsa, Alexander Hamilton akadzivirira hwirudzuro yedare mu Federalst N. 78, achiramba kuti dare redare raizova “nengozi” nemhaka yokuti rakanga risina simba rechikwama kana kuti munondo. Akachengeta kuti matare anofanira kududzira Bumbiro remitemo nokuzvidza mutemo upi noupi unoriumba. Irori rerondedzero rakagadza chiteshi cheDare Rapamusorosoro kuti ritsigire simba gare gare.

Marbury v. Madison: Mhaka Yakarondedzera Rudzi

Chinoitika cha1803 cha Marbury v. Madison inguva yokuvamba yehwirudzuro muUnited States. William Marbury, pakati pousiku mugadziridziri waPrezidhendi John Adams, Munyori weHurumende akakwaniriswa kupa murairo wake. Mukuru John Marshall akatarisana nechinetso chezvamatongerwe enyika: kuraira Madson kuendesa basa sezvingabvira kungava kufuratirwa, nepo kuramba kunzwa mhaka yacho kungaratidzika kuva kusina kusimba. Panzvimbo pezvo, Marshall akazivisa kuti gadziriro yeChiratiso cheJudiary yaMarhrieday ya 1789 pasi pechich subries imene yakanga isina kudzorwa. Ikoku kwokuchenjera kwakabvumira Dare kudzivisa kurwisana kwakanangana nehurumende apo judican Congssion yakagadzwa.

Murangariro waMarshall wakataura nheyo nhatu dzinokosha: Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo mukurusa, vatongi vane basa rokuridudzira, uye mutemo upi noupi unonyangadza kuBumbiro remitemo hauna maturo. Chisarudzo chacho hachina kududza zvakajeka hwirudzuro yorutongeso sesimba guru, asi chakagadza muenzaniso usingaperi. Pakasvika 1810, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakanga rashandisa hwirudzuro yedare mune dzimwe nhau dzinoverengeka, uye dzidziso yacho yakava yakasimbiswa zvakasimba mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Nokuda kworugwaro rwakazara nenzvero, ona [[FLT: 0] rondedzero yaAntonionstion Antogion pa Marbury v. Madison [FLT]

Kuhwirudzura Kunoenderana Nezvavakaita

United States payakatanga rudzi rwakasimba rwenzvero yokutonga, dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakashandisa misiano. MuGermany, Federal Constitution Court inogona kuputsa mutemo unoputsa Mutemo weSicle, asi simba rawo rine unyanzvi zvikuru. MuCanada, Charter of Rights and Freedoms inobvumira matare kushatisa mitemo, asi Paramende ingakurira zvisarudzo zvakati pasi peChikamu 33(a “nonge pagadziro isingazivikanwi" mutsika dzeAmerica. Dare reEurope reEurope’Union of Justices rinohwirudzura zviito zveEUC zvinorwisana nezvibvumirano zveEU. Izvi zvitereso zvinosiyanisa simba redare, asi basa rehurumende rinodzosa mativi ose.

Nharo Pamusoro Pechibvumirano Chomutemo Chokufunga Nechipenyu Chepakuvamba

Ukuru hwakafanira hwehwirudzuro inotonga nguva dzose hwakamutsa kusabvumirana. Vanyori venhau dzekare vanotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kuvimba bedzi nerevo yapakuvamba yavanhu yeBumbiro remitemo, vachiganhurira chisarudzo chavo vamene. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akatsigira mutoo uyu. Mukupesana, vatsigiri ve “bumbiro remitemo rinorarama” vanotaura kuti nheyo dzakafara dzechinyorwa chacho dzinofanira kuchinjira kukuvara mipimo yenzanga. Zvikoro zvose zviri zviviri zvinogamuchira kuhwirudzura kwedare, asi zvinosiana zvikuru pakuti matare anofanira kubvisa mutemo wakaipa sei. Iyi kurukurirano inoramba iri yose iri yose iripo mukutsigira kunzwika uye pesvedzero panhau dzinopisa.

Basa Rokuhwirudzura Muhurumende

Makeja Nedzikamo: Kudzivisa Kunyanyoshanda Kwebazu

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoparadzanisa noune masimba pakati pebazu romutemo, rokutonga, asi rinogoverawo bazu rimwe nerimwe maturusi okunzvera mamwe. Kuhwirudzura kwedare ichenjedzo huru yedare. Kupfurikidza nokusashanda kwemitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinopfuura ganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo, matare anodzivisa Congress kuisa muganhu unorongwa ndokumisa Purezidhendi kusatora chiremera chinopiwa neChikamu II.

Iri basa rakakomba zvikuru munguva dzenjodzi kana kuti tyisidziro dzenyika. Mativi akafanana ne Protown Sheep & Tube Co. Sawiter (11952), apo Dare Gurusa reTruman rakavhara kutora zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea, anoratidzira kuda kwejajiritari kuderedza mukuru mukuru mukuru. Nenzira yakafanana, mu [FTLT:2]S v. Chad[ [19983], Dare rakarova zvigadziko zvedare rehurumende kuti riparadze kukunda chidhindo chebikirati uye zvinodikanwa zvinovapo zveChikamu I. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuremekedzwa kwehurumende yose.[FTLT.PUR.[FFF.3: 31]

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunobatira somupi wekodzero dzomunhu oga wokupedzisira unotsigirwa muBill of Rights uye gadziridzo dzinotevera. Pasina simba iri, voruzhinji vakakurumbira vaigona kugadza mitemo inodzvinyirira vanhu vashomanene vasingadiwi kana kuti pfungwa dzinopesana. Dare rinohwirudzura mitemo nemitemo yehurumende zvinodzivisa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana.

Mumwe wemienzaniso ine simba zvikurusa ndi Brown v. Board of Education (1954), iyo yakazivisa dzinza rinosarudzwa muzvikoro zvavose pasina urongwa. Dare raitsamira paEcult Protection Clause yePremendment ye145th Amendment, inodzora mitemo yehurumende nemiitiro yenzanga yakadzika midziri yakadzika zvikuru. Nenzira yakafanana, Obergefell v. Hodges (20) yakashandisa hwirudzudzudzo yedare rokutonga kuziva roorano yakafanana sechibvumirano chapamutemo pasi peGeneti yeGenetic and Exmetic Classive Claussmes. Muzvinoitika zvose zviri zviviri, chiito chokutonga chamabazu chamagarisa mapazuro ayo mapazuro ezvamatongerwe enyika akanga asingadi kugona kugona.

Kuhwirudzura kunodzivirirawo maruramiro emitemo. Miranda nyevero, dzakatangwa mu Miranda v. Arizona [1966], dzinoda mapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro adzo pamberi pekubvunzurudzwa. Ichi chisarudzo, chakavakirwa muGarati yeFith neT6, chinoratidzira kuti matare anogona sei kumisa miitiro yomutemo kudzivirira maruramiro emupomero.

Kusachinja uye Kufanana Zvakabvumirwa neMutemo

Kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kwehurumende, zvikurukuru neDare guru reU.S., kunovimbisa kuti mipimo yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda zvakafanana munyika dzose. Pasina muturikiri mumwe ane chiremera, matare akaderera akasiyana - siyana angagona kusvika mhedziso dzinopesana pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Simba rejaji rekuhwiro remitemo rehurumende rinodzivisawo hurumende kuputsa Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mu Arizona v. United States (20: 2), Dare rakarova mativi emitemo inodzoresa kudzorwa kwekubuda kwehurumende ayo anodzokororwa pachiremera chehurumende. Iyi wirirano inokosha nokuda kwegadziriro yemitemo yepamutemo neyapamutemo.

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Mukuhwirudzura

Kuti hwirudzuro yokutonga ishande zvakanaka, vatongi vanofanira kudzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Upenyu mukati momufambiro wakanaka (Article III) hunodzivirira vatongi vehurumende pakutsiva. Sezvakanyorwa naHamilton, kuzvimirira kunogonesa matare kumira mukurwisana nokutsvaka vakuru kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakakurumbira. Kuvhozhokera kuzvimirira kwokutonga, zvakadai sezvikarakadzo zvokupa dare kana kuti kubviswa kwavatongi, zvinotyisidzira kuva nomupimo wehwirudzuro yedare. Kuchengeta mutongi akasimba, mutongi asingasasarurani naizvozvo chinodikanwa nokuda kwokutarisira kunobudirira kwemitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Muchiito: Mhaka Dzapanyika Dzine Chiratidzo

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuenzana

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) — Izvo zvakatenderedza nenzira inoshamisa dzidziso ye “yakapesana asi yakaenzana” inobva ku Pnecy v. Ferguson[, inotonga kuti dzinza rinogarwa muzvikoro zvavose rakaputsa dziviriro yakaenzana Clause. Mhaka iyi idigm yehwirudzuro yedare sesimba reruramisiro yenzanga.
  • Lovang v. Virginia (1967) [[FL: 1] — Kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yedzinza, kusimbisa kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha uye kuti kukamukana kwedzinza kunodzorwa nokunzverwa kworumano zvikurusa.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) — kodzero yakawedzerwa kuroorano younzenza munyika yose, kuchitsamira pazvose zviri zviviri Croatection neFegime Protection Clauss. Chisarudzo chakaratidzira simba redare rokutaura nenzwisiso dzinochinja dzorusununguko.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nekushingaira

  • New York Times Co. Sullivan (1964) — yakadzivirira munyu unobudiswa pasutu dzemitero navakuru vakuru vehurumende kutoti utsinye chaihwoihwo hukabvumikiswa, huchifutunurwa zvikuru dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment nokuda kwokutsoropodzwa kwehurumende.
  • TEXS v. Johnson (1989)] — Kurohwa kuti kupisa mureza kutaura kwokufananidzira kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, kurova mutemo wehurumende. Dare rakasimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kudzivisa kutaura nemhaka bedzi yokuti kunogumbura.
  • COIZENS United v. FEC (2010) — yakaziviswa kuti kutsigira mari kwebhizimisi kwekuparadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadzivirirwa, kusingashandisi mativi eBipartisan Chaigment Reformation Act. Iyi mhedziso inomutsa nharo inoramba ichikurukurwa zvikuru asi inoenzanisira kusvika kwemari yokutonga munhimbe.

Simba Rine Chiremera Nechiremera

  • United States v. Nixon (1974) — kutaura kwaPrezidhendi Nixon kweropafadzo yapanzvimbo yavose, kumumanikidzira kubudisa matepi eWatergate. Dare rakataura nokubvumirana kuti “haisi dzidziso yokuparadzana kwemasimba, kana kudikanwa kwekuvigirwa kwekurukurirano dzakakwirira... kunogona kutsigira ropafadzo yakakwana, yakakwana yaPrezidhendi wekudzivisa kurwisana nehosha.” Iyi chisarudzo chakabetsera zvakananga kukurega basa kwaNixon.
  • Trump v. Hawaii (2017)] — Yakawana chirambidzo cheboka reTrump kuisa chidzoreso kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim. Nepo Dare rakaregeredza kumukuru panzvimbo dzechengeteko dzenyika, rakaenderera mberi nokuwana chiziviso chinobvumirwa nomutemo wokupinda munyika uye kwete kuputsa Chivako chaClaus.
  • Nzvimbo dzeHomeland Security v. Regents of the University of California (2020) — Svetuka pasi shongedzo yeTrump yeDACA (Nzira inodzorwa nokuda kwokusvika kwaMakore) panzvimbo dzemichero pasi peAdministrative Procedure Act, kuenzanisira hwirudzuro yedare pamusoro pechinjo dzebasa rebazu.

Miganhu Yehwirudzuro: Dzidziso Dzapamutemo

Matare anoisa ganhuriro dzawo amene kupfurikidza nedzidziso dzakadai sechimiro, kuibva, kusafunga, uye dzidziso yezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, mu Ruuko v. Chisakiso Chavose (2010), Dare Gurusasa rakataura kuti kuputsa mutemo kunoramba kuchidzorwa nedare rezvamatongerwe enyika kusingabvumirwi nokuda kwechisarudzo chedare. Idzi dzidziso dzinovimbisa kuti matare ehurumende haasati apfuudzira basa rawo remitemo uye anoremekedza paradzanomuranisa masimba. Bva dzinorevawo kuti kuputswa kwemitemo kunoramba kusingadzorwi namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Tapuro Yehwirudzuro Panzanga

Kubatsira Kuchinja Munzanga

Kuhwirudzura dare kwave kuri injini ine simba yechinjo yenzanga, zvikurukuru apo matare emitemo anodzorwa kana kuti anorwisana namaruramiro mashoma. Chivil Rights Movement chakavimba zvikuru nerukundo rwedare rwakadai se Brown uye ] Kurega[[[FLT:]] pamberi pekukunda kwemitemo kwe 1964 Kodzero dzeChibvumirano na 1965 Tiginogaro Act. Mitemo yeroorano yakawanwa inodokuva inodokuva inodokuva inotengwa chose chose chose kupfurikidza nehwirudzura, neDare Rapamusoro-[FLT] OFFFF:5] yakaita chisarudzo chamakore gumi chokutonga kwakaderera.

Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare pane dzimwe nguva anodarika kupfurikidza nokusarudza nhau dzenzanga dzinofanira kugadziriswa. Kudzokororwa kwe Roe v. Wade [1773] nokuputsa kwawo Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022] [2022]) inoenzanisira zvose zviri zviviri simba nokusadzorwa kwedare. Apo matare anotonga pamberi pepfungwa dzakakurumbira, anopinza denho dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye anodzosera mutemo.

Kukurudzira Kuvimba Noruzhinji uye Kutonga kwoMutemo

Gadziriro yokutonga yakavimbika inowedzera chivimbo chavose muhurumende kupfurikidza nokuratidzira kuti hakuna munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo. Apo vanhu vanodavira kuti matare achanzvera mufambiro wapamutemo, sezvingabvira zvikuru achateerera mirairo yapamutemo ndokuvimba kuti sarudzo nemitemo zvakarurama. Kushandiswa kwokusasarura kweBumbiro remitemo kunoderedza udzori hwoudzvinyiriri uye kusimudzira tsika yokuzvidavirira.

Asiwo, kuvimba nevanhu kunotsamira papfungwa yokuti vatongi havasaruri uye kuti kuongorora kwokutonga hakungotsigiri zvematongerwo enyika nezita rimwe chete.

Kuganhurira Simba reHurumende Nokudzivisa Kubatwa Zvisina Kufanira

Kuhwirudzura jaji kunobatira secherekedzo pakunyanyisa. Pasina iko, voruzhinji vechinguvana muCongress vaigona kugadza mitemo inoputsa maruramiro avashori vezvamatongerwe enyika, vashoma, kana kuti vasingadiwi. Ilpal Protection Act ye 1989, iyo Programme yakapfuudza mumhinduro ku v. Johnson , yakakurumidza kuparadzwa mu [[FLT:] United States v. Eichman[FLT:] [FLT] [1990]).

Gadziriro yacho inomanikidzawo mukuru mukuru, zvikurukuru mukati menguva yehondo kana kuti yekurumidziro. Mu [FT:0] HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti vagari vemo vakasungwa savarwi vane maruramiro okudenha kusungwa kwavo pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisazve kuti kunyange hondo pamusoro pougandanga inofanira kupfuurira mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso Zvokuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokupikiswa Kwedare

Dare redare redare rinotonga rinoramba kupfuudzira matare ezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapurezidhendi navakuru vakuru vakatsvaka kare kugadza savatongi vane pfungwa dzakafanana, uye muitiro wokusimbisa wazova wokuwedzera. Chityisidziro chikurusa kukuzvitonga idare rinopaza.(kuwedzera Dare Gurusa kuti ripedze pesvedzero yevatongi varipo. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Rooselt ya197 kuwedzera ruramisiro nokuda kweimwe neimwe iri muzera rinopfuura 70 yakarambwa, asi pfungwa yacho yakanzi irambe nguva nenguva. Muna 2020, dzimwe Democrat yakakarakadza kufutunura Dare pashure peRepubliccation kuti risare. Zvikarakadzo zvamaria, kana kuzviita, kana kugona kudzoserazve Dare redare.

Mirangariro Yavose Nekodzero Yokutonga

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunoshanda munzanga yedemocracy, uye matare anofanira kuva anotapurwa noururami hwavanhu. Apo nhau dzeDare Rapamusorosoro dzinosafarirwa zvikuru, dzinopinda mungozi yokusawirirana kana kuti kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Dred Scott[ chisarudzo, icho chaitsigira chiJapanese , chinoshurikidzwa zvikuru nhasi. Vanoratidza kuti hwirudzuro yedare inogonawo kusimbisa kusaruramisira. Chivimbo chavose chinotsinhirana nechiyero chapadare rapamhiko.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Basa rakafanira ravatongi rinoramba riri kurukurirano isingagumi. Kutonga kunotonga kunoitika apo vatongi vanodisa kuputsa mitemo kana kuti kubvisa miganhu kuti vafambisire mirangariro yavo vamene. Kudzora kwedare kunopa zano rokuzviisa pasi pamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika nokunamatira kumuenzaniso (stare decis). Gakava kazhinji kazhinji rinopa mhaka ruramisiro dzinopa rumano panhau dzenzanga, nepo vanopa mhaka ruramisiro dzechiito chetsika pamasangano ezvemari nehurumende. Chaizvoizvo, ruramisiro zhinjisa dzinotsigira panhau dzakati uye dzinodzorwa padzimwe. Chisarudzo chikuru ndechero kana chisarudzo chacho chichitsigirwa murugwaro nenhau yeBumbiro remitemo.

Somuenzaniso, Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022] yakadzorwa Roe na [[FLT]] Casey, kudzorera kurasika kwokubvisa pamuviri kumaruwa. Vatsigiri vakakudana kuti kudzorerwa kwakafanira kwedemocracy-gornance; vashori vanokudana kuti chiito chorutongeso. Chinoparo chinoenzanisira kuti chiito chekubvisa mimba chinotsiviwa sei.

Kunyengera Kwenyeredzi Nengozi

Kunamatira kumuenzaniso kunogovera dzikamo nokudeya kutaurwa. Zvisinei, hwirudzuro yedare pane dzimwe nguva inoda kuputsa muenzaniso. Dare rapamusoro rakaita saizvozvo muzvisarudzo zvikuru: Brown[ yakadzorwa. P [[FLT:]; ; [[FLT]; [[FLT]; v [FFT] .FFLT] [FT] [FLT] [9:] .[10]] .[FLT]

Nguva Yemberi Yokuhwirudzura

Ruzivo Nekodzero Dzemadhigirii

Ruzivo rutsva runomutsa mibvunzo inoumbwa nedare yaifanira kupindura. Zvirongwa zvokuongorora zvinotonga, uchenjeri hwokugadzira, mirau yesociation, uye kunyora mashoko enyaiwo dzose dzinobatanidza First, Fourth Amendments. Somuenzaniso, Carplatent v. United States [2018]) yaidavira kuti hurumende inowanzoda pamutemo kuti ipinde musero wenzvimbo yeterufoni, inotambanudza Kudzivirira kweChina kutsika dzemipimo. Sezvinoita ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rune mumitemo, matare achafanira kushandisa nheyo dzemitemo kuMamitemo asingatongofungidzi, kuvimbisa kuti kuhwirudzura kunoramba kuri madikanwa.

Ungwaru hwokugadzira hunodenhawo mutoo wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana apo maarugminiti anosunda chisarudzo murutongeso rwoutsotsi, basa, uye dzimba. Matare angada kunzvera kana tsvete yemitemo ichiputsa vimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo. Nguva yemberi yedare ichabatanidza kuturikira Bumbiro remitemo munyika inowedzera.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda uye Mutemo Wenyika Dzose

Kuhwirudzura dare reAmerica kwanangidzira ngwariro mutsika pamutemo wemhuri, asi kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kunosuma kurangarira kwamarudzi ose. Dare reSangano rePamusorosoro pane dzimwe nguva rinodudza mutemo wokumwe kana kuti zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, kunyange zvazvo uyu muitiro uchimutsa nharo, zvikurukuru pakati pevazivi vemavambo. Tsamba nezvibvumirano zvokutengesa zvinogona kutapura maruramiro emhuri, uye matare anofanira kunzvera kuwirirana kwawo neBumbiro remitemo. Mu Bond v. United States (2014, Dare rakaganhurira kusvika kwezvombo zvemubatanidzwa wezvombo zvemakemikoro zvehurumende kuti zvichengetedze chibvumirano chenyika yose, kuratidzira kuti mise misero yamarudzi ose iwirirane mumitengo yamarudzi ose.

Hurumende Inodzora Nokusaremekedza Kutonga

Simba guru ramasangano ehurumende ([FLT: 1]) rinopa denho nokuda kwehwirudzuro hwedare. Kwamakumi amakore, matare kazhinji kazhinji anoregeredza kududziro dzemirayiro isina kujeka pasi pe CHEvron U.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council[ [19984]. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi rondedzero inoderedza rondedzero yechiremera. Dare repamusoro rakaganhurira nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi yechiremera. Chavetron[FLT] mumitengo [[FLT:]] [3] mumitengo] Virginia v[FFLT] [FFF:5]] [3] Virginia] [25:2], kushandisa “dzidziso yedare rezvo], inoda kuraira kubvumira kubvumira kugoverwa kwemitepfenya mipimo yezvero yezvero yezvo yezvo yezveroritiroriti

Chinjo Yetsika Neyokugara

United States iri kuva yakasiana zvikuru mumitemo yedzinza, rudzidziso, uye tsika. Iyi ichaumba dudziro yedare yedziviriro yakaenzana, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye kutaura kwakasununguka. Matare achatarisana nenhau dzinobatanidza chiito chokubvuma, maruramiro okuchinja orudzidziso, kusabvumirwa kworudzidziso, uye kutaura kworuvengo. Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kuchada kuchinjira kunzwisiso itsva yokuzivikanwa nokuenzana nepo achiramba akatsiga murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo.

Kudavira pakuvamba - pakuvamba - chete Kugakava Kunoraramisa Kunotevedzana

Mutongi Gorsath neMutongi Barrett vanotsigira zvakasimba kubatira pakuvamba, nepo Mutongi Kagan naMutongi Sotomayor vaivimba zvikuru nemitoo mipenyu yebumbiro remitemo. Nguva yemberi yedare ichatsamira pakuti mutoo upi unochengeta voruzhinji. Kana chiShona mutsva ukaramba uri mukuru, tingaona zvisarudzo zvakawanda izvo zvinoganhurira basa reDare kunyoresa redivo yapakuvamba, sezvinobvira kuchitungamirira kukupindira kushoma kwedare. Nenzira mhindu mhenyu yemitemo ingagona kuparira kurava kwakawanda kwamaruramiro avanhu. Roko-war-war icharamba ichirondedzera mutemo weAmerica.

Mugumisiro: Kudikanwa Kusingaperi Kwokuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunoramba kuri mutoo wakakomba wokuchengeta mutemo nokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga muUnited States. Kubva pamavambo awo mu Marbury v. Madison kuchisarudzo chazvino uno zvikurusa pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, wirirano yeroorano, uye simba ravakuru vakuru, simba redare rokuhwirudzura zviito zvehurumende rinokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inoita kuti mapazi ose ave anozvidavirira, anovimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzora kunyange apo voruzhinji vanoramba, uye rinogovera nzira ine rugare yokupedza nayo mhesano pamusoro perevo yechata yorudzi.

Bva hwirudzuro yedare haisati iri isina gakava nebatano. Kudenha kwezvamatongerwe enyika, hondo dzepfungwa pamusoro pedudziro, uye kusawirirana kwomuzvarirwo pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu noukuru zvokutonga zvose zvinomutsa denho. Kusimba kwetsika kunotsamira pamusengwa wavatongi, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye vagari vemo kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo semutemo mukuru. Sezvo chaunga chinochinja, dare richada kugadziridza, asi basa racho rehurumende rokunzvera richaramba riripo, asi mapeji acho anoramba ari anokosha senguva dzose. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunyuruka zvikuru, [[FLT: 0] Confectal Information Information yemitemo Institute inonzvera [[FLT: 1] inopa kunzvera kujeka kuri nyore nyore nyore, uye [FLT] peji yemaption yemask.[FFFFFFF] [FF]]