Chitanga Kutaura: Chibvumirano Chisingatauriki Chinorondedzera Sosaiti

Chaunga chiri chose chakatsiga chinoshanda panheyo: kuti vanhu vanopa nokudisa mwero wakati worusununguko rwomunhu oga mukutsinhana nokuda kwechengeteko yavose, nhevedzano, uye betsero imwe neimwe. Iyi donzo, inozivikanwa sechibvumirano chenzanga, harisati riri gwaro rakanyorwa navagari vemo asi chimiro cherondedzero chinotsanangura mavambo, maruramiro, uye ganhuriro dzehurumende. Kubva pakutera mitero kusvikira ku kuteerera mitemo yomumugwagwa, chibvumirano chamagariro chavanhu chinodzora dzikamo yakakomba pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yepanguva imwe cheteyo, chibvumirano chenzanga chinowanzokumbirwa pakukurukura kuva pamutemo kwamasangano, kuparadzirwa kwezviwanikwa, uye maruramiro avagari vemo. Chinogovera chiono chine simba chokunzvera chikonzero nei vanhu vachibvuma kudzorwa uye misengwa yavanayo kune mumwe nomumwe. Nyaya inonzvera mhindu yenhau yebvumirano yenzanga, nheyo dzayo huru, zvikarakadzo zvayo zvazvino uno, uye zvibvumirano zvinodenha mamiriro ayo ezvinhu ose. Kunzwisisa uyu murangariro kunokosha mukunzwisisa hwaro hwemifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuMadokero uye gakavadzano inopfuurira pamusoro pebvumirano yenzanga, kuenzana ramakore rechi21.

Mavambo Edzidziso Yenzanga Yokuvhenekerwa

Chibvumirano chetsika chakatanga mukati mamazana amakore echi17 nerechi18, nhambo yenyongano huru yendangariro inozivikanwa seVhenekero. Vafungi venguva ino vakatsvaka kubudisa chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika mumurangariro, maruramiro avanhu, uye kubvuma panzvimbo pekodzero youmwari, gamuchidzanwa, kana kuti simba routsinye. Vakafungidzira "Isita rechisiko" (mamiriro ezvinhu okufungidzira) pamberi pokugadzwa kwehurumende yakarongwa. Vazivi vatatu vanobuda savagadziri vetsika dzetsika dzetsika iyi: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, uye Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Thomas Hobbes: Nhevedzano Pamusoro Perusununguko

Thomas Hobbes, achinyora mumumvuri weHondo yeChirungu yeChinetso, akapa chiono chakajeka chomugariro wechisiko mumhiko yake 1651 younyanzvi, Leviathan[. Nokuti Hobbes, mugariro wechisiko wakanga uri hondo yavose, umo upenyu hwakanga huri "yero, urombo, brutish, uye hupfupi." Mumugariro uyu, makanga musina indasitiri, tsika, kana kuti chengeteko nemhaka yokuti kwakanga kusina simba ravose rokuita mira. Vanhu vaigara mukutya rufu rwamasimba masimba nguva dzose.

Kuti vapukunyuke iyi mamiriro ezvinhu asingatsungiririki, vanhu vane mufungo vakapinda mubvumirano. Vakabvuma kuva nesimba ravo rokuchengeta rugare muzvinhu zvose ndokutamisira chiremera chavo kumumwe mambo kana kuti gungano. Uyu mambo, Leviatani, akanga asiri mubatanidzwa webvumirano asi kusikwa kwayo. Nemhaka yokuti chigaro chakamira kunze kwebvumirano, simba racho rakanga rakakwana, rakaganhurirwa bedzi namano aro okuchengeta rugare. Hurumende dzeHobbes, chinangwa chikuru chehurumende chakanga chiri chengeteko. Chibvumirano chamagariro chokuzviisa pasi pamwe chete chakasika nyika somunhu anokwanisa kuisa nhevedzano. Iyi rondedzero inogovera ruramiso ine simba nokuda kwechiremera chakasimba, chakasimba zvikuru uye chikonzero nei kunyange hurumende dzisina kukwana dzichiwanzova dzinova dzinoregwa.

John Locke: Chinyorwa Chekodzero Dzemuzvarirwo

John Locke akapa murangariro une tariro zvikuru wohunhu nechiono chakaganhurirwa zvikuru chehurumende mu yake SECOND Treasurence of Government [1689]. Mugariro wechisiko wakanga usati uri mugariro wehondo asi mugariro worusununguko rwakakwana neuenzani, unodzorwa nomutemo wechisiko, unorambidza kukuvadza vamwe muupenyu hwavo, utano, kana kuti zvinhu. Zvisinei, uyu mugariro wakanga usina kushatiswa uye usina kuchengeteka. Kwakatongosimbiswa, hakuna mutemo waizivikanwa, hakuna mutongi asingasaruri, uye simba rokutarisira kutevererwa.

Locke akapikisa kuti vanhu vanobvuma kuumba nzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika zvikurukuru kudzivirira maruramiro avo omuzvarirwo . "upenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Chibvumirano chenzanga chinosimbisa hurumende inoshanda sechinovimbwa navanhu. Chibvumirano chehurumende chinobvumira kuti simba rehurumende risave rinotsamira pachinhu chimwe. Kana hurumende ikaputsa kodzero dzemusikirwo dzevagari vayo kana kuti zviito zvoudzvinyiriri, vanhu vane kodzero yokubvisa chibvumirano nechipandukiro. Pfungwa dzaLocke dzakanga dzine simba guru, dzichipa nheyo youzivi yeGreant Revolution muEngland neAmerican Declation. Chitendero chake pabvumirano, kodzero dzezvinhu, uye hurumende inoganhurirwa inoramba iri divitious redzidziso yetsikano yetsika neredhiyomurejiyomu.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Kutsvaka Rusununguko Rwavose

Jean-Jacques Rousseau akawana chibvumirano chenzanga munhungamiro yedemokrase yakakwana mubasa rake 1762, [[FLT]] Contract.[FLT]. Rousseau akawana chinetso chenzanga yazvino uno: "Munhu anoberekwa akasununguka, uye kwose kwose iye ari muketani. Akaramba pfungwa yokuti vanhu vanotengesa nenzira yomuzvarirwo rusununguko rwavo nokuda kwechengeteko. Panzvimbo pezvo, akatsvaka chimiro chesonganiro inodzivirira munhu mumwe nomumwe nezvipfuyo zvinodzivirira munhu apo mumwe nomumwe, achizvibatanidza, anoteerera amene uye anoramba bedzi saasina njodzi.

Rousseau’s chigadzikiso chakanga chiri General Will. Mukuru mukuru haasati achingova zvake chitsama chezvido zvomunhu mumwe nomumwe (Guhuro "Bhiyi), asi muviri wetsika wakabatana unovavarira kuita zvakanaka. Nokupinda mubvumirano yenzanga, vanhu vanobvisa rusununguko rwavo rwokuberekwa narwo mukutsinhana nokuda kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo norusununguko rwetsika rwokuteerera mutemo zvavanozvinyorera vamene. Ikoku kunoda chimiro chikuru chapamutemo chakananga apo vagari vemo vanobatikana mumitemo. Mifungo yaRousseau yave ichirumbidzwa sechiono chokuenzana kukuru uye kuzvitonga uye kutsoropodza nokuda kwokukwanisa kwavo kururamisa mamiriro ezvinhu. Basa rake rinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro porusununguko pakati pechiremera chomunhu nechiremera chinogara chinoitwa.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Nemichina Inoshanda

Pasinei zvapo nemisiyano yavo, Hobbes, Locke, naRousseau vakavamba nheyo huru dzinorondedzera tsika yebvumirano yenzanga.Idzi nheyo dzinotsanangura kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinoruramiswa sei uye kuti nzanga dzinochengeta sei runyararo pasina kutendeukira kukugombedzera kwakachena.

Kugamuchirwa Senheyo Yomutemo

Nheyo hurusa yerondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga ndeyokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinowana mu bvumirano yezvidzorwi. Hurumende haisati iri yapamutemo nemhaka yokuti ine simba kana kuti itsika; kwapamutemo nemhaka yokuti vanhu vanobvuma nokuzvidira kutongwa. Uku kubvumirana kunogona kuratidzirwa, zvakadai sokusaina chibvumirano kana kuti kupika mhiko, zvakadai sokugara munyika uye kubetserwa nemitemo yayo. Pfungwa yebvumirano inosimbiswa mumiitiro yazvino uno yedemocracy sero, iyo inobvumira vagari vemo kuti vamupiyushi vavo vamutsiridze kana kuti vasatendere kubvumirana panguva dzenguva dzose.

Kuchinja Rusununguko Nokuda Kwechengeteko Nenhevedzano

Chibvumirano chenzanga itsinhano. Vanhu vanorega rusununguko rusina muganhu asi rusina kuchengeteka rwezvakasikwa mukutsinhana nokuda kworusununguko rwavanhu runodzorwa asi rwakachengeteka rwenzanga yavagari vemo. Uku kuchinjana ndihwo hwaro hwesimba rehurumende pamasimba masimba apamutemo. Vagari vanobvuma kusatora mutemo mumaoko avo vamene, uye mukutsiva, Hurumende inopa dziviriro pautsotsi hwomukati netyisidziro dzokunze. Iyi nheyo inoruramisa mwero wakafara wemibato, kuvambira pamapurisa namatare kudziviriro yehondo.

Kutonga kwoMutemo Sechibereko Chinovapo

Sangano rinodzorwa nebvumirano yenzanga ndiro nzanga inodzorwa haro nemitemo, kwete nemirayiro youngwaru. Kutonga kwomutemo kunovimbisa kuti munhu ari wose, kubatanidza vatongi, anodzorwa nemitemo inozivikanwa, yavose, uye isingasaruri. Ikoku kudeya kutaurwa kunobvumira vanhu kuronga upenyu hwavo nokuronda fariro dzavo pasina kutya kudzongonyedzwa kwouhwu. Chibvumirano chenzanga nokudaro chinogovera hwaro nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo, umo masimba ehurumende anoganhurirwa negadziriro yakakwirira yapamutemo iyo inoratidzira mipimo yebvumirano yapakuvamba.

Mutsigiri Wenzanga Mukutonga Kwapanguva Ino

Chibvumirano chenzanga hachisati chichingovawo hacho rondedzero yenhau; ipfungwa mhenyu inoumba gadziriro yesangano razvino uno, gakava remitemo, uye dzidziso dzapamutemo.

Mutemo Wemitemo uye Kuzivikanwa Kwekodzero

Mabumbiro emitemo azvino uno akanyorwa anogona kunzwisiswa seratidziro dzakarongwa dzebvumirano yenzanga. Dare reMitemo reU.S., somuenzaniso, rinovamba ne "Isu Vanhu," rinoisa chiremera zvakajeka mukubvumira kwavadzorwi. Bhishopi yekodzero inodudza ganhuriro dzakananga pasimba rehurumende, kudzivirira maruramiro omusikirwo ayo Locke akanga asingachinjiki. Aya magwaro anoumba gadziriro yehurumende yakaganhurirwa nenzira yakaganhurirwa, achigadza gadziriro yechekero nedzikano kudzivisa kuputsa mipimo yebato ipi neipi yebvumirano.

Nyika Yenelfare: Musengwa Wazvino Uno

Muzana ramakore rechi20, chibvumirano chenzanga chakakura kuti chibatanidze gadziriro dzegarikano. Pfungwa yokuti vagari vemo vane maruramiro kuchengeteko yezvemari inokosha . "kurovedza, kurapa, inishuwarenzi yeurovha, uye mari yepenjeni yachembere-yakachembera() inogona kuonekwa semutsidziro webvumirano yedavidzo yengozi dzebhizimisi rebhizimisi. [[FLT:] Masangano akafanana neOECD mugwagwa unoshandiswa nawo zvibvumirano zvavo zvenzanga kupfurikidza nokudzikanisa dziviriro dzemabhizimisi. Iyi `Itaferefera" inomirira kuwedzerwa kwechibvumirano chine simba chebvumirano: mukutsinhanhanharo kupfuma nokuteerera mutemo, vagari vemo vanowana dandadziro yose nokubudirira nemumbure unodzivirira.

Mabasa Okutarisira: Kubhadharisa Mitero, Basa Romubatanidzwa Wehondo, uye Basa Rehondo

Chibvumirano chamagariro anoisawo mabasa ekongiri kuvagari vemo. [[FLT:]] mutengo wenzanga yakabudirira; mari inoda zvinhu zvavose namabasa ayo chibvumirano chinoda. Basa rechimubatidziro[ rinomirira basa revagari vemo mukutarisira ruramisiro, chimiro chakananga chokutora rutivi mubasa rehurumende. [[FLT: 4.] MILITARY yebasa renyika, kana kuti basa renyika, mune dzimwe nyika, ndiwo maratidziro okuda kudzivirira nzanga. Iyi misengwa inosimbiswa norudzi rwechibvumirano: maruramiro ehurumende.

Kuzvinyima uye Chinetso Chokuzviparadzanisa

Vatsoropodzi vanoti chibvumirano chekare chakanga chisati chamboitwa munyika yose asi panzvimbo pezvo chaiva chibvumirano pakati peboka rakaropafadzwa raibatanidza vamwe nenzira yakarongwa.

Kuda Kuroora uye Kunyora Mashoko Orudzi Zvechidhinari

Vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika vechikadzi vakadai se Carole Pateman, mubhuku rake [[FLT:]] Contract yeSangano reSangano, vanopikisa kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chapakuvamba chakanga chiri chibvumirano chesangano ramabhishopi akagadzwa maruramiro echikuru. "Indivic" murondedzero yetsika dzapakuvamba yakanga iri chose chose chose musoro wemhuri. Vakadzi vaiiswa pasi pevhuro yevhuro yavose uye vaibviswa mubvumirano yavose. Chibvumirano chamagariro, mumurangariro uyu, chakavakirwa pachibvumirano chapamberipo. [[FLT:] [FLD]] chibvumirano chevatano chinodzora ukama pakati pavanhu navakadzi.

Nenzira yakafanana, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose Nemiganhu Yezvinetso Zvorudzi

Chibvumirano chetsika chavanhu chaifungidzirwa mumiganhu yenyika imwe. Asi munyika yakapararira zvikurusa, chinjo hurusa, denda, kufamba kwevapoteri, kusaenzana kwenyika yose, uye simba remasangano ane mativi ose. Chibvumirano chenzanga chakaoma kupedza zvinetso izvi. Hapana chiremera chenyika yose uye hapana muganhu wenyika yose. Vatsoropodzi vanobvunza kana tichida chibvumirano chenzanga chenyika yose [[[FLT:] icho chinotambanudza maruramiro nemitoro kumativi ose, kana kuti kana pfungwa yacho imene yakanyanyobatanidzwa nomuenzaniso wetsika yeWephaliaman yenyika yose kuti ishande.

Simba Rinodzika Miganhu Mumubatanidzwa

Kunyange mukati menyika, chibvumirano chenzanga hachiitwi panzvimbo yokutamba. Nhaka dzine simba dzinobata nyika ndokuumba mashoko e "contract" kubetsero yavo. Kurovha, mari yenhimbe, uye kusaenzana kwezvoupfumi zvinoreva kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chinowanzotyiswa. Mitemo nemirau inoumba chibvumirano chacho zvinogona kushandiswa kusimbisa ropafadzo dzavapfumi nevane simba, zvichideredza donzo rebvumirano inobetsera zvikuru.

Kumutsidzira Gadziriro Yenzanga Yezana Ramakore Ra 21

Kupindura kuronga uku nezvinetso zvitsva, vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika nevatsigiri vari kurayira kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chimutsiridzwe.

Kushandiswa Kwemakombiyuta Nemagariro Evanhu

Kumuka kweInternet, terevhizheni, uye ungwaru hwokugadzira zvakaparira "nyika yechisiko" munzvimbo yemichina. Makambani eruzivo rwemichina anoshanda sehurumende dzakavanzika, achiunganidza zvitsama zvikuru zvemijenya nehurukuro yavose. Vagari vemo havana udzori huduku paupenyu hwavo hwemakombiyuta. chibvumirano chenzanga che [ chaizotanga kodzero dzakajeka nokuda kwavashandisi, soumbozha, uye ufakazi hwemichina (ratiomhiko), kuisa muEurope kumirira chibvumirano chemibatanidzwa kwavo muzviteshina. Izvi zvinobatanidza kodzero dzekugara nhaka, uye kubvumiranisa kodzero yebasa. Hurumende dziri kutanga kuita, nemiraudzo yezera rekugara nhaka.

Utariri Hwemhoteredzo Somutsigiri Worudzi

Chibvumirano chetsika chavanhu chakanga chiri chechinguvana, chinobatanidza bedzi vapenyu. Dambudziko remamiriro okunze rinotimanikidza kufunga muchizvarwa chimwe. Chibvumirano pamusoro pekubudiswa kwecarbon, mhatsa, uye kupera kwemitengo chibvumirano chinobudirira nezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi, izvo zvisati zviripo kuti zvitaurire kana kuti kupa kubvumirana kwavo. chibvumirano chenzanga chenzanga [ chinosimbisa kuti chizvarwa chazvino chino chine musengwa wetsika wokuchengeta nyika inogara vanotevera. Iyi nheyo iri kuedzwa muzvinoitika zvemitemo munyika yose, umo vanhu vaduku vari kukundikana kudzivirira kodzero dzavo dzenguva yemberi, vachitaura kuti zvibvumirano zvenzanga zvaputswa.

Mari Inokosha Inowanikwa Munyika Yose Neramangwana Rebasa

Kuzvirongera nokugadzira ungwaru zvinotyisidzira kudzongonyedza chibvumirano chetsika chamagariro avanhu chakavakirwa pabasa. Kwamazana amakore, chibvumirano chakanga chakajeka: vanhu vaigovera basa ravo mukutsinhana mibairo nedziviriro dzenzanga. Sezvo basa rinova rakava rakakuvadzwa zvikuru uye rinoiswa mumunhu, uyu muenzaniso unoputsika. Nyanzvi zhinji navanoronga mitemo zvino vanotsigira nokuda kwe Sicle Infige Inse (UB) seshoko idzva mubvumirano yenzanga. UBI inovimbisa mugari wemo ari wose chitsamanyuko chenguva dzose, chitsamanyuko chemari, chinogovera uriri hwehwaro chikuru [[FLT].

mhedziso

Chibvumirano chenzanga chinoramba chiri chimwe chepfungwa dzine simba zvikuru uye dzinogara murondedzero yezvematongerwe enyika. Chinopa mukana wokubvunza mibvunzo inokosha zvikuru pamusoro pokutonga: Nei tichifanira kuteerera mutemo? Tichifanira kugumira papi nesimba rehurumende?

Kurongeka kwechibvumirano chenzanga ((nemhaka yokubviswa kwacho uye upofu hwacho kusimba), zvinokosha, nokuti zvinotiyeuchidza kuti hapana chibvumirano chokupedzisira. Chibvumirano chinogara chinofanira kubviswa nguva dzose ndokuwedzerwa kubatanidza avo vakanga vasiiwa munhau. Sezvatinotarisana nezvinetso zvezana ramakore rechi21, kubva pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuenda kuAl, basa rokumutsidzira chibvumirano chenzanga idenho youchenjeri nechinodikanwa chezvamatongerwe enyika. Kutsvaka hwaro hwakarurama nehwapamutemo hwesonganiro yavanhu kunopfuurira, uye chibvumirano chenzanga chinoramba chiri nhungamiro yedu inokosha zvikurusa.