Pfungwa yokuongorora nokudzikamisa yezvamatongerwe enyika inokosha mukushanda kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno. Inovimbisa kuti simba rinoparadzirwa pakati pamapazu akasiyana ehurumende, ichidzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuva chine simba zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro inokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta dzikamo yesimba nokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo. Yakavakirwa muNtepfenyuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru manyoro eBaron de Montesquieu, kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvakaiswa namaune muUnited States Constitution neVavatate kuti vadzivirire udzvinyiriri. Mumazana amakore, nheyo iyi yakaedzwa, uye yakasimbiswazve nezvinoitika chaizvoizvo. Kunzwisisa kuti basa nechiyero zvinoonekwa nazvinoiswa muzviito zvinoshanda.

Mavambo Edzidziso Nemitemo

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira haisi itsva. Mufungo weMitemo yeMontesquieu (1748) yakataura kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa zvakanakisisa apo chirongwa, dare, uye mabasa okutonga zvinova zvakasiyana uye zvakazvimirira. Pakunyora U.S. Constitution muna 1787, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, uye shamwari dzavo dzakashandisa zvikuru rondedzero iyi. Fideralist A. 51, Madison akanyorwa nenzira yakakurumbira: "Kudavirwa kunofanira kuitwa kuti kukunda chinzvimbo charo." Akatsanangura kuti bazuva rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nechada kukweva raro iro rimene nokudzivisa kudzo.

Gadziriro inovapo somuuyo haisati iri paradzano yakachena yamasimba asi kubatanidzwa kwamasimba nemitoro inopfuudzwa. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinopiwa maturusi okunzvera mamwe, kuparira tsinhirano ine simba. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anoisa vatongi, asi Dare rinovasimbisa; Congress inopa mitemo, asi purezidhendi anogona kuvazivisa; matare anodudzira mitemo, asi Congress anogona kuipedza. Iyi nzvimbo yewebhu inovarira yakaoma inosimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kuita pasina kunzvera kana kushora kwedzimwe mbiri.

Mapazi Matatu Nemabasa Awo

Tisati taongorora kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoona sei mamwe acho, zvinokosha kuti tinzwisise mabasa avo makuru.

  • Bhezi reRegitari[[FT:1] (Konroff: Imba yaVamiriri naDare) inoumba mitemo, inozivisa hondo, inodzora kutengeserana, uye inodzora kushandiswa kwemari yehurumende.
  • Bazu reBazu reBazi (Mutungamiriri, Mutungamiriri weSaniheridhe, Kabhinati, uye masangano ehurumende) anodzika mitemo, anoitisa muitiro wokumwe, anoraira mauto, uye anogadza vakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa.
  • Jodicial Bazu (Dare repamusoro nematare ehurumende akaderera) anodudzira mitemo, anohwirudzura kuva kwebumbiro remitemo nezviito zvehurumende, uye anopedza kakavadzano.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa bazu rimwe nerimwe masimba chaiwo anoribvumira kupesvedzera mamwe, nokudaro richidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

Kuongorora uku kwakaitirwa kuti purezidhendi wacho ave nechokwadi chokuti haaputsi simba rebumbiro remitemo kana kuti haaiti zvinopesana nezvinodiwa nevanhu vaanosarudza.

Veto Asingadi

Purezidhendi anogona kudzosa mari yezvikwereti yapfuudzwa neCongress, asi kuti veto havasi vakakwana. Dare rinogona kukurira chibvumirano chapurezidhendi nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Ikoku kwakaitika kanopfuura ka100 munhau yeU.S., nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikurusa muhurumende apo Congress rodeveves panhau dzinovambira pakushandisa dziviriro kusvikira kumitemo yamarudzi ose. Chityisidzirowo zvacho chesimba rinowanzobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira mukati memiitiro yemitemo.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Zvichida nzvero inoshamisa zvikurusa inowanika kuCongress ndeyekunyora. House of Desiderations ine simba rimwe rokubvisa mutevedzeri mukuru, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "Tswana, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe maCrimends akakwirira naMisdemys" ipapo Dare rinotonga uye, kana vamiririri vaviri vapamhini vapari vedare vapo vavhota kuti vapiwe, mukuru mukuru mukuru abviswa pahofisi. Zvibvumirano zvakaunzwa kurwisana naMapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump, uye apo pasina mugumisiro upi noupi unoshanda somutongo une simba rokudzivisa uye kuzvidavirira.

Kusimbiswa Kwezvirongwa Zvokuroorana

Zvinzvimbo zvikuru zvebazu rapamusoro zvinobatanidza vanyori vedare, nhume, uye vatongi vehurumende .(* kutora zano nemvumo zveDare. Ikoku kunopa vamiriri vamasangano kunzvera vamanineri, zvinyorwa zvinoraira, uye kuramba vanoda kubhapatidzwa vanorangarira kuva vasina kukodzera kana kuti vakanyanyisa. Hondo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pematare makurusa navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoenzanisira sei Dare rinogona kuumba chitarisiko chebazu revakuru vakuru nerokutanga.

Simba Rezvidyiro

Congress inodzora mari inodzorwa nehurumende. Hurumende yose inofanira kubvumirwa uye kubvumirwa nomutemo. Ikoku kunobvumira kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zviitwe nokuramba kutsigira mapurogiramu akati kana kuti nokubatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu kuti apedze. Somuenzaniso, Congress inogona kuganhurira mano apurezidhendi okurwa kupfurikidza nokuganhura mari inoshandiswa pamabasa ehondo. Simba rechikwama ndechimwe chezvichemo zvinobudirira zvikurusa zvedare remitemo.

Kufamba Nengarava Nokutarisira

Matare eCongress ane chiremera chokunzvera mibato yebazu ravakuru vakuru, magwaro echipasa, uye kumanikidza chipupuriro chinobva kuvakuru vakuru. Zvikuru zvinonzvera (to Watergate, Iran-Contate, 9/11 denho dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, uye nhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru (jeri rakamanikidzira purezidhendi kuzivisa mashoko uye pane dzimwe nguva rakatungamirira kukuchinja kwapamutemo kana kuti kurega.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

Bazu ravakuru - vakuru harisi chipfurowo zvacho; purezidhendi ane maturusi okudzorera kuMusangano uye kuumba purogiramu yemitemo.

Simba reVeto

Sezvacherekedzwa, purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo. Nepo Congress ichigona kukurira vhato, kazhinji kazhinji kwakaoma kuwana zvinodikanwa zvavazhinji vaviri nezvitatu. Nokudaro, vhato chishandiso chine simba chokubvunzurudza. Mapurezidhendi anogona kutyisidzira kubhadhara mari kutoti zvikumbiro zvavo zviitwe, uye kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa mashoko ewindi kana kuti kusaina kuti apesvedzei mitemo.

Kugadza Mitemo

Purezidhendi anogona kurumbidza mutemo kuCongress, kazhinji kazhinji kupa zvirongwa zvepurogiramu muState of the Union Act. Nepo Congress isati ichisungirwa kupfuudza izvi zvikarakadzo, chikuva chapurezidhendi chinogona kuparira dzvinyiriro yavose ndokutanga kurukurirano yenyika. Mitemo mizhinji inotangira New Deal kusvikira kuAffordable Care Act / short in Office.

Nhevedzo Yakananga Nezviito

Apo Congress inokundikana kuita chiito, mapurezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva anopa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vatungamirire masangano ehurumende uye mutoo unoshandiswa mukati memiganhu yomutemo uripo. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo asi inogona kudzorwa nedare uye inogona kudzorwa napurezidhendi akatevera. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Prezidhendi Harry Truman's desevration yehondo, Purezidhendi John F. Kennedy kurambidza kwerusarura dzinza mudzimba dzinotsigirwa nehurumende, uye Purezidhendi Joe Biden.

Kudana Zvikamu Chaizvo

Kunyange zvazvo simba iri risingawanzoshandiswi nhasi, rinoramba riri chishandiso chebumbiro remitemo chokumanikidza vanhu kuti vafunge nezvenyaya dzinofungwa nemukuru mukuru panyaya dzinoda kutongwa.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

Bazu rokutonga — zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusoro - soro — rine basa rinokosha mukududzira Bumbiro Remitemo nokuva nechokwadi chokuti vose vari vaviri Congress napurezidhendi vanoita mukati meganhuriro dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Yakatangwa mumhaka yenhau yenhau Marbury v. Madison (103), kuhwirudzura kudzokororwa kwedare isimba rokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvisati zviri pamutemo. Uku kunzvera kunotambanukira kumitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende. Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mazana emitemo, kubatanidza gadziriro dzeVoting Rights Act, mirau yemari, uye mativi eAffordcasure Act. Kupfurikidza nokusashanda kwezviito zvechibvumirano, jasticary inoshanda semuchengeti wokupedzisira weBumbiro reMiteko.

Kuhwirudzura Zviito Zvoukuru

Mapurezidhendi panhambo nenhambo akatarisana nemitemo yedare yaidzivisa zviito zvavo zvokutungamirira — somuenzaniso, kurambidzwa kwekufamba, mitemo yokutama, kana kuti kubviswa kwemhoteredzo.

Upenyu Hwakanaka Nokuzvimirira

Vatongi vehurumende vanobatira mukati momufambiro wakanaka, unobudirira nokuda kwoupenyu. uku kuzvimirira kunovasunungura mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi asi zvapamutemo.

Kurayira kwaVatongi

Vatongi vakawanda vakabviswa kwemazana emakore, zvichisimbisa kuti mudare racho pacharo munofanira kuzvidavirira.

Mienzaniso Youpenyu Chaiyoiyo Yenzvero Nedzikamo Zvinoshanda

Zviitiko izvi zvinoratidza kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rakabudirira sei kuongorora mamwe acho (kana kuti raimutsa nharo).

Marbury v. Madison uye Kuberekwa kweChikamu Chenhau

Mumazuva okupera kwoutarisiri hwaPurezidhendi John Adams, akagadza vatongi vanoverengeka "vaviri veusiku" kubva kuboka rake. Apo Thomas Jefferson akatanga basa, akaraira munyori wake wehurumende, James Madison, kuti anyime zvibvumirano. William Marbury akakwidza mhaka nokuda kwebasa rake, uye mhaka yacho yakasvika kuDare Gurusa. Mutongi John Marshall akaraira kuti nepo Marbury akanga apiwa kodzero yebasa rake, mutemo uchipa Dare rapakuvamba munhau dzakadaro (Siction 13 yeJedicary Act yeChigminitiory ya 1789) yakanga isina kutongwa. Kwenguva yokutanga, Dare Gurusaro guru rakazivisa chiito chePromato, kutanga kuhwirusa mutemo weAmerica. Ichi chisarudzo chadzokorokororesa zvose zviri zviviri chiziviro chemitemo yemitemo.

Chikwenzi cheWatergate: Chivako Chine Tri-Branco

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate yema 1970 chinoramba chiri chimwe chemienzaniso ine simba zvikurusa yechekedzo nedzikamo pabasa. Muna 1972, kushanda naPurezidhendi Richard Nixon's kuvhozhokerazve kwaparatidzirwo kwapamubatanidzwa mudzimbahwe reDemocratic Committee. White House yakaedza kuvanza kubatanidzwa kwayo. Apo Congress yakaedza kuvhura, Nixon akaedza kuvhara dare kupfurikidza nokukumbira ropafadzo yehurumende. Dare repamusoro, mu United States v. Nixon[FLT:] [77]), akaraira purezidhendi kuti asunungure tepi yeOval Office, akaramba ropafadzo yakakwana. Judiary Committeeting profement of tracending. Humeant anodzosaruza.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Usingadhuri Nounyanzvi Hwokutonga

Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA), yakasainwa mumutemo naPurezidhendi Barack Obama muna 2010, yakamutsa denho huru dzapamutemo. Vashori vakapikisa kuti murairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe unoda kuti vaAmerica vose vatenge inishuware pamutemo wapfuura masimba eChongedzero ezvokutengeserana. Dare Gurusa rakatsigira murairo mu [[FLT: 0] National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius[[FLT]] [FLT] [2017], asi rakaita kudaro nokududzirazve chirevo pamutemo somutero panzvimbo pechirevo pamutemo. Mukuita kudaro, Dare rose riri maviri rakanzvera pamutemo (ne muganhu muganhu wokutengeserana) uye kusimbisa mutemo. Gare gare gare gare, zvakadai se [FFFF]] King.Burgson, Brome : [3]

Mirayiro Yaitungamirira uye Kupindura Kwemasangano

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, purezidhendi akashandisa zvikuru mirairo yevakuru vakuru kudarika Dare rakavharwa. Somuenzaniso, pasi paPurezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt, inodokusvika 3,700 mirairo yevakuru vakuru yakapiwa. Muna 2014, Purezidhendi Obama akashandisa chiito choutungamiriri kunonotsa kudzingwa kwevatami vasina kunyorwa. Dare repamusoro panzvimbo imwe (purogiramu yeDACA). Dare repamusoro rakavhara muganhu we United States v. Texas [2014]. Purezidenti Donald Trump akabudisa nhevedzano yemiraudzo yemiriro yezvokutama, iyo yakanga yave yakapfuudzwa zvikuru. , mukufambira , rakaedza kudzora kana kuti mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nomutemo wekutyisidzira. Iyi inodzo inodzo inodzosera pakati pamapazuru.

Kubvuma Mapurezidhendi: Basa Rezvamatongerwe enyika Nerepamutemo

Zvibvumirano zvaPurezidhendi zvinobatira sonzvero yakananga yemitemo pamukuru mukuru. Muitiro unobatanidza dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress uye, padzimwe nguva, mutongo. Mukati mokupindwa mhaka kwaPrezidhendi Bill Clinton muna 1998-99, Imba yakamupomera nokuda kwechikanganiso chenhau nekanganiso yeruramisiro, asi Dare rakamusunungura. Kudzorwa kwaPrezidhendi Donald Trump muna 2019 uye zvakare muna 2021 nenzira yakafanana kwakaguma nokuzvinyima, kunyange zvazvo kutongwa kwechipiri kwakaitika pashure pokunge abva pabasa. Izvi zvinoitika zvinosimbisa zvikuru mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika wokusataura pamusoro penhau, asi basa raro remitemo: kunyange kana kubviswa, kukanganisa kunogona kukuvadza mukurumbira wapurezidhendi uye mabasa omunguva yemberi.

Kuongorora Kwehurumende Nedzikamo

Nepo gadziriro yehurumende iri muenzaniso mukuru, hurumende dzehurumende dzinobatanidzawo zvikwaniso nedzikamo. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anowanzova namagavhuna anozvimirira, masangano okutonga, uye majaji. Dzimwe nyika dzine zvishandiso zvokuwedzera, zvakadai somumiriri mukuru akasarudzwa anogona kupa mhaka mutemiswo kana kuti gavhuna. Hurumende yehurumende pachayo inonzvera hurumende kupfurikidza neTreading Claus (inodzora hurumende yeRepublic) uye kupfurikidza nehwirusa remitemo yehurumende pasi peU.S.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvetsika

Hapana gadziriro yakakwana, uye nzvero nedzikamo zvakatarisana netsoropodzo huru nedzvinyiriro munguva dzazvino uno. Nhau huru ndi rowcklock [: apo mapazi anonzverana zvinobudirira zvikuru zvokuti zviteshi zvinokosha zvehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Congress nepurezidhendi zvakapatsanurwa kubva paboka rakasiana zvinogona kutungamirira kukuvhara hurumende, bhajeti remari inononotswa, uye kundikano kururamisa migariro yenyika. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kunzvera kwakanyanyisa kwave kwachinja zvikuru kusimba kubazi guru, sezvo purezidhendi vanowana nzira dzokudzivisa nayo Dare kupfurikidza nezvirevo zvavakuru vakuru vakuru, kutungamirira, uye miraudzo yakasiana.

Rimwe denho ndiro pamutemo wedare. Apo Dare Gurusa rinova risingadzoreki, vanhu vangarangarira Dare somutambi wezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pomutambi asingasaruri. Ikoku kunogona kusekesa kuvimbika kwehwirudzuro yedare. Mukuwedzera, zano reDare nemvumo zvakashandiswa kupfurikidza namazano akafanana nevechiberekero kana kuti kuramba kurangarira zviito, zvichitungamirira kuforokudzoka kwenzvimbo nenzvimbo dzokutonga zvinozadzwa napurezidhendi webato rimwe redare kwenguva dzakawedzerwa.

Kukura kwehurumende inodzora($__masangano ehurumende anobatanidza mabasa emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare(adzongonyedzawo kuparadzana kwegamuchidzanwa kwamasimba. Masangano eependent akadai seFederal Reserve kana kuti Environmental Protection Agency anoshanda nokungwarira kwakafara, bva masimba awo okutonga neanotsiva anopiwa nhivi dzakaganhurirwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iri bazi rechina" rinoda miitiro mitsva yokuzvidavirira.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kuongorora nokudzikamisa zvinhu kunoramba kwakasimba. Matambudziko makuru ebumbiro remitemo apedzwa mukati megadziriro yacho, uye gadziriro yacho yakachinja mamiriro ezvinhu kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa, mirau, uye miitiro inochinja.

Kupararira Kwenyika Yose Kwemakero Nedzikamo

Nheyo dzecheki nedzikamo dzakagamuchirwa, nemisiano, nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinji kupota nyika. Miitiro yeParamende, yakadai seiyo iri muUnited Kingdom neIndia, ine mubatanidzwa wamasimba makuru nemitemo, asi inobatanidza nzvero kupfurikidza namajuji anozvimirira, dzimba dzapamusoro, uye matare emitemo. Gadziriro dzapurezidhendi muLatin America neAfrica dzinowanzoratidzira mipimo yeU.S. asi dzinotarisana nedenho dzadzo dzimene dzechiremera. Masangano emarudzi ose, akadai seEuropean Union, anoshandisawo nzvero pakati pamasangano awo akasiana - simbi, Dare, dare remitemo, pamutemo. Kunzwisisa mipimo yeSangano yeSahlulero reU.

Chinopedzisa: Chinoita Kuti Uone Zvakanaka uye Uone Kuti Zvakanaka

Nhevedzo nedzikamo hazvisi kungovawo hazvo chiono chenhau chavanhu chakakurumbira, chirevo chinodzivirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nokuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinounganidza simba risingadzorwi, tsika inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga oga, inokurudzira kurangarira, uye inokurudzira kuzvidavirira. Kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose kuvagari vemo, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye vatongi zvakafanana. Sezvinoratidzwa nemienzaniso iri pamusoro apa, tsika inoshanda zvakanakisisa apo bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa nesimba nesimba uye rinoremekedza miganhuro yaro inoiswa neBumbiro remitemo. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kunzvera nokuzvidavirira zviri nani kuti vatsigire pesvedzero kwakanaka uye kuziva tyisidziro kunzvimbo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kunzvera zvikuru mavambo enhau nokushandiswa kwenguva imwe kweiyi nheyo inokosha, rangarira zviwanikwa zvinobva National Archives – The Constitution, Encclopaedia Britannica pakunzvera nokushandisa kwepanguva imwe kweiyi nheyo, rangarira zviwanikwa zveNational Archives [[FLT:] ne [FLT] United States shoold shools productions [. Manyuko aya anogovera nzwisiso ine chiremera kumiitiro inochengeta simba rehurumende mudzikamo nehurumende ichibudirira.