Kubudirira muUrban hakuiti muruvara. Chisarudzo chiri chose chokuvaka mutsetse mutsva wokufambisa, nzvimbo yenzvimbo yokushandira nokuda kwokushandisa kwokutengeserana, kana kuti kuchengetedza nzvimbo inochengetedzwa chinobatanidza zvinhu zvinokwikwidzana: kukura kwezvemari, utano hwemhoteredzo, uye nzanga. Kunzwisisa nzira yokunzvera nayo kushambadzira kwemitemo musiyano pakati pebasa rinobatira nzanga kwamakumi amakore nerinoparira rwisano isingakarirwi. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera gadziriro yakaro yakarongwa yokunzvera mitoo yakagadzwa nemienzaniso yenyika.

Kunzwisisa Kutengeswa Kwemabhizimisi Mumataundi

Kushambadza kwemiitiro kunoitika apo kufambira mberi kwechinangwa chimwe kunoda kurasikirwa nechimwe. Mukukura kweguta, uku kufambiswa kwemabhizimisi kazhinji kazhinji kwakapinza nemhaka yokuti pfuma(nyika, dzimbahwe, zvamatongerwe enyika (panodokusvika). Somuenzaniso, kutungamirira mari kumugwagwa mutsva kungavandudza nguva dzemari asi kuderedza kuiswa kwemari mukufambiswa kwavose negadziriro dzezvifambiso zvinoshanda. Nenzira yakafanana, kubvumira nhurikidzwa yakakwirira inogarwa vanhu kunowedzera mugove wedzimba asi kungawedzera zvikoro zvomunzvimbomo, mapaki, uye masangano emvura kana zvivako zvemari inobvumiranwa zvisati zvarongwa panguva imwe chete.

Kutengesa kunogona kuiswa mumativi matatu ematemo:

  • Economic v. mhoteredzo: kuderedza mari yomutero yenhambo nenhambo inobva paki itsva yeindasitiri ingarwisana nokuchengetedza mukoto wegirini kana kuti kuderedza kubudiswa kwecarbon.
  • Nhete-dzva: bvumidza chirongwa chokuzadza chitsama chinokurumidza papasuru inoshandiswa zvino sebindu renzanga rinogovera dzimba dzekare asi rinobvisa zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi zvakazaruka.
  • Indaneti dzinoda nzanga: Kuvaka nhandare huru yemitambo kunogona kumisa kukura kwezvemari asi kungabvisa nharaunda dziripo ndokutsausa mari mumaraibhurari kana kuti makiriniki outano.

Chinangwa chokuongorora kurwisana kwevarwi hachisi chokupedza kurwisana kwacho, asi ndechokuita kuti kurwisana kwacho kuonekwe uye kugovera nzira yakarongwa yokuenzanisa nayo zvimwe zvinhu kuitira kuti vaiti vezvisarudzo vakwanise kusarudza nemaune.

Zvikonzero Zvinokosha Mukuongorora Mabhizimisi

Kuongorora kukuru kunobva pamiseve mina: kuvimbisana kuisa mikana yemashoko panzvimbo imwe chete, kuwanda kwemashoko, kufunga, uye kuongorora upfumi.

Kubatanidzwa Muchikwata

Kubatanidza mitezo yenzanga nevezvokuronga zvinhu mugadziriro inovamba kuoma. Mirangariro yakapesana inozivisa mipimo nezvinoiswa pakutanga izvo nhamba dzoga dzisingagoni kudzora. Somuenzaniso, kuvakazve kungaratidza muuyo wakanaka, asi vagari vangaisa chitarisiko chenharaunda kana kuti imba inodhura. Techniques dzakadai secharrets, comfourculs, uye matare ezvokuronga anogona kubetsera kukwidza iyi mipimo. International Association for Public Parectionition (IAP2) inogovera scrects yokutora rutivi rwavose [

Kuongorora Mashoko

Mitemo yeQuantitive (mafashoni), nhamba dzemotokari, kuyera kwezvakapoteredza (kubudisa hwaro hwechokwadi hwekuenzanisa. Qualitive rediation kubva kubvunzurudzo, nzvero, uye zvinyorwa zvenhau zvinozadza misiyano inoshayikwa nenhamba. Kunokosha kushandisa zvose zviri zviviri. Somuenzaniso, muenzaniso wemari inokwana unogona kuratidzira basa kupfurikidza nokubudirira kwezvokutengeserana, asi muuyo wokuwedzera kubva kuvaridzi vebhizimisi duku ungazivisa miuyo yakapfava sekubviswa kwavarendi venguva refu.

Kuronga Mavambo

Nemhaka yokuti migariro yeramangwana haina chokwadi, kuronga zviitiko kunobetsera kunzvera kuti mitemo inoita sei mune dzimwe nguva dzenguva yemberi. Zvikamu zvinosiyana zvikuru mutsika dzinoshandiswa nevatyairi vanokosha zvakadai sokukura kwevagari vemo, kuchinja kwezvemari, kana kuti mamiriro okunze. Nokugadzira mamiriro okunze mashoma akanaka asi akasiyana - siyana (zvikuru, sezvitsauko,” “kukura zvishoma nemamiriro okunze anenge achinja - chinja kwemamiriro okunze), vaongoro vanogona kuona kuti ndezvipi zvingaitwa nemitemo zvakakura zvichienderana nenguva yemberi dzakawanda uye zvinokundikana mumamiriro ezvinhu akati.

Kuongorora Ndyiko Yemari Nemutengo

Nzvero yendyiko yemutengo (CBA) inodzivisa ndyiko nebetsero dzose dziri mbiri mujengachenga yakarondedzerwa kuti iverengere ukoshi hwemambure aripo. CBA ine simba asi ine ganhuriro: inoparapatika kuyera zvinhu zvakafanana necohesition kana kuti masangano emhoteredzo yazvo. Mitoo yose iri miviri inofanira kushandiswa pamwe chete, nokunzvera kworuzivo kuti mirangariro inotapura sei.

Nzira Dzokuongorora Mabhizimisi Okutengesa

Mitoo yakarongwa inoverengeka iripo nokuda kwokunzvera kunoitwa kupfurikidza nokuongorora. Kusarudza mutoo wakarurama kunotsamira pachisarudzo, nhamba yemipimo, uye mwero wokubatanidzwa kweanoita tsaona.

Kuongorora Zvisarudzo Zvakawanda (MCDA)

MCDA inoshanda zvikurukuru apo zvinangwa zvakawanda, zvinorwisana, uye zvisingapfaviswi. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza:

  1. Kurondedzera zvinodiwa (semuenzaniso, kunaka kwemhepo, kukwanisa kuwana dzimba, kugadzirwa kwebasa, mari inodhura).
  2. Kuyera mupimo mumwe nomumwe maererano nezvaunoisa pakutanga.
  3. Kuisa nzira imwe neimwe yomutemo pamupimo mumwe nomumwe.
  4. Kurambidza nhamba dzevanoda kutsiva.

MCDA inogona kuva inooneka neinoparira kana zviyereso namashoko zvikakudziridzwa nenzira inobatira pamwe. Zvishandiso zvakafanana ne michina yekombiyuta [ inoshandisa purogiramu yePRIKA (Zvikurukurukuru Zvose Rin Reans) yezvisakiso zvose zvinobvira) inoshandiswa muutano nemhoteredzo.

Masangano Emashoko Enzvimbo Inogarwa (GIS)

GIS inogona kuisa murakatira mashoko okuisa muchiono kufambiswa kwenzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, murongi anogona kuronga nzvimbo dzinokarakadzwa pamusoro penzvimbo dzinoiswa mafashamo, kukwanisa kupinda, uye miganhu yavapindi vechikoro. Uku kutora mashoko kunobetsera kuziva apo rwisano dzakanangidzirwa uye uko madhingi aripo. MuPortland, Oregon, hurumende yeMetro yeruwa inoshandisa zvishandiso zvemiedzo yakavakirwa paGIS se [[FL:0] Mugadziro wezvinoitika zvezvirongwa zvezvikoro kuedza kushandiswa nenyika nezviteshi zvezvifambiso.

Mashopu Okushandira Ane Mukurumbira Nemitoo Yokudzivisa

Kufunga kwakagadzirwa kunogona kubudisa zvinhu zvinorasika zvinorasika. Mitoo inobatanidza kubudisa kwemichina yakawanda, uko vatori vemo vanoisa ukoshi hwakati kumigumisiro, uye “mitambo inoiswa mushopu” umo mapoka anoisa zvinhu zvakaganhurirwa mumuviri mumarudzi akasiyana- siyana ebasa. Iyi miitiro inoumba kunzwisisana uye kazhinji kazhinji kuzivisa kufambika kwemibato yemavara, kwakadai sokubatanidza kukura kwechimbidziko nebvumirano yenzanga inobetsera.

Kuongorora Zvirongwa Zvemabhizimisi

Mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika inoratidza kuoma uye ukuru hwekuongorora kwemunhu.

Mutsetse Wakakwirira, New York City

Kutendeutswa kweraruwe yakakwidziridzwa kuva 1.45-millear paki ibudiriro inorumbidzwa mukushandisazve. Asi chirongwa chacho chinoratidzirawo kufambidzana pakati pechisiko nenzvimbo. Zvinhu zviri muHigh Line zvakawedzera, zvichitungamirira kukukurumidza kuiswa kwenzvimbo dzinotengwa uye kurasikirwa nenzvimbo duku. Kufunda naNew York City Independent Baculment Office yakawana kuti zvinhu zviri pakati pe 90-tsoka dzawedzera ne 103% kubva muna 2003 kusvika muna 2011, mari inopfuudza avhareji yeguta. Betsero dzenzvimbo itsva yavose dzinodzorwa zvikuru kutsva inogamuchirwa navanowana vagari vemo vemo vaderendi venguva refu. Kushamba uku kwakanga kusingadzivisiki nokukandwa kweguta nokukamuraniswa kwenyika.

Kuwedzera Kwemataundi omuPortland (UGB)

Yakagadzwa muna 1979, UGB inovavarira kuganhurira kupararira kweguta, kudzivirira nzvimbo dzokurima, uye kusimudzira kukura kwenzvimbo. Mune 2019, dare reOregon rinomanikidzirwa kuisa mari inokwira. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti muganhu wakabudirira mukukura kwapakati munharaunda dzinofambika dzinobatira; vanotsoropodza vanonongedzera kunjodzi yedzimba dzePortland seuchapupu hwokuti muganhu unoganhurira mugove wakaoma zvikuru. Muna 2019, chibvumirano cheOregon chinopfuvura HB 2001, icho chinobvumira dzimba dzapakati (dhirexes, mahomwe, mataundi) munzvimbo dzinogara dzakawanda mukati me UGB / muitiro unoedza kusunungura kutengeserana pakati pezviwirirano nemhoshonga. Chino chatichi chinoratidzira kuti kunzvera kunofanira kuchinja migariro migariro yokugara.

Chinoitika cheTransit-Oriented Development (TOD) muSan Francisco

San Francisco’s Market Street nekoriji dzokufambisa dzakaona TOD yakakomba, ine dzimba dzakakwirira neshongwe dzemahofisi pedyo nezviteshi zveBART. Zviitiko izvi zvakabatanidzwa nokubviswa kwemitengo yakaderera uye mhuri shomanene kubva munharaunda dzakadai sePermorion neSo. Nzvero ya2016 neUniversity of California Berkeley’s Institute of Governmental Studies yakawana kuti nzvimbo dzinofambiswa nedzinongedzeka dzakava ne 26% dzemibatanidzwa mumiganhu yeBlack neLatino pakati pa 2000 na 2010. Kutengeswa kwemitengidzira mari kunodzo yokudzosa mamiriro emo emisi yemisika (kuisa rukudzo rwemotokari) mumitengo yenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzehurumende). Sa San Francisco zvino anonzvera kudzivirira kwamarudzi 26% mumitezo yeLatin, nyika inodzivirira nyika yadzorwa kunzvimbo dzayo.

Zvinetso Pakuongorora Mabhizimisi

Kunyange nemitoo yakanakisisa, vanzveri vanotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira.

Kutadza Kuziva Mashoko uye Kusanyatsoziva

Mitauro inowanzova isina kukwana, isingachashandi, kana kuti isati inowanika pamwero wakakodzera. Somuenzaniso, kukura kwemwero muduku kungashaiwa nhamba dzenzvimbo inoonekwa nechakaitika kana kuti nhevedzano yemhoteredzo. Nhamba dzinofanira kutsamira pamagwaro okuvhota usipo kana kuti rutongeso rwenyanzvi, runoparira chikanganiso. Kupfuurirazve, migariro yomunguva yemberi , mamiriro okunze, chinjo yemitezo yezvoruzivo rwokunze (jekare) haizivikanwi. Kunzvera kwemifungo nebetsero yezvinoitika zvendangariro, asi haigoni kubvisa kusavimba.

Fariro Dzinorwisana Nesimba Zvinodzika Miganhu

Tradoff itsoropodziro younyanzvi; ndeyezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru. Vabati vane pfuma yakawanda (vakusimukira, vashandirwi vakuru) kazhinji kazhinji vane pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi. Kushevedzera panzeve dzavose kunogona kuvhara rondedzero. Kunzvera kunoshanda kwekambani kunoda vagadziri vanogona kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba, uye vaiti vechisarudzo avo vanodisa kugoverana simba nenzanga dzakawiriranwa.

Nguva Nezvinhu Zvisingadzorwi

Nzvero inocherekedza kufambiswa kwebhizimisi inoda nguva nemari. Kunzvera kwakazara nenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu dzinogona kutora mwedzi. Mukukurumidza kukurumidza kukurumidza kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika, varongi vangamanikidzirwa kuita kunzvera kunokurumidza kunocheka makona. Ngozi ndeyokuti shivi dzinotungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvisina kururama. Imwe nzira ndeyokuita “desktop” kunzvera kwokunzvera kwokukurumidza kunetsa, ipapo kuisa kunzverwa kukurusa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakanyanyokwikwidzana.

Zvinetso Zvoungwaru uye Kukoshesa Kutonga

Tradeff shooff haigoni kuva revo-isinei. Kusarudza mipimo kana kuti mipimo kunobatanidza ukoshi hwakajeka hwemitongo. Somuenzaniso, kuisa uremu hukuru kumiuyo yezvemari asi uremu hwakaderera kumasangano emhoteredzo yapasi kunoratidzira chisarudzo chinobetsera mapoka akawanda kupfuura mamwe. Kuoneka kunoda vanzveri kusimbisa ukoshi hwokuisa mirangariro yavo pachena uye kuedza kuti miuyo inochinja sei mugadziriro dzoukombiso dzakasiana-ngo. [[FLT:]IPC] Nhungamiro yepanyuko yengozi [ (kuumbwa 18.2]) inosimbisa ukoshi hwokubatanidza mirangariro yetsika yakasiana mukunzvera kwezvo mamiriro okunze okunze, chidzidzo chinoshanda kubudiriro yomumaguta.

Zvirongwa Zvokuongorora Zvinobudirira

Pasinei zvapo nezvinetso, vanachiremba vanogona kushandisa nzira dzokuvandudza zvose zviri zviviri muitiro wacho nemigumisiro yacho.

Kudzora Kwemadhipatimendi Kwakakura

Panzvimbo pokubata kunzvera kwekutengesa semushumo unopiwa kumugadziri wechisarudzo mumwe, wakauisa mumuitiro unobatira pamwe. Kuwana kweidi kwakabatana, uko vabati vemijenya vanobhadharira nyanzvi younyanzvi hwokuunganidza mashoko, vanovaka chivimbo. Kubatanidzwa kwemari yemari ndemumwe muenzaniso: vagari vanopa zvakananga chikamu chemari yeguta, vachitambura kutengeswa. MuNew York City, mutsigiri weDzitsinhano Yokubhajesa Mabhajeti akabatanidza vagari vanopfuura 50 000 mumitengo chaiyoiyo yedzimbahwe, vachidzidzisa vagari vemo kuyera zvakananga kuti vapinyikei.

Shandisa Mugadziriro yeDzidziro Yakakwirira

Maguta anofanira kuchengeta zvikuva zvazvino uno, zvakavhurwa nokuda kwezviratidziro zvinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji: kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yepasuru, chinjo yenhamba yavagari vemo, mugariro wepfuma, uye runako rwemhoteredzo. Iyi bhizimisi rinozviwanira rimene kupfurikidza nokugonesa kunzvera nokukurumidza, kwakarurama zvikuru. Guta reLos Angeles’s GeoHub chivako chokuvanzara kwokubatanidza mashoko kwomuguta.

Shandisa Unyanzvi Hwokugadzira Zvinhu Pakuvandudza, Kwete Kutsiva, Kutonga

Kufanofanofanorongedza, mibato, uye kuenzanisira kunoiswa pachishandiswa mumiririri kunogona kunzvera migumisiro yenhambo refu yezvokutengesa. Somuenzaniso, guta rinogona kutevedzera kuti kuchinja kwokuvaka kwakasiyana kunotapura sei mitengo yedzimba, motokari, uye mari yemitero yezvinhu mumakore anopfuura 20. Asi mienzaniso yakanaka bedzi semifungo yavo. Vashandisei kuzivisa kurukurirano, kwete kuraira zvisarudzo. Nguva dzose miuyo iripo netsumo yechivimbo nezvinoitika zvakatoteverwa.

Perudza nenzira yakajeka

Tradeff inonzvera haishandi kana vachengeti vasingakunzwisisi. Shandisai mutauro wakajeka, yamuro dzinooneka sechati dzedandemutande netafura dzenhau, uye mitsetse yenhau dzinobatanidza miuyo yemibato nezvinoitika zvakararama. Somuenzaniso, panzvimbo pokuti “AAlternation A ine ukoshi hwazvino kupfuura A hunotsiva B,” iti“ Alternati A ingadyira guta mamwe mamiriyoni $2 000 000 asi ingachengeta dzimba dzinodhura 50 idzo B ingagona kuputsa.” Kushandisa kwakadaro kubetsera vasingashandisi mari kuti vabati vanobatira mapango.

mhedziso

Kunzvera mitoo yemiitiro yokushambadza mukubudirira kweguta hakusi chinhu chokuzvidira; mutoro mukuru nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukuumba mhoteredzo yakavakwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera nenzira yakarongwa mipimo yezvemari, mhoteredzo, uye nzanga kupfurikidza nemitoo yakadai seMCDA, GIS, uye kuronga zviitiko, uye kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa nenzira yokutendeseka navarongi vemiitiro yokushambadza, vangaita zvisarudzo izvo zvisati zviri bedzi zvisingabviri asi zvinobvira zvikuru kuita betsero yenzanga inogara kwenguva refu. Hapana kunzvera kuchazombobvisa muuyo uri wose usingakarirwa, asi wakajeka, uye mutoo unojeka, unopfuudzira, uye mutoo wetsika wokushambadza wokushambadza kushambadza mumaguta kubva munhevedzano yezvirongwa zvezvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano zvinoitirwa zvinoitirwa munzanga zvinoitirwa vanhu vose.