Kuchinja Kusingaperi Kwemakero uye Kudzikamisa Zvinhu Pakusarudza Miitiro

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inomira sechinhu chikuru chekudzora kwemitemo yeAmerica, chakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Iyi gadziriro yakaoma, yakapinzwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S., inoumba nokushingaira zvisarudzo zvemiitiro pamwero uri wose wehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa simba pakati pomukuru mukuru, mutezo, uye mapazu okutonga, kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoumba mamiriro ezvinhu zvinoda kupukunyuka kunzvera kukuru, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuhwirudzura pamutemo. Kunzwisisa iyi tsika kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoitwa sei, uye nei migumisiro ichiita kuti ivepo pane vamwe.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzokuongorora Nokudzikama

Macheki nedzikamo hazvisi mirangarirowo zvayo yefungidziro; miitiro inoshanda inovimbisa kuzvidavirira nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Vawanwa navanaBaba, vachibva kuvafungi vokuvhenekerwa saMontesquieu, vakaronga hurumende umo bazu rimwe nerimwe raigona kudzivisa kupindira kwedzimwe. Uku kuparadzana kwemasimba, kwakabatanidzwa nemitoro inowirirana, batira pamwe nerwisano, pakupedzisira kunoparira zvisarudzo zvemiitiro yakasiana.

Mapazi Matatu Nesimba Rawo Rokupindira

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana ebumbiro remitemo ayo anoshanda sesimba pamamwe:

  • Bazu rePurezidhendi: rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende, kutungamirira mirau yehurumende, uye kuraira mauto. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, kugadza vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro), uye kupa zvirango zvavatungamiriri.
  • Bheni reBazu: Congress, inoumbwa neImba yavamiririri neDare, ine simba rokuita mitemo, kudzora kushandiswa kwehurumende (simba rechikwama), kuzivisa hondo, uye kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi. Kuwedzera, Chirongwa chinogona kukunda purezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Holyicial Bank: Kutungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende akaderera, vatongi vadudziri mitemo, vanohwirudzura zviito zvevakuru vakuru, uye vanoshandisa hwirudzuro yokutonga kuti varove mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Vatongi veFederal vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, kuidzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Asi, zvinoda kukurukurirana, kubvumirana, uye kazhinji kacho, migumisiro inoumba kubvumirana kukuru, kana kuti kukurukurirana kunenge kunenge kudiwa pakati pamapazu.

Kuongorora Kwaunoita uye Kudzikama Kwaunoita Zvisarudzo Zvemitemo Zvakananga

Pesvedzero yecheki nedzikamo pamuitiro inooneka zvikurusa mukati mehondo huru dzemitemo, zviito zvokutungamirira, uye kutonga. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kumisa, kugadziridza, kana kuti kukurumidzisa gadziriro, kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana purogiramu imwe inodzora isingadzorwi.

Varairidzi Vomutemo Padare Rinodzora

Dare rinoshandisa zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvine simba kuti zvivambe muitiro wehurumende: Simba rechikwama rinobvumira Congress kutsigira kana kuti kubvisa zvinhu zvinokosha, kubvira papurogiramu dzokuzvidzivirira kusvikira kumasangano enzanga. Kunzwa kunoongorora kusazvibata kwevakuru kana kuti kukundikana kwemitemo, kazhinji kazhinji kumanikidza kuchinja munhungamiro. Kusimbiswa kwemabhinya eKabhinya, vakuru vakuru vesangano, uye vatongi vehurumende kunopa Dare chirevo chakananga mukushandisa mitemo. Pakupedzisira, kutsigira kunoshanda sechiito chenyukireya chokushandisa zvisina kufanira kwoumbozha, sezvinoonekwa mukati mechinyadziso cheWatergate.

Somuenzaniso, kuedza kwevatarisiri veTrump kudzoserazve mari dzehondo dzokuvaka muganhu kwakadenhwa mudare uye kutarisana nokudzivisa kwedare, pakupedzisira kuchiganhurira ukuru hwegadziriro yacho.

Kuhwirudzura Kunotongwa Sechisero Chesimbi

Matare anoshandisa nzvero ine simba kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare, chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvisati zviri zvehurumende. Iri simba, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [183], rakaumba muitiro munharaunda sekodzero dzevagari vemo, tarisiro yezvoutano, uye ganhuriro yemhoteredzo. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro reNyika yeIndependent Business v. Sebelius (20) akatsigira zvikurusa maruramiro avana, asi chakatapura pasi pekukura kwaro kwezvakapoteredza Médid, chinochinja zvikurukuru chisarudzo chomutemo mukuitwa.

Kupfuura hwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo, matare anowanzogadza zviteshi zvinomanikidzira chiito chomutemo womunguva yemberi kana kuti chokutungamirira. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[ [1954] yakazivisa zvikoro zvisina kutenderwa, kumanikidza chinjo mumutemo munyika yose. Zvisarudzo zveDare remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamibato, zvakadai se Citizens United. FFEC[FLT:] (20)]), kushandurazve mugariro wemaripo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuratidzira kuti kutonga kunogona sei kuva nemiuyo inoparira nhevedzano.

Simba Rine Simba Neganhuriro Dzaro

Mano aPurezidhendi okuita mutemo icherekedzo yakananga paCongress. Aveto anomanikidza Congress kuikurira zvimwe nezvinoitika zvikuru zviviri zvetatu(a) zviitiko zvisingawanzowaniki(a) kugadziridza mutezo wokutaura pamusoro penhau dzapurezidhendi. Iri simba rinopa Purezidhendi pesvedzero huru pamusoro pezviri mumitemo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Rooseveltvetotes 600 zvvetote munenge mauri wake, kugadziridza nokuvandudza. Nhamba, Purezidhendi Franklin Pierce aveto adaidzira mari dzezviteshi zvemitemo.

Zvisinei, vhito haisati iri yakakwana. Congress inogona kubatanidza gadziriro dzenharo kumutemo unopfuura unofanira kuiswa, ichimanikidzira Purezidhendi kudzigamuchira kudzivisa kumiswa kwehurumende. Tyisidziro yeveto inogonawo kushandiswa sechikamu chetsinhano mukurukurirano dzemitemo, ichiumba chimiro chokupedzisira chemitemo seTrusse Cuts neJobs Act ya2017, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuwana tsigiro yapurezidhendi.

Mienzaniso Yakakudzwa Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yemakete Nedzikamo

Mienzaniso yenhau neyaiitika panguva iyoyo inoratidza kuti zvinoongorora uye zvinodzikamisa zvinoramba zvichiumba zvisarudzo zvemitemo muutungamiriri hwakasiyana - siyana nenhau dzakasiyana - siyana.

Dambudziko Remvura: Gadziriro Iri Mumushonga

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate chema1970 chinoramba chiri muenzaniso webhuku rinoshandiswa wenzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda.

  • [[FOL:0] Inzvero yeChibvumirano: Dare reDare reSamende raichengeta nzeve dzakarerutswa pafoni idzo dzaifumura ukuru hwechakaipa chacho.
  • Chiito cheJudicial: Dare Gurusa rakasarudza nokubvumirana mu [[FLT:] United States v. Nixon (1974]) iro Purezidhendi anofanira kuwirirana netepi duku yehofisi yeOval, achiramba kutaura kweropafadzo yechiremera chakakwana.
  • [[FOL:0] Kudya kweIvo:[[FT: 1] Dare reDzidzo rinotenderwa nokuda kwokupinganidzwa kweruramisiro, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye kuzvidza kweCongress, kunotungamirira kukurega kwaNixon.

Chinoitika ichi chakaratidza kuti hapana bazi rairatidza kuti bhizi rokutonga (hwukuru) risingagoni kuzvidavirira, kuchinjwa kwezvinhu kwaivapo, kubatanidza Ethics in Government Act uye kutarisirwa kwedare, kugadziridza mutemo pamusoro pokuonazve kwehurumende uye mari yenhimbe.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Unotapurika: Kurwisa Kwokupindira Kwenguva Refu

Kupfuura nokupukunyuka kweAffordble Care Act (ACA) pasi paPurezidhendi Barack Obama kunosimbisa nzira iyo nzvero nedzikamo zvinodzokororwa nayo zvirongwa zvikuru:

  • Ecclesitive Programme: ACA yakawana kurukurirano huru, kugadziridzwa, uye mhinganidzo dzemiganhu muCongress, kubatanidza tyisidziro inobudirira yevana vane vana muDare yaida kushandiswa kwebhajeti kuti ipfuure.
  • Kushandiswa: Kutarisira kwakabudisa mazana emirau nezvirango, kuchigadziridza tapuro yomutemo. Republicans akashandisa ashandisazve Congregational Review Act kudenha iyi mitemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zvinetso zveChinetso cheMitero:[[FT:1] Mutemo wakatarisana nenhau dzakawanda dzeDare Gurusa. NFIB v. Sebelius, Dare rakatsigira murairo womunhu oga sekukura kwomutero asi kwakaganhurirwa. Mu [[FLT:] King v. [[FLT]] [FLT] [[FLT]] [20:5], Dare rakachengeta chibvumirano cheinishuwa chama yeinishuwa yaishairwa pakuchinjana kwemitengwa kwoumbiso.

Kupukunyuka kweACA kupfurikidza nokuedza kwehurumende kudzokororwazve, maodha ehurumende, uye zvinetso zvedare kunosimbisa kuti kunzvera nokudzikama kunoparira sei kusimba kwechakaipa nechakaipa — asi kwakakwikwidzana nemhoteredzo yapasi.

Mirairidzo Yavatungamiriri Nokutarisira Kwavo Kutonga

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwomuitiro wokuumba pasina mvumo yedare, asi vanodzorwa nechenjedzo yedare. Mapurezidhendi anobva kumativi ose ari maviri anoshandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kufambisira mberi, yakadai saPrezidenti Harry Truman’s desebudition yehondo (Exective Order 9981) kana kuti Purezidhendi Donald Trump’s resignation (Ecount Order 13769),. Munhau yapashure, matare ehurumende akavhara murairo akavhara murairo pamitemo nenheyo, achimanikidzira kuudzoresa kakawanda. Pakupedzisira, Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira shanduro yakatetepa [FLT.] Hawaii v[FLT] [FLD1:] [2018], kuratidzira kuti chiito chokuongorora.

Kuongorora Kurapwa Kwemari Nekupindira Pamitemo Yokumwe

Zvisarudzo zvemiitiro yokunze zvinowira pasi penzvero nedzikamo. Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano, asi Dare rinofanira kubvumirana nembiri-tatu. Ichi chinodikanwa chakatungamirira kukundikano dzakadai saPrezidenti Woodrow Wilson’s Treaty of Versail (191919) naPrezidhendi Bill Clinton’s Comprehensive Nyuclear-Ban Treaty Trective (1999) chibvumirano chedare revakuru vakuru, chinodzivisa kuti papi dare redare redare reSango, rinogona kumiswa neCongress Congress Congress, kupfurikidza nomutemo weMitemoney Nyuclear Declear (JPOA).

Kuongorora Kwehurumende Nedzikamo

Nepo gadziriro yehurumende yakakurumbira zvikurusa, zvinotaurawo zvikamu. Bumbiro remitemo rimwe nerimwe rinoparadzanisa masimba pakati pagavhuna, chigaro chehurumende, uye jajisi rehurumende. Mitemo yakawanda inogovera gavhuna nemutsetse wezvinhu (zvakafanana naPurezi), inobvumira kurova gadziriro chaidzo dzemari kubva kumitengo yemitengo. Dzimwe nyika dzinewo zvibvumirano zvakazvimirira zvinodzivisa gerrymanning, kunzvera simba remitemo. Mutambo pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, sezvo kutaura kunogona kudenha mitemo yehurumende (g., Hurumende inorwisana nemiraudzo inorwisana nemitemo yeIPA) kana kuti inoshandisa mitemo yomutemo kubva kurutivi rwenyika.

Basa Remakero Nedzikamo Mudzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa gadziriro iyi kudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinoitwa sei uye nei kazhinji zvichibatanidza kukurukurirana kwenguva refu uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Kudzidzisa Zvidzidzo Zvekirasi

  • Nharo dzeMitemo: Kugovera vadzidzi mabasa semitezo yeCongress, Purezidhendi, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro kukurukura muitiro wokufungidzira, wakadai semirairo yemhoteredzo kana kuti chinjo yezvoutano. Uku kusvika kwamaoko kunoenzanisira simba ramaveti, hwirudzuro yedare, uye kuvhota.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera kwapamutengi: Vana vadzidzi vane nhau dzenhau dzeDare Gurusa (umh., Marbury v. Madison, [[FLT]]] brown v. Dare reDzidzoro, -eb. [[FLT]]
  • C Zvinoitika zvino Kurutsira vadzidzi kutevera nhau yapanguva ino, yakadai sokuchinja kana kuti kudzora pfuti, uye cherekedza kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinopesvedzera sei muitiro kupfurikidza nokutongwa, zvirairo zvavatungamiriri, kana kuti zvirevo zvedare.
  • Hurumende yeImba yoUmambo:[[FT:1] inopinza nzvero nedzikamo mudzimwe nyika, zvakadai segadziriro yeparamende yeUnited Kingdom (iyo isina paradzano yakaoma yemasimba) kana kuti dare rebumbiro remitemo reGermany rehurumende, kusimbisa mitoo yakasiana - siana yokuganhurira simba rehurumende.

Vadzidzi vanonzwisisa kuti kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu kunoshanda sei vanogona kukwanisa kuongorora nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, kuziva kukosha kwekudzivirira masangano, uye kuita zvinhu zvinosarudzwa nevanhu.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira Nokutongwa kwoMutemo

Kudzidzisa vadzidzi nheyo iyi kunobetsera kunzwisisa chikonzero nei miitiro iripo — nei mutungamiriri wehurumende achifanira kudzora, chikonzero nei vatongi vehurumende vane upenyu hunofadza, uye chikonzero nei Congress isingagoni kungofuratira zvirevo zvedare. Iyi zivo inorwisana nokusada hurumende uye inokurudzira ruremekedzo kumasangano ehurumende youtongi hwedemocracy.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nokuchinja Kwemakemikari Nedzikamo

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo haisati iri yakarevesa. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuchinja kwemipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika, ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa, uye kudzorwa kwemibatanidzwa kwakaedza kushanda kwayo. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kunowedzera kwemirairo yehurumende nezviito zvisina muganhu zvamapurezidhendi zvakamutsa nharo pamusoro pekuderera kwechiremera. Kukwira kwemiitiro yehurumende neProfesideriasboster kwakaita kuti zviomere kuti Congress agadzirise, kumanikidzezve muitiro mumitezo yedare rehurumende nenzvimbo dzinotonga. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti tsika yacho yavhiringidzika, nepo vamwe vanoramba kuti inoramba ichisimba, sezvinoitika zvemiedzo yaPrezidhea Bill Clinton naDonalst Trump uye kuhwirust Court ye Trumper anoratidzira.

Uyezve, nhambo yemichina yakaunza nzvero itsva nedzikamo kupfurikidza nemurangariro wavose, nzvero yenhau, uye zvisarudzo boka rezvisarudzo. Nepo masimba aya asati ari masangano ebumbiro remitemo ane simba, kazhinji kazhinji achigombedzera mapazu kuita chimwe chinhu kudzvinyiriro yokunze. Somuenzaniso, basa rezvinobudisa nhau mukukurudzira kutsutsumwa kwechinjo yamapurisa kana kuti chinjo yemamiriro okunze rakatungamirira kumiitiro yehurumende, kuratidzira kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvino zvino zvinopfuura masangano ehurumende apamutemo.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwekuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Zvinhu

Masangano anonzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoramba zviri chinhu chikuru chehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, zvinoumba zvisarudzo kupfurikidza nerwisano yamaune pakati pamapazu. Kuvambira pasimba revhoriyano noutarisiri hwedare kusvikira kuhwirudzuro nokubatanidza chibvumirano, aya masangano anovimbisa kuti mitemo yakasanonyorwa uye inoratidzira mirangariro mizhinji. Nepo gadziriro yacho isati yakakwana.Inogona kuparira kuvharaniswa kana kuti kukangaidzika kwemiitiro yetsika, pakupedzisira inodzivirira paudzvinyiriri uye kusimudzira kuzvidavirira. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, nzwisiso yakadzika yemitezo nechiyero zvinokosha zvehurumende inodzorwa nokuchengeta mipimo yedemo yedemo yedefa. Kufunda kuti iyi gadziriro inodzorwa murondedzero nokushandisa, vanhu vamwe vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani mano ose ari maviri uye kusimudzira kuzvidavirira kwegadziriro yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvapa simba rokutsigira nokubudirira uye kumigumisiro inobvumirwa zviri pamutemo.