Kutanga: Kugadzirwa kweParamende yeIndia

Paramende yeIndia idare remitemo reBhameral, zvinoreva kuti ine dzimba mbiri: Raje Sabha (Council of States) neLok Sabhaha (Imba yaVanhu). Iyi dare rakasarudzwa noune navanoumba Dare reMitemo yeMitemo kuti ridzikamise kudikanwa kwemimirimo yakakurumbira nedivi renzvimbo uye kungwara, kurangarira simba pakati pedzimba mbiri idzi rinokosha kunzwisisa kuti mutemo, kudzora kwemari, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende muhurumende yeIndia. Nepo Lok Sabha kazhinji kazhinji inorangarirwa sebasa resimba reimba inosarudzwa zvikuru uye kudzora hurumende, Rayya Shab anoita basa rinonetsesa senzvimbo inomirira nzvimbo yeimba yezve.

Nyaya ino inogovera kunzverwa kwakakwana kwamasimba ebumbiro remitemo, mabasa anoshanda, uye revo chaidzoidzo dzeukama pakati peRaje Sabha naLok Sabhaha. Inobatanidza chimiro chazvo, masimba azvo oga, mitoro inogoverana, uye zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvezvamatongerwe enyika izvo kazhinji kazhinji zvinotsiva rugwaro rwakasimbwa nebumbiro remitemo. Pamugumo, varavi vachava nenzwisiso yakajeka yemapinduriro uye makwikwi ari mukati meParamendement yeIndia.

Kuvakwa uye Kurongwa Kwedzimba Mbiri

Lok Sabha: Imba Yavanhu

Lok Sabha, kana kuti imba yakaderera, inosarudzwa zvakananga navagari veIndia kupfurikidza nemitezo yose yavanhu vakuru. Ine simba rakakomba yemitezo 552, ine 530 inomirira nyika, 20 inomirira ndima dzinobatanidzwa, uye 2 inogadzwa naPrezidhendi kubva kunzanga yeAnglo-Indavia (muitiro wakamiswa neGramandement ye109, 2019, iyo yakatambanudza kubatana kutozosvikira muna 2030). Iye zvino, imba ine mitezo yakasarudzwa 543. Shoko reLok Sabha imakore mashanu, kutoti yaparadzwa pakuvamba naPrezidhendi. Gurukota naVatungamiriri veMinisiparati veBumbiro reMitemo yeMitemo yeChibvumirano (Inama re109) rinova nomusiparatisi weLobha, unoparidziro mukuru weSabata, unoumbirwe nokuda kwehurumende.

Raje Sabra: Dare reUnited States

Raje Sabba, kana kuti imba yapamusoro, iboka rechigarire risingaparadzwi. Chikamu chimwe chechitatu chemitezo yaro chinorega basa makore maviri ari ose. Simba raRajiya Sabhaha imitezo 250, umo 238 imimiriri yenyika nenzvimbo mbiri dzinobatanidzwa, uye 12 yakasarurwa naPrezidhente nokuda kwounyanzvi hwavo muminda hwakadai semabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, uye basa renzanga. Nheyo dzaRaja Sabhaha hadzina kunyorwa: mitezo yakasarudzwa nemitezo yakasarudzwa yeState Legalis Reactive Reation inoshandisa shoo yemiss revomhingi inopfurira kupfurikidza negadziriro imwe inotamiswa. Iyi purogiramu inovimbisa kuti Raja Syabhaha iratidzire mutengo weIndia, uye nyika dzinova neuwanwa navanhu vakaenzana kuenzanirira vanhu vavo.

Misiyano Mikuru Yemavako

  • [[FLT: 0] Sarudzo: Mitezo yeSabha inosarudzwa zvakananga; Rajiya Sabhaha mitezo inosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga namagungano ehurumende.
  • [[FT:0] : Lok Sabha ine shoko rakagadzwa ramakore mashanu (pamberi pokuparadza kwapamberi); Raja Sabha anogara zvechigarire nokutsiga kwemidyandigere.
  • Kududzirwa: Lok Sabha inomirira vanhu veIndia vose zvavo; Raje Sabha anomirira nyika nendima dzemasangano.
  • :[[FLT] Lok Sabha ane mitezo yakawanda (zvino 543); Raje Sabha ane mitezo 245.

Iyi misiano yourongwa haisati ichingovawo zvayo procedal; inoumba zvikurukuru simba guru. Chirairo chokuvhota chinopa Lok Sabba ururami hukuru zvikuru hwedemokrasi, nepo kusarudzwa kusina kunanga uye kuzununguswa kweRajiya Sabha kuchiita kuti chive chakatsiga uye murangariro wakafara zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji kuchikuita kuva kunotapurwa zvishoma kuzvimiro zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvechinguvana.

Masimba Ebumbiro remitemo: Matura Akabatanidzwa uye Anogoveranwa

Kunyange zvazvo Lok Sabha iri mundima dzakati, Rajiya Sabhaha ine masimba akasiyana - siyana mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Mabhiri Emari: Nzvimbo yaLok Sabha Yakaganhurirwa

Zvichida simba gurusa reLok Sabba ichiremera charo pamusoro pemabhiri emari. Chikamu 110 chinorondedzera mari semari inoshanda kumitero, mari yehurumende, kukwereta, kana kuti Stock Commid Fund yeIndia. Mari inogona kungopfuudzwa bedzi muLok Sabba. Pane imwe yapfuudzwa neLok Sabba, inotumirwa kuRajiya Sabha, inofanira kudzoserwa mukati mamazuva 14 nezvinorumbidzwa zvayo. Zvisinei, Lok Sabbaha haisungirwi kugamuchira rumbidzo dzipi nedzipi; inogona kupfuura nomutongo mukuru. Kana Raja Sabba akakundikana kudzorera mutero mukati memazuva 14, inorangarirwa kuva yakapfuudzwa nedzimba dzose nechimiro cheSab. Chino chinopa chisarudzodzodzodzodzodzo pamusoro pechisati chitsarudzodzodzo chenyika nyika inotongedze kuti vamiririre vanhu.

Zvisinei, kurongwa kwebhiri remari serinotengwa kunosarudzwa neSheaker weLok Sabhaha, ane chisarudzo chiri chokupedzisira. Ichochi chave chiri manyuko egakava. Sezvo hurumende dzakapa zvikweretiwo zvazvo zvisaririra semabhiri emari kuti zvipfuure Rajiya Sabhahache. Muenzaniso mukuru wakanga uri Adhaar Act, 2016, yakapfuudzwa semari, nokudaro kubvisa Rajaya Sabha pakurukurirano ine revo. Dare rapamusoro, mu [[FLT: 0] Justice.S.Kwamy (Ret.) Union of India , yakatsigira Act asi mubvunzo wacho woruboshwe, chiratidzo chokuti mari inoshandiswa kudzokororwa kupfurikidza.

Mitemowo Zvayo: Kugoverana Simba Nebetsero yeLok Sabba

Nokuda kwemabhiriwose, muitiro wacho wakadzikama zvikuru. Mutengo unogona kuvamba muimba ipi neipi (kunze kwemapepa emari). Unofanira kupfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri muchimiro chimwe chetecho. Kana pane kusabvumirana. Kana paine kusawirirana, Purezidhendi angadana kuti pave nesonganiro yokugara padzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Pajoini, Lok Sabhaha, nemitezo yayo mikuru, ine chiverengero chakakomba. Simba reSabba’s rinononotsa kuti rinonozese museidzo asi risingakwani. Kugara pamwe chete kunogona kuitwa bedzi kana chitsamato charambwa neimwe imba, chipfuurei chitsamachipfumidzire mwedzi mitanhatu kubva pakwa muruko. Iyi inovimbisa kuti Sabbaha inova iko.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti kugara pamwe chete hakuwanzoitiki — kwave kuchiitwa katatu bedzi munhau yeparamende yeIndia (yaDowry Prohibition Act, 1961; Bank Service Commission Repeal Bill, 1978; uye Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002). Iyi nhambo yetsika yokuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dziwane bvumirano kupfurikidza nokukurukurirana uye kugadziridzwa, asi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inova muparati yebasa rekuputsa imba yakaderera.

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo: Kutora Rutivi Rwakaenzana

Pamusana pokubatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo, simba rinoparadzirwa zvikuru. Zvibvumirano zvimwe zvinoda voruzhinji chaivo (matatu maviri emitezo iripo nokuvhota, pamwe chete nendoruzhinji rwemitezo yose) muimba imwe neimwe, zvichiteverwa nekwadikanwi neinenge hafu yemitemo yehurumende. Nokuda kwekuchinja kwakadaro, kugara kwakabatana hakupo; Raja Sabhaha remone iri madikanwa. Ikoku kunopa Raja Syabhaha basa rine simba mukushandura chivako chenyika, kumirira, kana kuti kodzero huru. Somuenzaniso, chibvumirano che 101 Cregimental Constigation Act (Maidi akanaka neMitemos) chinodikanwa kuiswa nehafu yehadzidzo pashure pokupfuurwa kwedzimba dzose. Rajaha yakatenderwa zvikuru, uye chibvumirano chaiko chaikosha mudare zvamazvirokwazvo muimba yedare.

Mari Inopfuura Mari

Nepo mabhiri emari achipa Lok Sabhata mumitengo yemari nendyiko, Rajiya Sabha inochengeta pesvedzero kupfurikidza namatare ezvemari nebasa rayo mukuhwirudzura bhajeti. Dare rePublic Maakaundi neDare Rinoyera rinobatanidza mitezo yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri, kunyange zvazvo Lok Sabhaha mitezo ine zvikumbiro zvizhinji. Mitezo yemari yeRajiya Sabba inounza maruramiro echikurukota chehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inosimbisa kubviswa kwemari mumigove yemari. Uyezve, Rajiya Sabhaha inogona kukurukura bhajeri remari regore negore nenhau dzemari, asi haigoni kuvhotera pazvinodikanwa zvemari zvemari (izvo zviri maruramiro eLobhaha echinyakare).

Kudzora Kwechiremera uye Kuzvidavirira

Kuumbwa Kwehurumende Nezviito Zvechivimbo

Mutungamiriri wePunier neDare raVafundisi vose pamwe chete vane mutoro kuLok Sabhaha. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kufarikanya chivimbo choruzhinji muLok Sabhaha. Raja Sabha haana basa mukuumbwa kwehurumende kana kuti mukupfuudza kusavapo kwesimba. Zvisinei, Rajiya Sabha anogona kukurukura basa rehurumende ndokuita zvisarudzo zvinotakura ukuru hwezvamatongerwe enyika, asi hazvisungiri hurumende. Iri ibwe reLok Sabha resimba.

Awa Yokubvunza Neutari Hweparamende

Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzine mutoo weawa yokubvunza kuti hurumende ichazvidavirira. Vashumiri vanofanira kupindura mibvunzo kumitezo. Zvisinei, nguva yemubvunzo yaRaje Sabha inowanzova isingarwi zvikuru kupfuura yeLok Sabhaha nemhaka yokuti hurumende haizvipiwi mhosva yakananga. Kunyange zvakadaro, Rajiya Sabha anogona kudana vashumiri uye kukumbira tsananguro. Imba yepamusoro inewo simba rokukurukura nhau dzoukoshi hwavanhu hwakakomba kupfurikidza nokudzokororwa kwechibvumirano nekurukurirano dzehafufu. Mumato, jajiya Sabha iho inorerutsa zvikuru kupfuudzira.

Kubvuma Nokubviswa Kwezviremera Zvebumbiro reMitemo

Rajiya Sabba ane basa chairo mukubviswa kwavamwe vane nzvimbo dzapamusoro. Somuenzaniso, kubviswa kwomutongi weDare Rapamusorosoro kana kuti Dare Rapamusoro kunoda kuti pave nekero neimba imwe neimwe yeParamende, yakavakirwa patsika dzakabvumikisa kuva dzenhema kana kuti dzechikangano. Rajiya Sabbaha inofanira kupfuudza chisarudzo chezvisarudzo nevoruzhinji chakatanhamara. Nenzira yakafanana, kubviswa kweVice-President, uyowo ari muoffio Sicario weRajiya Sabbaha, anotangwa nechisarudzo muJajaya Sabbaha sha. Mabasa aya anopa imba yapamusorosoro chisariradzo chakasiana.

Masimba Chaiwo ERaje Sabha

Pasinei zvapo nokudzora kwose kweLok Sabha, Rajiya Sabhaha ine masimba akati akakwana anosimbisa vara rayo romubatanidzwa:

  • Chisiko kana kuti kubviswa kwemasangano ehurumende emitemo: Chikamu 169 chinopa Rajiya Sabba simba rimwe chete rokuita kana kuti kuparadza Dare reMitemo munyika kupfurikidza nokupfuudza chisarudzo nevoruzhinji chaiko. Lok Sabha haana basa munhau iyi.
  • Kuisa mitemo panhau dzehurumende: Pasi peChikamu 249, Rajiya Sabha anogona kupfuudza chisarudzo (chinotsigirwa nezvinenge zvikamu zviviri zvemitezo yaro iripo uye vhota) chinozivisa kuti kuri madikanwa nokuda kwefariro yenyika kuti Paramende ipedzei nhau yakachengeterwa vhumba rehurumende. Chisarudzo chakadaro chinoronga Paramende kuita mitemo pamusoro penhau iyoyo nokuda kwenhambo inosvikira kugore rimwe, inotambanurwa.
  • Simba rokuita mitemo nokuda kwokutangwa kwamabasa ose eIndhia: Chikamu 312 chinopa simba Rajiya Sabha kuti chiite mabasa matsva ose eIndiya (seIAS, IPS) kupfurikidza nokupfuudza chisarudzo nevoruzhinji. Lok Sabha inobatanidzwa mumutemo unotevera, asi kutanga kwacho kunowirirana neRapya Sabata.

Idzodzi dzinobvumira imba yepamusoro kutanga chiito chinotapura kukamukana kwemasimba pakati peUnion nehurumende, nokudaro dzichinzvera kugona kupindira kupi nokupi kweLok Sabha.

Simba Rinodzora Mumuitiro: Makakatanwa Enyika Chaiwoiwo Nemiitiro

Mumakumi emakore apfuura, kurwisana kunoverengeka kwakamuka pakati pedzimba mbiri idzi, kuchiratidza kuti kuenzana kwesimba kunoshanda sei mukushanda.

Boka Rokutonga Nezvikuru Zvaro

Chisakiso chinokosha zvikurusa chinopesvedzera simba nderokuti kana boka rimwe chetero kana kuti mubatanidzwa unodzora dzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Apo boka rinotonga rine voruzhinji muLok Sabba asi rinorishaiwa muRaje Sabhaha (sezvakanga zvakaita muna 2014 kusvikira ku 2020 muModi Hurumende), Raje Sabba ringava chishoro chaicho. Rinogona kunonozeka uye kupedza mutemo, kumanikidza hurumende kukurukura kana kuti kushandisa dzimwe nzira (g., mari, zvibvumirano). Chiito chechiratidzo chokugadza National Juvice Revice Comments Commissions (NJAC) chakapfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri asi gare gare gare gare yakaparadzwa neDare gurusaiguru; Rajahahabhia chaita kumanikidzwa kudzo. Mari yapakuvamba yakashandiswa kupfuutsa pamutemo kumutemo weRgiygray, sechimbiso yemitemo yeNational Revicial Comscial Comssioning, Acts, inotungamirirwa kudzodzodzo dzokudzo dzaro huru dzedzimba dzapamusoro dzeimba ino.

Nenzira yakapesana, apo hurumende inofarikanya voruzhinji mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, Rajiya Sabha anowanzoita sechitambi cherabha. Mukati menhambo ya 2014-2018, pasinei zvapo nokushaiwa vazhinji muRajiya Sabbaha, hurumende yakakwanisa kupfuudza zvikwereti zvinoverengeka zvikuru pashure pokuvaka. Real Reace (Regatement and Development) Act, 2016, yakapfuudzwa pashure pekurukurirano huru, Raja Sabra inokarakadza kugadziridza kuti Lok Sabha yakagamuchira. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti simba harisati richingovawo pamusoro pechiremera chapamutemo asiwo pamusoro pesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudikanwa kutsigira.

Gakava Raje Sabha

Imwe yenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa yave iri kushandiswa kwemirairo kudzivisa chishoro chaRajiya Sabba. Bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira Purezidhendi kunyoresa mitemo apo Paramende inenge isiri murusando. Asi mutemo unofanira kutenderwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri mukati mamavhiki matanhatu okutanga. Apo hurumende inotarisana nedare reReja Sabhaha rakaipa, kazhinji kazhinji rinotendeukira kumirairo, iyo ipapo inova inodzokororwazve. Ikoku kwave kuchitsoropoteswa sekuderera kwegadziriro yemitemo. Muna 2020, Rajiya Sahabha akapfuudza chisarudzo chokuvambwa kwedare reparamende kuti aongorore kushandiswa kwemiraudzo, inosimbisazve itiro yeimba yapamusoro pamusoro pamusoro pamusoro pebasa rayo rakashatiswa.

Rimwe dare rinodzokororwa nedare reparamende. Nepo matare achiwanzoratidzira simba ramapati muimba imwe neimwe, hurumende pane dzimwe nguva inopazve matare ehurumende nenzira inopa dare rero gurusa kunyange muRajiya Sabbaha. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukupoka kwematare anounganidza kuti atsigire kurambana. Rajya Sabbata muvamiriri wake amene uye mitemo inobvumira Chairman kupa nguva nenzira inobudirira, asi masvomhu anowanzova anoshanda.

Kutapura Kuva Nemitemo

Simba rinochinjawo ruvara rwemitemo. Apo Lok Sabha anogona kukunda Raje Sabha kupfurikidza negadziriro yokugara kana kuti nzira yemari, pane ngozi yokukurumidza kana kuti kutadza kupfuudza mitemo inopfuura. Nenzira inopesana, apo Raje Sabha unoshandisa basa rayo retsika kupfurikidza nokuda kurukurirano yakakwana negadziriso, mutemo unowanzovandudzika. Companies Act, 2013, muenzaniso wemuchinjikwa mukuru weimba inotungamirira kumutemo wesangano rapamusoro wakakurumbira zvikuru. Kufamba kweRevement Refementmentment, 2019, akaona Raji Sabbaha ichiita kurukurirano yakakomba, nechishoro chose chose icho hurumende inoshandisa bhishopu yayo pasi pevhu uye nzira dzayo.

Kunetsa Kwoutongi Hunosarudzwa Navanhu veIndia

Dzinzano yesimba pakati pedzimba mbiri ine revo huru dzinosvika pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muIndia. Kusvika kwapamberi pechirori cheLok Sabba kunovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvasarudzo. Sezvo sarudzo dzichifanira kuitwa makore mashanu ari ose, Lok Sabba inogamuchira zvikuru kumurangariro wavose. Rajiya Sabba, akasarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga uye asingadziwi, inopa chiwindi chinodzivisa zvisimboko zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Chivako ichi chine mitaro miviri inobetsera kudzivisa kuzviisa muboka guru rekodzero dzehurumende mukodzero dzevoruzhinji kana kuti fariro dzehurumende.

Zvisinei, tsika yacho haisati iri isina kutsoropodzwa. Vamwe vanotaura kuti mamiriro ezvinhu echigarire eRajiya Sabha uye kuvimba kwayo navaiti vemitemo vehurumende zvinoiita sangano risingatsigiri hurumende dzehurumende dzinomirira vabati vebato panzvimbo penyika chaidzoidzo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti udzori hweLok Sabha, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitemo yemari, hunobvumira hurumende kufuratira nzvero ine revo. Kudzikama kwehurumende kunoedzwawo apo vatongi paCentre Detard vanoshora hurumende dzakasiana namasangano akasiana - simba, vachiita kuti Rajiya Sabba inzvimbo yerwisanongedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo yokurangarira.

Democracy yakanaka inoda dzimba dzose dziri mbiri kushanda mukati memiganhu yadzo yebumbiro remitemo nepo dzichiremekedzana mabasa. Raje Sabha ine bviro yokuva imba inonyengera inonzvera kunyengera kwevakuru vakuru, asi kubudirira kwayo kunotsamira pamapati anoidzora. Vagari navadzidzi vokudzora vanofanira kuziva kuti masimba acho haachinji; vanochinjana nemiuyo inosarudzwa netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvezuva racho.

Kiyi Yokutora

  • Lok Sabha ane chiremera chose chose nemhaka yomurairo wayo wakananga, kudzora bedzi mari, uye mano okukurira Rajiya Sabhaha kupfurikidza nokugara pamwe chete nokuda kwezvikweretiwo zvazvo.
  • Raje Sabra ane masimba akasiyana nemamwe munhau dzehurumende, kusanganisira kuumba matare ehurumende ezvemitemo uye mitemo yeSangano Romubatanidzwa Wehurumende.
  • Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunoda voruzhinji vakaparadzana veimba imwe neimwe, kuchipa Raje Sabha chirevo chakaenzana mukuchinja gadziriro huru.
  • Mubasa, kuenzana kwesimba kunotsamira pakuti mubatanidzwa unodzora unodzora dzimba dzose dziri mbiri here; Paramende yakakamukana inotungamirira kukurukurirano huru, nepo simba rimwe rakabatana richirembera zvakasimba kuLok Sabha.
  • Kushandiswa kwemari yokuronga mutengo, mitemo, uye nzira dzokutaura nadzo kunogona kunetesa basa raidiwa neRaje Sabha sekamuri rokuongorora.
  • Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi zvinokosha kumunhu upi noupi anodzidza nezvehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu yeIndia, sezvo ichiratidza kusawirirana kuri pakati pouchangamire hwakakurumbira nomukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Kumwe Kuverenga uye Kubatana Kwekunze

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru zvikuru gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzora dzimba mbiri, nzvera zvinhu zvinotevera:

Ukama pakati peRaje Sabba naLok Sabha ndirimwe ramativi akajeka zvikurusa eBumbiro reMitemo reIndia. Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzine mabasa akasiana anobetsera panzvimbo pokukwikwidzana, asi zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoparira rwisano. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi vehurumende yeIndia, nzwisiso yakajeka yeidzi simba inokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokunzwisisa kwedzidzo asiwo nokuda kwenzvimbo yevhu inoziva. Sezvo hurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeIndia inochinja, dzikamo pakati pedzimba dzayo mbiri dzeparamende ichapfuurira kuva chinhu chinokosha mukuumba mitemo yenyika nemiraudzo. Kupfurikidza nokufunda vavariro yebumbiro remitemo neshandiso, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri zviviri simba redzidzo yetsika nerejiyomumaIndianhedhea.