Kutanga Kwenhau Kwematare Emazuva Ano

Gadziriro yedare semaziviro atinoziva nhasi haina kubuda kamwe kamwe. Midzi yayo inodzokera shure kutsika dzakare dzakadai seMesopotamia, uko Mutemo waHammurabi wakatanga mitemo yakanyorwa nemipimo nokuda kwokutonga. Girisi yekare yakatanga mufungo wematare avagari vemo, nepo mutemo weRoma wakakudziridza nheyo dzapamutemo dzakaoma nevatongi vane unyanzvi. Gadziriro yemitemowo zvawo, nokutsamira kwayo pamienzaniso nokutongwa nedare, yakava hwaro hwegadziriro dzapamutemo dzazvino uno dzakawanda, kubatanidza United States, Canada, Australia, uye India. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau yenhau inobetsera vagari vemo vemo vagari vemo vanobetsera kuti matare haasati ari masangano anosarudziro asi mavambo enhamburiko yokuwana ruramisiro neruramisiro inowirirana.

Gadziriro dzazvino uno dzedare dzakachinja kuti dzibate vhiringidziko dzenzanga yazvino uno. Dzinoshanda mumutemo, kureva kuti hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo(*) kunyange vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Iyi nheyo inodzivirira vagari vemo pasimba risingafungidziri uye inosimbisa kuti gakava rinopedzwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakagadzwa panzvimbo pepesvedzero yomunhu oga. Kuna avo vanofarira mamiriro ezvinhu akadzika zvikuru enhau, Encyclopædia Britannica sundoromendia pamatare[ inogovera kupeta kwakakwana.

Mavambo Edare

Gadziriro yedare youkuru iri yose yakarongwa nenzira yakarongwa. Iyi yakarongwa ibvumidza nhau kunzwika zvakanaka apo inogovera gadziriro yokururamisa zvikanganiso. Mitanho mikuru mitatu imatare ekutonga, matare edare, uye dare rakakwirira zvikurusa (anowanzonzi dare gurusa kana kuti dare rebumbiro remitemo). Mwero mumwe nomumwe unobatira donzo rakasiana mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro.

Dare Rokutonga: Kunowanikwa Chokwadi

Dare redare ndiro rinotanga kumisa nyaya dzemhosva. Mumatare aya, mapoka anopa ufakazi, anodana zvapupu, uye anowanzotaura zvinzvimbo zvavo pamberi pomutongi (uye mutongi wedare. Mutongi anovimbisa kuti mitemo yepamutemo inotevedzerwa, nepo dare redare (kana kuti mutongi mudare) rinosarudza nhau dzemhosva. Dare redare rinotonga rinobata nhau dzose dziri mbiri dzoutsotsi nedzevagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, kutonga kwemhosva kungabatanidza kuba kana kuti kudenha mhosva, nepo kutonga kwehurumende kungagona kugadzirisa chibvumirano kana kuti kutaura kwokukuvara. Musangano rekutongwa renyika yeU.S. Dare reruwa. Dare reruwa zvikurusa rine mazita akafanana seDare Rikuru kana kuti Dare Rezvikamu zveruwa. Kutonga kugarwa: matare okutonga kutongwa kunoitwa.

Matare Anoedza Kutongwa: Kutsvaka Zvikanganiso

Kana mutezo uchifunga kuti dare rokutonga rakaita chikanganiso chapamutemo (somuenzaniso, kubvuma ufakazi husina kururama kana kuti kutsanangura zvisina kururama mutemo() zvinogona kukwirira kudare rapamusoro. matare edare haasati achimboongorora maidi. Panzvimbo pezvo, anohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga kuti aone kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama. matare aya anonzwa nhau mumapoka evatongi vatatu uye tsinhiro dzakanyorwa mirangariro yavo. Mutsika yehurumende, matare makurusa ezvikwidzo iU.S. Dare reZvikwidzo dzakawanda dzinonziwo matare, kazhinji kazhinji dzinonzi Dare Rokukwirira kana kuti Dare Rezvikumbiro. Appleta anogona kushatsa, kutsigira, kana kuti kuraira kutongwa kutsva.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Chiremera Chokupedzisira

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muhurumende rine shoko rokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo. MuUnited States, iro ndiro Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, iro rinonzwa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenhau gore rimwe nerimwe(kazhinji avo vanobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinova muenzaniso unobatira nokuda kwemamwe matare ose. Nyika zhinji dzinochengeta masangano akafanana, akadai seDare repamusorosoro reUnited Kingdom kana kuti Dare Rapamusoro reAustralia. Mhaka imwe inosvika pamwero uyu inogona kuchinja nzvimbo yapamutemo nokuda kwamamirioni avanhu. Nokuda kwenhau dzazvino nemiraudzo, ona dare rehurumende [[FG.0] Dare rehurumende reUnited States repanyuko ye[FLT][FLD1].]

Vashandi veDare Rapamusoro Nemabasa Avo

Kunzwisisa kuti vanhu ava ndivanaani vari kukanganisa mamiriro ezvinhu edare uye kunogona kubatsira vagari vemo kuti vanzwe vakasununguka kana vachida kupindira.

Vatongi

Vatongi vanotungamirira matare, vanotonga pamiitiro yokusaita basa, vanopa mirayiridzo kumatare edare, uye () mumatare edare (*) uye (pabhenji kutonga). Vanofanira kuva vasingasaruri uye vanoziva pamusoro pomutemo. Mumativi mazhinjisa, vatongi vanogadzwa nebazu guru, vakasarudzwa navanhu, kana kuti kusarudzwa kupfurikidza nebasa rakavakirwa pahwaro. Basa ravo nderokududzira mutemo ndokuushandisa kumaidi, kwete kufarira rumwe rutivi pane rumwe.

Juries

Mapoka evagariwo zvavo vanoitwa kuti vasarudze maidi enhau. Mukutonga kweutsotsi, vatongi vanofanira kuwana mukwiridzi ane mhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo; munhau dzehurumende, mupimo unowanzova kufuridzirwa kwoufakazi. Kubatira padare rinobetsera vatongi ndeimwe yenzira dzakananga zvikurusa vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa nedare.

Varairi Vemabhanana (Attorney)

Vatengi vanomirira masangano nevanopomerwa dare. Vanogadzira magwaro apamutemo, vanonzvera zvapupu, uye vanopikisa chimiro chomutengi wavo. MuU.S., magweta anofanira kupfuudza bvunzo yebhari ndokuomerera kumitemo yetsika. Vagari vemo vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta mumhaka yeutsotsi vane kodzero yokuva murevereri wavose.

Matsotsi Nevaseki Vedare

Mabharani vedare vanotarisira mabasa okutarisira: kunyora magwaro, kuronga kutonga, uye kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvapamutemo. Vabhari vanochengeta runyararo nechengeteko mudare, vakwirirwi vanoperekedza, uye vanobetsera mutongi. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinotamba mabasa anoita kuti gadziriro irambe ichishanda zvakanaka.

Vatori Venhau

Mazita aya anokosha pakukwirira, nokuti matare anoongorora nyaya yacho anotsamira pachinyorwa chokutonga kuti aongorore zvisarudzo.

Marudzi Emhosva Nemhosva Dzedare

Mapoka makurusa ematsotsi uye ehurumende, asi masangano akawanda anosanganisira matare chaiwo emhuri, ezvebhizimisi, emotokari, okubhuroka, uye ehurumende.

Mhaka Dzeutsotsi

Nhau dzinomuka apo munhu anopomerwa kuputsa mutemo unorambidza mufambiro wakati “wakadai soumbavha, denho, kana kuti unyengeri. ” hurumende (mupomeri) inounza mhaka mukurwisana nomukwirirwi. Kunotakurwa kunogona kubatanidza faindi, kuchengetwa, kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo. Mutoro weufakazi mukuru: muroveri mhaka unofanira kubvumikisa pasina panikiro ine mufungo.

Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo

Nyaya dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza kukakavadzana kwemapati avanhu voga(individo) , mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano. Anogona kubatanidza zvibvumirano, zvinhu, kuvadziko yomunhu oga, kana kuti nhau dzemhuri. Mupoteri anokwidza mukwiridziridziri achitsvaka muripo kana kuti murairo wedare. Mutoro weufakazi wakaderera: kurangarira ufakazi (zvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kusadaro).

Matare Anokosha

Masangano akawanda ane matare anosimbisa zvinhu chaizvo.

  • [[FLT: 0] dare remhuri:[[FLT: 1] rinobata kurambana, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, kurera mwana asiri wako, uye masimba masimba omumba.
  • [[[FURO:0] dare reProbate:[ rinobata zvido, nzvimbo, uye ngarava dzinochengeta.
  • dare reTraffic: rinobata kuputswa kuduku kwemigwagwa.
  • dare reBankrupt:[[FL:1] rinobata nyaradzo yechikwereti nokurongazve.
  • matare outarisiri: anonzwa kukakavadzana kunobatanidza masangano ehurumende.

State Juristion (U.S. Viences)

MuUnited States, matare aripo pazvose zviri zviviri mwero yehurumende nehurumende. Matare eFederal anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, Bumbiro remitemo, kana kuti gakava pakati pamapati anobva kunyika dzakasiana. matare ehurumende anobata nhau zhinjisa dzezuva riri rose(makurukota emhuri, migwagwa, uye mhaka pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Iyi tsika inopesana inogona kuvhiringidza vagari vemo, asi inoreva kuti vanhu vazhinjisa vachakurukurirana zvikurukuru nematare ehurumende. Nokuda kwetsananguro yakajeka, .S.S.

Nhano Nenhano: Kufamba Kunoita Mhaka Mugadziriro yeDare

Kunzwisisa chiitiko choupenyu hwose kunogona kubvisa kutyisidzira kwakawanda kune chokuita nematare.

Kunyunyuta Kana Kuti Kupomera

Mumhaka yehurumende, mutongi anonyora chinyunyuto nedare ndokuchibatira pamukwirirwi.

Mishonga Yezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Mativi ose ari maviri anotaurirana kupfurikidza nokuwana, kugadzira mafaira, uye angaedza kugadzikiswa. Nhau zhinji dzinopedza mukati mourwu rutivi. Kana pasina kugarwa kusvikwa, dare rinova nemusangano usati watongwa kuti ugadze musi wokutonga.

3. Kutongwa

Vatongi vacho vanopa mashoko okuzarura, zvapupu zvinovapo uye vanoratidza zvinhu zviripo, vachitaura nyaya dzokugumisa.

4. Rutongeso uye Kutongerwa

Kana mutongo uri womutongi mumhaka yehurumende, dare rinopa mutongo wekuvadziko kana kuti kusunungurwa.

Kumbira

Kana rutivi rumwe norumwe rukadavira kuti mhosho yapamutemo yakaitika, vanogona kukwirira kudare rapamusoro zvikuru. Muitiro wokupa kurukurirano unogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti makore uye ungaguma nokuchinja, kutonga kutsva, kana kuti murayiro wokuchinja mutsetse.

Mashoko Anokosha Emitemo Anofanira Kuzivikanwa Nomugari Wose

Kushandisa mashoko emitemo kunogona kuva kunokurira, asi mashoko mashomanene anokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi ari kufamba mugadziriro.Heri mashoko akakura kupfuura nyaya yapakuvamba.

  • [[FOL:0] Tradiff: Munhu anotanga kukwirira mhaka.
  • [[[FOL:0] . Munhu ari kupomerwa kana kuti kupomerwa mhaka.
  • Ratiro: Chisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi kana kuti chisarudzo chenhau.
  • [[FOL:0] Appal:[ Chikumbiro chokuti dare rapamusoro rihwirudzure chisarudzo chedare rakaderera.
  • [[FURT:0] juriction: Simba redare rokunzwa nhau.
  • [[FOLT:0] Bheti rechibvumikiso: Musengwa wokubvumikisa mhaka yomunhu (kupfuura panikiro ine mufungo muutsotsi; kurangarira muvagari vemo).
  • Kuziva ganhuriro: Nguva inoganhurirwa yokuunza matare.
  • Thyipinduro: Muitiro wekutanga apo mapati anotsinhana ufakazi.
  • [[[FURO]Motion: Chikumbiro chokuti dare riite chisarudzo chakananga.
  • [[FULT:0] Subpoena:[ Murayiro wedare unoda munhu kupupurira kana kuti kubudisa magwaro.
  • [[[FRANT: 0] Idissal: Murayiro wedare unogumisa mhaka yacho pasina muedzo wakazara.
  • Profici se: unozvimirira umene pasina gweta.

Nokuda kweduramashoko rapamutemo rakazara, nzvera [[FLT: 0] Wex Legal Dictionary[[FLT: 1] kubva kuCornell Law School.

Kupindira Kunogona Kuita Vagari Vemo Nedare

Vanhu vazhinjisa vanobata gadziriro yedare neimwe yenzira nhatu: somutongi, sebato (mutauriri kana kuti mukwiridzirwi), kana kuti somuoni.

SoMumiririri

Basa reJury musero wehurumende. Kana ukadanwa, uchava rutivi rweboka ravatongi vanobvira vakabvunza mibvunzo navatongi namagweta kuti vasarudze kusasarura. Kana vakasarudzwa, unofanira kuteerera nokungwarira ufakazi ndokutevera miraidzo yomutongi pamutemo. Basa rako nderokusarudza maidi akavakirwa pazvinopiwa mudare. Masangano mazhinjisa edare anogovera zvokushandisa pamutemo uye kudzorerwa kwakati nokuda kwendyiko.

Seboka (Ritigant)

Kana ukakwidzwa kana kuti kusarudzwa kukwirira, une maruramiro okuzvimirira umene (pro se), asi kunorumbidzwa zvikuru kupinza bhirija. Unofanira kutevera mitemo yedare pamusoro pokuronga nguva dzinotarwa, mapepa, uye kuendesa mapepa kune rumwe rutivi. matare mazhinji ane nzvimbo dzinozvibetsera kana kuti makiriniki emitemo anogona kugovera zvimiro nenhungamiro. Kuratidzira panguva negadziriro zvinotsoropodza.

Semuoni

Unogona kudzidza nezvemitemo, kuona kuti vatongi nemagweta vanoita sei, uye kunzwisisa kuoma kwegadziriro yokutonga.

Basa Redare Mukutsigira Ruramisiro

Matare anoita zvinopfuura kupedza gakava. Vadudzira mitemo, vanodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye vanoongorora simba rehurumende. Nheyo yokuzvitonga inovimbisa kuti vatongi vanogona kuita zvisarudzo vasingatyi kutsiva. Matare anoumbawo muitiro wavose nezvisarudzo zvetsika panhau dzakadai sekodzero dzevagari vemo, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye mirau yezvakapoteredza. Kana vagari vemo vanzwisisa uye vanovimba nedare, vangangowirirana nomutemo uye kutora rutivi mumasangano echidhimoni. Zvisinei, hapana gadziriro inotarisana nezvipingamupinyiso zvakadai sezvisarudzo zvenhau, kuganhurirwa kwokuwana vanhu vakaderera, uye kurangarira tsveyamisa. Pamuswo nhamburiko dzokuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu edare, maererano nomutauro wakareverukanyo, maererano nekombiyuta, maererano negadziriro dzinoitwa nekombiyuta dzehurumende dzinorerumano.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru zvikuru kwenzira iyo matare anobetsera nayo kuudzori hwedemocracy, American Bar Association's dzidzo yavose [[[FLT: 1] inzvimbo yokutanga inokosha.

Mugumisiro: Kuramba Uchiziva

Gadziriro yedare iratidzirwo yemhiko yenzanga kumutemo. Nepo chimiro chayo chichigona kuratidzika kuva chakaoma, mugari wemo ari wose anogona kubetserwa nezivo inoshanda yezvinokosha zvakapinzwa pano: dare ravakuru, mabasa avashandi vakuru, marudzi enhau, uye muitiro wavose. Kana uchibatira mudare redare, unobatanidzwa mudare, kana kuti kungotevera mashoko pamusoro penhau dzinokosha, kunzwisisa vatongi kukubetsera kushandisa maruramiro ako ndokuita mitoro yako. Kupfurikidza nokuziva, unowedzera kutsika yeruramisiro inoruramisira, inorerekera kumunhu ari wose.