Muvhoti anogamuchira foni. Mutyairi werunhare anozivisa seanoita nzvero yavose. Mibvunzo mishomanene yokutanga itsika. Ipapo mabhii akanyorwa: "Ungava nomukana mukuru wokuvhota nokuda kwaCandidate Smith kana waiziva kuti vavhotera kucheka mari yavakare apo vaigamuchira zvipo zvikuru kuvatsvaki vemifungo. Chinovavariro hachisi chokuunganidza mashoko. Chiri chombo chokuvhotera kuti upedze mirangariro. Ndicho chinhu chikuru chokuvhotera kupfurikidza nokuvhotera.

Kusiyanisa Kutsvakurudza Nokushandisa

Nzvero yapamutemo iri pahwaro hwekusatora rutivi. Vanzveri vanokudzwa, vakadai saavo vanoomerera kumipimo yakagadzwa neAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR), vanovavarira kutaura mashoko asina kusarura[[ kuti vaone pfungwa dzechokwadi. Kuongorora kunoshanda mukupesana nenheyo iyi. Vavariro yavo huru haisati iri kuyera, asi kufambisa pfungwa. Kunowana ikoku kupfurikidza nokuisa mashoko anokuvadza kana kuti mutauro wakashata zvakananga mumubvunzo. Kusafanana nokunzvera kwapamutemo kungabvunza "mari inokosha sei kwauri?", kukurudzira kukumbira "Kubvuma kuti unogona kukuvadza mitoo yezve yemari inokuvadza mhuri yako?"

Nhoroondo Yevatambi Vezvinhu: Kubva Pamvura Kuenda Kunguva YepaIndaneti

Mbeu dzenzvero dzazvino uno dzakadyarwa muma 1960 na 1970. Richard Nixon's, kupfurikidza nokushanda kwayo kwe "November Group" kuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji kwakaedza mafuremu akaipa pavavengi. Vakabvunza vavhoti kana vaizotsigira George McGovern kana vaiziva kuti akanga ari nokuda kwe "chinetso, kubvisa mimba, uye asidi." Iyi inotanhanharo yakakomba panzvimbo dzetsika dzinopanikira zvikurusa dzenguva yacho. Mubvunzo wakanga usati uri pfundo rokunzvera; wakanga uri mufungo wokutaura senzvero.

Nzira yacho yakanatswa kuva unyanzvi hwakakwirira naLee Atwater, nyanzvi ye "Southern Strategy". Atwater yakanzwisisa kuti kukwirira kwamarudzi kwakajeka kwakanga kusati kuchashandazve, asi sundo dzomutauro dzakajeka dzakashanda zvinobudirira. Nzvero dzake dzakaedzwa dzakadai se "webhuroko," uye "kodzero dzechiNgezi". Mashoko aya akagadzirirwa kunyandura pfundero yorudzi pasina kutaura rimwe divi. Iri chinyorwa chomutauro chinobvumira nhimbe dzokushandura pamutemo mutezo wapamusoro wekuziva munhu.

Ma1990 akaona kuzivikanwa kwenzira yacho. Nhimbe ya1992 Bill Clinton yakatarisana nenzvero pamusoro pechinyorwa chake chokunyora chinyorwa uye kutendeseka kweroorano. Pakasvika nhambo ya1996, muitiro wakanga wakapararira kwazvo zvokuti Democratic National Committee yaiunganidza nguva dzose "kunzvenga vhura" kunyevera vatsigiri. Nhambu yakashata yakanga iri nhamburiko yokudzivisa kupesvedzera kukwirira. Mutauro wokuvhota wacho wakanga wava mupimo, kana usiri wapamutemo, ganhuro munhimbe.

Muenzaniso wakaipa zvikurusa wenhimbe yokunzverwa kwenhare dzakati kuti dzose dzakaitwa muRepublica yedokesi muSouth Carolina. Mumwe mushanyi asingazivikanwi akabvunza vavhoti: "Ungava nomukana mukuru kana kuti muduku zvikuru wokuvhotera John McCaine kana uchiziva kuti ane mwana webhuraka?? McCain nomudzimai wake vakanga vagamuchira chaizvoizvo mwanasikana akaneta mutema anobva kuBangladesh. Mubvunzo wacho wakashongedza nhau yakaisvonaka yemhuri mukurwisana navo. [FLT: 0] Sangano yakanga iri inovhiringidza uye isingabviri kupikisana murunhare rumwe. Ichi chinoitika chakaratidzira simba risina kugadzirwa nebhomba rinoputika.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kuchinja Kwezvinoshayisa Simba

Nheyo dzokunzverwa kwekumanikidzira dzabva pafoni kuenda kunzvimbo dzinotevedzerwa masangano avanhu. "Digal kuvhota-vhura " kazhinji kazhinji inowanzova chimiro chemibvunzo inoparadzirwa nenzira yakaderera paIndaneti kana kuti "ongororo". Facebook ad ingabvunza: "Imi mutsigiri here gadziriro yeCandidate A's yokuparadza mabasa eAmerica? ? Mutauro nerocallallings zvakaita kuparadzirwa kwemibvunzo yakadaro yakanyanyoshamarara uye yakaoma kurondwa. Nepo protectionum yakachinja, zvishandiso zvikuru zvemitauro yemitauro, preplaming, uye mibvunzo inotakurwa inongodaro.

Kuronga Mutauro: Nzira Iyo Mashoko Anova Nayo Zvombo

Kunzwisisa maatomu okuvhura mashoko kunoda kuongorora zvinhu zvokungofunga zvinoshandiswa.

Kurongedza Nokutsinhirana

Zvichida chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa mudura rezvitoro zvemuvhozhokeri ndicho chisarudzo chakapfava chamashoko. Pepa rinoshandiswa kumuitiro unosarudza tsigiro yavose. Mutero wenhaka wakava "mutero worufu," uyo wakashandura pakarepo mutero pavapfumi kuva tyisidziro kumhuri iri yose inotambudzika. "Kushandisa mari kunotora mari kwakava "tsvina yomutero yakagadzirwa navose." Kunzvera kwokuvhotera kunoshandisa aya mafarameti apakuvamba akanyorwa. Mubvunzo unobvunza pamusoro pe "mitemo yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo" mafitirometi anopesana nomuitiro usati wagona kuita chinhu chakananga. Shoko rinotakurwa rinoita basa rekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzidza Nebvunzo

Kupfuvura chisarudzo cheshoko rimwe nerimwe, chimiro chomutsetse chinogona kumanikidza tsvotsvo. Zvisarudzo zvinopesana ("Usafunga...", "Hakusi chokwadi here kuti...") tanga dzvinyiriro yokukurukurirana kuti ubvumirane. Muhurukuro yavose, "eee" mhinduro ku "Unofunga kuti mugariro wokunze wakanaka? Wakaisvonaka here? Kuvhota kwakashata. Mukukurudzira, iyi mitemo inowirirana inotsoropodzwa kuti iwane bvumirano nechinhu chakaipa. Mibvunzo inovamba ne"Nei" nechamubatowo. "Neiko Candiate X akavhotera kuti atsigire mutero."

Kutanga Kuremara uye Mubvunzo Wakarema

Kudavidza ipfungwa yakajeka yakapinzwa mumubvunzo unofanira kugamuchirwa nokuda kwomubvunzo wacho kuti uve nerevo. "Neiko usati wakwanisa kurova X akaneta kwazvo pautsotsi? Zvikarakadzo zvokuti Angudite X, akaneta pautsotsi. Mugamuchiri, kana asingasateereri, anogamuchira pfungwa yacho sechokwadi apo anenge achipa mhinduro. "Warega kurova mudzimai wako here?" muenzaniso webhuku rebhuku. Munhimbe, unooneka so" Haubvumi kuti kupambadza kwaGavhuna kwakakuvadza zvikoro zvedu?? Shoko rokuti "Hazati" inhau. Chimiro "Unobvuma kuti unobvuma..., unobvuma, kupindura.

Kuparwa Kwemhosva Kunotapura uye Kupiwa Mufungo

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunowanzotsvaka kubatanidza murangariro wakananga wakaipa kumubhadhari. Mibvunzo yakagadzirirwa kunyandura rutyo, hasha, kana kuti kunyangadzwa. "Ko iwe unoitira hanya kuti avhotere Y mukurwisana nokupinzwa kwemari nokuda kwavapinduri vokutanga here? Shoko rokuti "Aas" igweta nyoro, asi kazhinji kazhinji rinokura kusvikira ku "kushatiswa," kana kuti "kuratidzirwa," kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji naaya mirangariro yakashata yakakwirira, kuvhotera kunokudza zvikuru mirangariro yakashata yenhau imwe yenhau. Iyi inotapura nzanga dzakanaka nefunganyo.

Bheni Rinongobvunza Mibvunzo" Chikanganiso

Ichi chimiro chechienzi chokusarura mitauro. Muvhoti anoparadzira runyerekupe kana kuti rondedzero yerangano kupfurikidza nokuishandura semubvunzo. Havatauri nhema seidi; vanobvunza muvhoti kana * vakanzwa* pamusoro penhema, kana kuti kana kuti kana nhema * yaigona kutapura vhoti yavo. "Ukambonzwa here kutaura pamusoro poupenyu hwomunhu oga hweZ? kana kuti "Kungachinja here vhoti yako kana uchiziva kuti Candidate Z akanga ataura izvozvi? ”? Ikoku kunobvumira nhimbedzo kushambadza mumashoko anokuvadza apo inoramba kuva norupomero rwakanaka. Havasi kuita maruramiro haasati ariwo zvawo "va kubvunzi" pamusoro pako.

Kuongorora Mavara Kuitika Kwemitauro: Kubva Papolls Kuenda Pamapazi

Mutauro wakaedzwa mukunzverwa kwokumanikidzira kazhinji kazhinji unova mutauro wapamutemo webato kana kuti nhimbe. unoshanda somuchina womutauro mumugodhi wemarasha, uchinzvera mashoko anonzwika nenzira inobudirira zvikurusa navateereri vanyajambwa.

Kurapa: "Rufu Nzvimbo Dzezvipembenene" uye "Mushonga Wakaitwa Kuti Uvepo"

Munhau ya2009 yeAffordal Care Act, vashori vakaedza mhatsa yemafaramu. Shoko rokuti "Hurumende inotora" rakanga rakakurumbira, asi chimiro chine simba zvikuru chokubuda chaiva che "mapareyi erufu". Chitsama ichi, chakaberekwa nokuraviwa kwakaipa kwegadziriro yokugumisa upenyu hwemunhu, chaidzorwa zvikuru. Mubvunzo waizobvunza: "Unotsigira here gwaro rinogadzira mabhodhi ehurumende kuti asarudze kana vakuru vachiwana tarisiro inoponesa upenyu? ”?

Ruhangemutange uye Mabhiya Akakwana Muchisarudzo cha2008

Sarudzo yaBarack Obama haina kuguma nokunzvera; yakakufadza zvikuru. Nemhaka yokuti urudzi hwakajeka hwakanga husingagamuchiriki nenzira inowedzera munzanga, kumanikidza kuvhota kwakagovera mukoto unovhara nokuda kwokushanda kwerusaruro. Voters mumativi ose akashuma kubvunza kurukurirano dzinobatanidza rudzi nefunganyo dzehurumende. "Kuti ungava here kana kuti ungangova avhotera nokuda kwaBarack Obama kana kuti zvimwe zvishoma kuti avhotera nokuda kwemifungo yetsika. Rurimi rwakaratidzwa mukurumbira wetsika. Chikwambo chinoshamira kuva muKristu here?"

Zvemari: "Jobho Musiki" v. Mubati weMitero weKoreta"

Mutauro wezvemari unokwikwidzwa zvikuru. Shoko rokuti "job vasiki" idi reunyanzvi rokunyora. Rinoreva kuti vanhu vakapfuma namasangano igwenya rebasa rine mutsa, vakafanirwa nokuputsika kwemitero. Kuvhota kwokumanikidzira nokuda kwomuiti webhizimisi angabvunza: "Unotsigira here gadziriro yaGavhuna yokusimudzira mitero pavagadziri vebasa vedu vomunzvimbomo? Nenzira inopesana, kunzvera kunofambira mberi kungabvunza: "Ko une hanya kuti Gavhuna anobvumira vadzivisi vemitero vekambani kuti vasabhadhare mugove wavo wakanaka? ” Hakuna kubvunza rondedzero isina kutora rutivi rwogariranogarirano yemitero. Zvose zviri zviviri zvakagadzirirwa kunyandura mhinduro chaiyo yemirangariro yakavakirwa pamugariro wemitengo yomutauro.

Mienzaniso yamarudzi ose: "Bvisa Rutyo" neEU Referendendum

United Kingdom’s Bretheavenum yakava shopu yemitemo yokutsikirira mitauro pamwero wenyika. "Kutya Kunonyorwa naBretiterers kuumba nharo dzipi nedzipi sedzinotyisidzira. Nhimbe yeChikamu chaparuwa yakashandisawo kusunda bhii rebhurokanyo. "Kungava kane bviro huru yokuvhota kuti usiye EU kana uchiziva kuti Turkey yaikumbanira EU namamirioni avagari vetutsi vaigona kutamira kuUK? Uyu mubvunzo wakaisazve rondedzero yenhema (Turkey yakanga isiri pedyo kukumbanira) uye xephoic mudariro imwe. Muraudzo womubvunzo wacho wakaita basa renharo yezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kubatanidzwa mukurukurirano.

Migumisiro Yakanaka Yemibvunzo Yaisvibisa

Nepo kupindura kwakananga kwakaoma kubvumikisa, tapuro dzendangariro dzomutauro wokunzverwa dzinosanonyorwa. Miuyo yokunzvera, yakaongororwa zvikuru naDaniel Kahneman naAmos Tversky, inoratidza kuti nzira iyo chinetso kana kuti mubvunzo unobvunzwa inochinja zvikuru mhinduro. Nhevedzo yakatanhamara "Asian Disease Desease" inoratidzira kuti vanhu vanoita zvakasiyana ku "mafashoni" vs. "mies," kunyange apo miuyo inova yakafanana nenzvero. Kuvhota kwapa kushatisa kunoshatisa iyi "magariro" mundangariro kuti vape ngwariro huru kutyisidzirorwa nokurasikirwa namavara. Mutevedzero unogona kuva mutsva mukuru, asi mubvunzo mumwe muduku pamusoro pechiono chakasino chakanyorwa. Chino chapameso chakashatiswa kupfurikidza kurangarira kupfurikidza kurangarira kupfurikidza "wna."

Kuderera Kwechivimbo Munzvero

Imwe yetapuro dzinokosha zvikurusa, inofuratirwa, inofuratirwa, ikuvadziko yokuvhota yainoita kukunzvera kwapamutemo. Nguva iri yose muvhoti anopinzwa kudanidzo yokunyengera, chivimbo chavo mu "nzvero yesimba" chinoderera. Uku kuderera kwemwero yemhinduro yavavhoti vapamutemo, kuchiparira nhambo inotyisa uko kunova kwakaoma zvikuru kuyera murangariro wavose nenzira yakarurama. Mutauro wokumanikidza kuvhota unochenutsa zvakanaka nokuda kwomunhu ari wose.

Mitemo Yakarongwa Nemisiyano Yokutonga

Gadziriro yetsika yokunzvera yakajeka. APOR inoshurikidza zvakajeka kunzvera, ichikurondedzera se "tyisidziro yamanomano kunzvera" kuti "hakusati kuchiyera murangariro wavanhu asi kutsvakisisa. Kufungira mitauro ichiratidzo chakajeka. Zvisinei, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshanda munzvimbo yachena. First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange kutaura kwounyengeri. Ikoku kunoita kuti murairo uve wakaoma zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kujekeswa kwaavo vari kubhadhara nokuda kwokunzvera, nepo dzimwe dzine mitemo inorwisana ne "kuparadzira muvhotera" kana kuti "kuparadzira mashoko enhema," asi kusingawanzowaniki. Mutsetse pakati peredhiodhi yakakomba "kunzvera kwakakomba" uye kunyengera kuoma kunzwisisa. Rudzi rwamarumanomanomanomano.

Kupedzisa: Kudzivirira Kudzora Kwemitauro Paruzhinji

Kusarura mitauro munzvero dzinosunda rutivi rukuru rwehondo yemashoko inorondedzera sarudzo dzapanguva imwe cheteyo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa miitiro yakati, vavhoti vanogona kuzvibatanidza vamene nemiuyo yakarondwa. Kuziva nzvero inobvira, tarira iyi mireza mitsvuku:

  • [[FFT:0] Urefu:[[FT:1] Hupfupi nenzira yechienzi uye hahupi mashoko akadzikama.
  • [[FOLT:0] Mubvunzo une chiratidzo chakaipa kana kuti pomero isina kutemwa (imo, "kushandisa mari yakashata," "magariro akarongwa").
  • Ufakazi: Mubvunzo unoreva idi rausingagoni kusimbisa (mutoo., "Unobvuma here kuti Candidate X akashata?").
  • Manyuko enhau: Muridzi werunhare haagoni kuziva zvakajeka ari kubhadhara nokuda kwenzvero.
  • Hapana Urefu: Nzvero yacho haitsvaki chaidzo kana kuti ukuru hwemurangariro; inongorasa bedzi kutaura.

Vatori venhau navacherekedzi veidi vane basa rokuita mukufumura manyuko nezviri mukati zveiyi nzvero yakaremerwa. Kupfurikidza nokuvheneka chiedza pamashoko akananga namashoko anoshandiswa kunyandura mirangariro, tinogona kuderedza simba ravo. Munhambo yokuderera kwengwariro nokuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzinogarwa, mutauro unoverengwa wokunzvera unoramba uri chimwe chezvishandiso zvamanomano zvikurusa mubhuku remitambo. Kuziva furemu ndiyo nhano yokutanga kukuputsa.