Table of Contents

Masangano ehurumende anobatira sorutivi runokosha rwokudzora muUnited States, achigadzira nokusimbisa mitemo inotapura anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwazvino uno. Kubva muzvokudya zvatinodya kusvikira kumhepo, kubva pamipimo yekotsekano yebasa kusvikira kudziviriro dzemari, mirau yehurumende inoumba mamiriro ezvinhu outano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye garikano. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano aya anoita sei mitemo inokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye masangano anotsvaka kufamba munyika yakaoma yemitemo yehurumende uye anotora rutivi rune revorefuro mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Hwaro Hwokutonga Kwemasangano

Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inodzora muitiro uyo masangano ehurumende anovamba ndokupa mirau. Yakaitwa muna 1946, mutemo uyu unokosha wakatanga gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuona, kuzvidavirira, uye kutora rutivi kwavose mumuitiro wokutungamirira. Kugadza mitemo inzira "inoita kuti ive yakarurama yokugadzira, yokutemwa, kana kuti yokudzosera mutemo," uye inomirira imwe yenzira dzinokosha zvikurusa idzo masangano ehurumende anoshandisa nadzo chiremera chavo chinopa.

Kupfurikidza nokupa chiremera kumasangano anodzora kunyora ndokushandisa mirau ine simba netapuro yomutemo, Congress inopa masangano ehurumende simba rakati. Iyi nhume inopa nemhaka yokuti Congress inobvuma kuti haigoni kukurukura udzame hupi nohupi hunodikanwa kuti ishandise mitemo yavose yakaoma. Panzvimbo pezvo, Congress anopa mitemo inogadza zvinangwa zvemitemo zvakafara uye ipapo inobvumira masangano nounyanzvi chaihwo hwokuzadza udzame mumashoko kupfurikidza nokuita mitemo.

Chikonzero Nei Dare Richigovera Chiremera Chokutonga

Kupiwa simba rokuisa mitemo kumasangano okutarisira kunobatsira zvinangwa zvinoverengeka zvinokosha. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira Congress, iyo ine mutoro wokugadza muitiro munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana dzenhau uye haitombovi nounyanzvi hwakafanana nehungava nemasangano. Masangano anoshandisa masayendisiti, mainjiniya, nyanzvi dzemari, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzine zivo yezvounyanzvi iri madikanwa kutanga mirau ine udzame munzvimbo dzadzo dzakatsaukana.

Kupa chiremera kumasangano kunogona kugonesa Congress kuisa ngwariro pa "nhau huru" panzvimbo pokupedza nguva yayo nezviwanikwa zvichikwidziridza udzame hwose hwounyanzvi hunodikanwa kuti hushandise zvizere muitiro wavose wakaoma. Uku kupesana kwavashandi kunobvumira udzori hunobudirira zvikuru, nenhungamiro yemitemo yeDare namasangano zvinobata zviitiko zvakati.

Zvisinei, idzi nhume dzinouyawo necherekedzo dzinokosha nedzikamo. Kunyange pashure pokugovera chiremera kumasangano, Congress inochengeta simba rayo guru remitemo, iro rinoipa mano okutarisira, kugadziridza kana kuti mirau, uye chiremera chemasangano chinodzora. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti masangano anoramba ane mutoro kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa uye, kupfurikidza nokuwedzera, kuvanhu veAmerica.

Kunzwisisa Chinocherechedzwa--Ne-Comment

Mitemo mizhinjisa inoumbwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuita mitemo unorondedzerwa mu76553 weAPA iyo inonongedzerwa kwairi se "kugadzira mitemo yeimondi" kana kuti "kuisa mutemo netsinhiro".

Kugadza mitemo kwamasanga muitiro unozivikanwa zvikurusa uyo masangano ehurumende anoita mirau. Kunonongedzerwawo kwauri sokuita mitemo yeziviso neyamasangano. Shoko rokuti "informal" rinosianisa uyu muitiro nokuita mitemo yakarongwa, inoda kunzwa kwokuedza uye haiwanzoshandiswa nhasi.

Danho Rokutanga: Cherechedza Kutonga Kwakakodzera

Muitiro wokugadza mitemo unovamba apo sangano rinozivisa kudikanwa kwemirairo. Uku kudikanwa kungamuka kubva mumurairo wedare, chikumbiro chakabva kuvanhu vose, ufakazi hwesayenzi hunotanga kubuda, kana kuti kunzvera kwesangano pacharo nhau mukati mesimba raro. Kana sangano racho rasarudza kuronda kuisa murairo, rinofanira kugovera ziviso yavose yevavariro dzaro.

Chikamu 553 cheAPA chinoda kuti sangano rinofanira kutanga kupa ziviso kuti rinoronga kuisa mutemo. Sangano rinoita ikoku kupfurikidza nokubudisa chiziviso chokuita mitemo inokarakadzwa muFederal Register. Federal Register chinyorwa chezuva nezuva nokuda kweMitemo, Propaced Regamed, uye Sechts of the Federal Government. Ichi chinyorwa chinobatira semagazini yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, chichivimbisa kuti mirau inokarakadzwa inogamuchira translate.

Chiziviso chacho chinofanira kugovera (1) nguva, nzvimbo, uye rudzi rwezviito zvokugadza mitemo; (2) nongedzero kuchiremera chapamutemo pasi pomutemo wacho unokarakadzwa; uye (3) zvimwe mashoko kana kuti nhau yomutemo unokarakadzwa. izvi zvinodikanwa zvinovimbisa kuti mapoka anofarira ane mashoko akakwana okunzwisisa izvo sangano racho rinokarakadza uye kugadzirira tsinhiro dzine revo.

Ikoku kunowanzobatanidzawo "sumo" kurondedzera donzo romutemo wacho uye icho sangano rinokarira kuita kupfurikidza nokuyeuka kwawo. Sumo inogovera mashoko akapoteredza anokosha, ichitsanangura chinetso icho sangano rinotsvaka kutaura nacho, mitoo yokutungamirira yarakasarudza, uye betsero dzinokarirwa nendyiko dzomutemo unokarakadzwa.

Danho Rechipiri: Nguva Yokupindura Paruzhinji

Pashure pokubudisa chiziviso chokuita mitemo inokarakadzwa, masangano anofanira kubvumira nguva yebudiso yavose. Sangano ipapo rinofanira kubvumira "kufadza vanhu banza" kutsinhira pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa. Iyi tsinhiro inomirira mukana wakakomba nokuda kwokutora rutivi mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende.

Mutemo wehurumende unoda kuti masangano ehurumende abvumire anenge mazuva 30 pashure pekubudiswa kuti vanhu vapiwe "mashoko akanyorwa, mirangariro, kana kuti nharo" pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa. Zvisinei, masangano akawanda anogovera nhambo dzetsinhiro refu, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemirau yakaoma kana kuti inomutsa nharo. Nhambo zhinji dzinopedza pakati pamazuva 30 na60, uye dzimwe dzinova dzinozaruka kana sangano racho rinodavira kuti pakanga pane nguva isina kukwana yokuti vanhu vapindure kana kuti sangano harina kugamuchira kutsinhira kukuru sezvarinoda.

Masangano akawanda anopa tsinhiro dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza tsamba dzeU.S., mutumwa, email, uye tsinhiro yehurumende yezvemagetsi yehurumende: Mitemo.gov. Iyi kombiyuta yakachinja kutora rutivi kwavose, ichiita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti vagari vemo vabatane nomuitiro wokuita pamutemo. Munhu upi noupi anogona kupa tsinhiro kubva kuvagari vemo vamwe navamwe kumasangano makuru, kubva kumasangano ehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Vamwe vatsinhiri vangapa mashoko mapfupi okutsigira kana kuti ekushora, asi vamwe vachipa kuongorora kukuru kwemashandiro anoitwa zvinhu, mashoko ezvemari, kana kuti nharo dzepamutemo.

Danho Rechitatu: Kuziviswa Kwokupedzisira Kwokutonga

Pashure pokunge nguva yetsinhiro yapera, masangano anotarisana nebasa rinokosha rokuhwirudzura nokupindura kumigumisiro yaakagamuchira. Misangano inofanira kurangarira nhau dzose dze "nhau dzakatopiwa" mukati menhambo yetsinhiro, uye inofanira kupindura muchimiro chakati kutsinhiro dzose dzinogamuchirwa. Zvisinei, haadikanirwi kuita chiito chipi nechipi chakananga pamusoro pomutemo umene.

Sangano racho haridikanirwi kubatanidza mumutemo wokupedzisira mhinduro kutsinhiro iri yose inogamuchirwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, sangano racho rinosungirwa bedzi kupindura izvo matare akaratidzira sa "chiratidzo" tsinhiro. Ichi chinodikanwa chinovimbisa kuti masangano ashandise mashoko avose zvakakomba apo achiziva kuti haagoni kutaura kuzviisa pasi kuri kwose kwomunhu muudzame.

Pashure pokugamuchira tsinhiro, sangano racho rinofanira kubudisa Cherekedzo yoKutonga Kwokupedzisira muFederal Register. Ichi chiziviso chinofanira kutaura zvakare zvikonzero nei sangano riri kuita kana kuti kudzosera mutemo ndokupindura tsinhiro dzinogamuchirwa mukati menhambo yetsinhiro dzavose. Chinyorwa chokupedzisira chinobatanidza rugwaro rwomutemo rwuchabatanidzwa muCodence of Federal Regionation uye kutanga kutsanangura zvisarudzo zvesangano racho.

Kunonoka uku kunoita kuti mapati agadzirire kuita zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvitsva.

Chirwere Chinokunda

Nepo muitiro wekuzivisa necommetics uchimirira musimboti wokuisa mitemo, basa rinokosha rinoita rimwe sangano risati rabudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa. Kunzwisisa iyi nhambo yapamberi pokutonga kunopa nzwisiso pamusoro pokuti pfungwa dzokutungamirira dzinotanga sei nokukura.

Kuziva Zvinodiwa Kuti Mudzorere

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvingada kuti masangano akurukure mitongo kana kuti agadziridze mitemo iripo.

Kana sangano rikagamuchira "Kuda Kutonga" kubva kunhengo yavose, kungasarudza kuzivisa chikumbiro chacho muFederal Register kuti chikumbire zvimwe zvinobatanidzwa. Iyi nzira inobvumira vagari vemo namasangano kukumbira nenzira yakarongwa kuti masangano arangarire mirayiro mitsva kana kuti gadziridza iripo.

Misangano inorongawo kunzvera kwayo imene nokuongorora kuti ione nhau dziri kubuda. Mashoko kupfurikidza nemiitiro isina kurongwa uye kurukurirano dzamasanga navanhu namasangano anofarira nhau dzacho. Uku kuungana kwamasanga kunobetsera masangano kunzwisisa mifungo yakakomba nemitoo inobvira yokuita nayo pamberi pokuita chikarakadzo chakarongwa.

Kufanocherechedzwa Kwokutonga Kunodiwa

Nokuda kwenhau dzakaoma zvikuru kana kuti itsva dzinodzora, masangano pane dzimwe nguva anobudisa Groced Concepsion of Proposed Rulegation (ANPRM) asati atanga chikarakadzo chakarongwa. sangano ringabudisa chiziviso chokutanga, umo rinorondedzera vavariro yaro nezviwanwa zvokutanga, kuti awane mashoko kubva kumapoka anofarira asati aita mutemo unokarakadzwa.

Iri danho rokuwedzera rinobvumira masangano kuedza pfungwa, kuunganidza mashoko, uye kunzwisisa zvinonetsa vanhu vasati vashandisa mari yakawanda pakunyora mutemo unotsanangurwa zviri nani uye kubetsera masangano kuti adzivise kuisa mitemo ingatarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvisingakundiki kana kuti zvepamutemo.

Kuronga Kutungamirira uye Agenda

Masangano anodikanwa kubudisa "Chirongwa Chokutungamirira" kamwe pagore mukuwa uye "Agenda yezviito zveRegatory neDerreautarition" muchirimo uye mukuwa. Mapepa aya anopa pachena pamusoro pezvokutanga kwemasangano nezviito zvinouya, achibvumira vanhu vanofarira kufanoziva nokugadzirira kuronga mitemo kungangoitika.

The Agenda, sezvainozivikanwa navose, inoronga mitemo iri kutangwa, kubatanidza iyo iri pachikamu chedare risati ratanga, iyo iri pachikamu chomutemo chinokarakadzwa, uye iyo iri pachikamu chokupedzisira chomutemo. Iyi chiziviso chapamberi chinobetsera mabhizimisi kubvumira mapoka evafundisi kugadzirira tsinhiro, uye inogonesa Congress kutungamirira mibato yesangano.

Miitiro Yokutonga Kunotsiva

Nepo kugadzira zviziviso uye kuronga kuchiita kuchimirira mutoo womutemo, masangano pane dzimwe nguva anoshandisa miitiro yokutsiva inotsamira pazvinodikanwa zvemitemo kana kuti rudzi rwomutemo wacho.

Kuumba Kutonga Kwomuitiro

Kuisa mitemo, uko kunoda kutonga pachinyorwa nemharidzo youfakazi, kwakafanana nedare rinotongwa; uye kuisa mitemo kwamasanga, kunoda ziviso kuvanhu uye banza rokutsinhira pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa. Kuronga mitemo kunowanzoitika apo kunodikanwa zvakananga nomutemo unobvumira mutemo.

Kugadza mitemo kwakakodzera muzvinoitika zviviri: (1) apo mutemo unogovera kuti mitemo ino "inofanira kunyorwa pashure pomukana wekutongwa kwesangano"; uye (2) mukuita mitemo inobatanidza maidi okutsiva, kana kuti maidi anowirirana namaruramiro omunhu. Uyu muitiro unova nguva yakawanda zvikuru uye unodhura zvikuru kupfuura kugadzira mitemo yamasanga, uko kuri chikonzero nei Masangano asingawanzoidikani uye masangano achiidzivisa apo kunenge kuchibvira.

Kuumba Kutonga Kwakakomba

Pakupa chiremera chokuisa mitemo kusangano, Congress ingatungamirira sangano racho kuti ritevere zvinodiwa zvakananga zvichiwedzera kune zvinodiwa nemiitiro yokuita mitemo isina kurongwa yeAPA. Miitiro iyi yakavhengana inowanzowira pakati pokuita mitemo isina kurongwa, ichiwedzera zvinodiwa zvakadai sokunzwa kunoitwa nomuromo kana kuti mikana mishomanana yokuongorora paunenge uchirega kuongorora zvose.

Kutonga Kwakananga Kwokupedzisira

Nokuda kwemirau isina kuwirirana inokarirwa kugamuchira tsigiro yakafara, masangano pane dzimwe nguva anoshandisa muitiro wokupedzisira. Muuyu muitiro, sangano rinobudisa mutemo sewokupedzisira asi rinotaura kuti uchabvisa mutemo kana ukagamuchira tsinhiro dzakaipa. Kana tsinhiro dzakaipa dzikapiwa, sangano rinodikanwa kubvisa mutemo wakananga usati wava musi unobudirira. Sangano racho ringatangazve muitiro kupfurikidza nokubudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa kana kuti kugumisa muitiro wokuita mutemo unokarakadzwa chose chose.

Kuumba Rudzi Rwokutonga Rwokuberekwa Narwo

Chibvumirano chokugadza Ruramisiro che 1990 chinoronga gadziriro yetsika, uye Congress panhambo nenhambo inoraira kushandiswa kwayo pakupa mutemo. Zvisinei, nemhaka yechinetso chokubatanidza mirangariro yamapoka akasiana - siana avachengeti vemichinjiro, masangano haasati achiwanzoronda kukurukurirana kutaurirana kwefariro dzakabatanidzwa kuti dzikurukure mirau inokarakadzwa isati yabudiswa nenzira yapamutemo, ichigona kuderedza rwisano uye kuvandudza kunaka kwemirau.

Zvinogoverwa Kucherekedza-Na-Comment

APA inoziva kuti haasati ari mabasa ose amasangano anoda muitiro wakazara newamasangano. Zvinoverengeka zvinobvumira masangano kudarika iyi miitiro mumigariro yakananga.

Zvisimboti Zvokufananidzira

APA inozivisa mhesano dzinoverengeka kuziviso nezvinodikanwa zvetsinhiro: Mitemo ine chokuita ne "hondo kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika okumwe"; Mitemo ine chokuita ne "vatarisiri vehurumende kana kuti vashandi"; Mitemo ine chokuita ne "zvinhu zvavose, zvikwereti, zvinopa betsero, kana kuti zvibvumirano"; mirau inodudzirwa, kureva mitemo inodudzira mutemo uripo kana kuti mutemo; iyoyi ikasiana inoziva kuti marudzi akati emitemo haasati achitapura zvikuru vanhu kana kuti kubatanidza nhau umo tsinhiro dzavose dzingava dzisina basa kana kuti dzisina kufanira.

Hurumende dzinoda kutemwa kana kuti kutemwa kwadzo kunoitwa mubumbiro remitemo.

Chisakiso Chakanaka Chinobviswa

Zvisinei, matare anoongorora kukumbira kupiwa kwemashoko uku achiitira kuti adzivise kubatwa zvisina kufanira, kusingashandiswi, kana kuti kufarirwa nevanhu.

Kunonoka kwesangano racho pacharo hakugoni kuparira chikonzero chakanaka chokuti muitiro weziviso netsinhiro hazvishandi, hazvidikanwi, kana kuti zvinopesana nefariro yavanhu. Ikoku kunodzivisa masangano kutanga kurumidziro yokusarongeka kupfurikidza nokuronga kwakashata uye ipapo kushandisa kurumidziro iyoyo kufuratira zvinodikanwa zvokutora rutivi.

Basa Rokubatanidzwa Kwavose

Kutora rutivi kwavose kunomira serimwe rekona regadziriro yokutungamirira yeAmerica. Kuzivisa uye kuronga kunopa mikana yakawanda kuvagari vemo, mabhizimisi, mapoka okudzidzisa, uye vamwe vadzori kuti vapedze migumisiro.

Ndivanaani Vanogona Kutora Rutivi

Muitiro wokugadza mitemo wakazaruka zvikuru uye unoda hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Munhu upi noupi anogona kupa tsinhiro pakuronga mitemo kwakakarakadzwa. Ikoku kunobatanidza vanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi aukuru hwose, masangano ebhizimisi, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, mapoka ezviwaro zvavose, masangano ezviwanwa, hurumende dzavanhu vemo, hurumende dzokumwe, uye masangano amarudzi ose. Hapana chimiro chaicho kana kuti kukwanisa zvinodikanwa mumutemo unokarakadzwa, une maruramiro okutsinhira.

Nzira Yokugovera Nayo Tsinhiro Dzinobudirira

Nepo munhu upi noupi achigona kutsinhira, kunaka uye chinhu chetsinhiro zvine chokuita. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kupindura kutsinhiro "resance", idzo dzinoreva chaizvoizvo tsinhiro dzinomutsa nhau dzinokosha, kugovera mashoko akakodzera kana kuti kunzvera, kana kuti kuziva zvinetso zvingavapo nemutoo unokarakadzwa. Tsinhiro dzinoshanda dzinowanzobatanidza:

  • Mashoko anonyatsotaura nezvegadziriro yomutemo waitaurwa
  • Tsananguro dzakajeka dzokuti mutemo wacho waizotapura sei mupi wetsinhiro
  • Nhengo, fundo, kana kuti humwe ufakazi hunotsigira chimiro chomutsinhiri
  • Tevedzera mazano okuvandudza mutemo wacho
  • Kuzivikanwa kwemigumisiro yaisatarisirwa kana kuti kuita zvinetso

Tsinhiro dzinongoratidzira bedzi tsigiro yavose kana kuti chishoro pasina kugovera kurangarira kana kuti ufakazi hadzingatongotapuri mutemo wokupedzisira, kunyange zvazvo masangano achiri anofanira kuzvirangarira sorutivi rwechinyorwa chacho.

Chivako Chokuchengetedza Magariro

Kugadzira mitemo ifaira yemagetsi umo Komishoni inoisa magwaro ose okuita mutemo ainopa (muchib., NPRM, kufutunurwa kupi nokupi kwenhambo dzetsinhiro, uye mitemo yokupedzisira), ichitsigira magwaro ayo inogadzirira, uye tsinhiro dzavose, mhinduro, uye mharidzo dzekare dzine chokuita nokugadzira mutemo. Iyi inopa ujeke, inobvumira munhu upi noupi kuona kuti isangano rinorangarirai uye kuti zvibvumikiso zvipi zvakaitwa namapoka akasiyana.

Rudzi rwenzvimbo yezviteshi zvinobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda. Zvinobvumira vatsinhiri kuona izvo vamwe vakataura uye vangadavidza kupokanidza. Zvinogovera chinyorwa chekuongorora kana mutemo wokupedzisira uchidenhwa mudare.

Kuongorora Nokuhwirudzura

Asati apedzisa mitemo mikuru, masangano anofanira kuongorora zvakasiyana - siyana kuti aone kuti zvinokanganisa chii uye kuti aruramise zvisarudzo zvawo. Zvinodikanwa izvi zvinowedzera kuoma kwegadziriro yokugadza mitemo uye zvinobatsira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inosanofungwa uye inoshanda.

Kuongorora Kunotengwa

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru yakabudiswa napurezidhendi wamativi ose ari maviri yakada masangano kuitisa kunzverwa kwendyiko dzemipimo yemari inokosha. Mukuwedzera, sangano racho ringadikanwa kunzvera muuyo unokarakadzwa wemitemo pa: mabhizimisi maduku; hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzorudzi; mhuri; hurumende. Ingadawo kunzvera nhau dzemubhadharo wakarurama nedzisina kunyorwa.

Kuongorora uku kunoda kuti masangano aedze kuyera, kusvikira kumwero unobvira, zvose zviri zviviri ndyiko nebetsero dzemirau inokarakadzwa. Ndyiko dzingabatanidza kuwirirana kwendyiko dzemabhizimisi, ndyiko dzehurumende, uye tapuro dzemari dzakadai sebasa rakaderedzwa kana kuti mitengo yakakwirira. Betsero dzingabatanidza upenyu hunoponeswa, zvirwere zvinodzivirirwa, kunatsiridza mhoteredzo, kana kuti upfumi hunowanwa.

Hofisi Yenhau Nekuongorora

Nokuda kwemirau inokosha, masangano anofanira kuisa mitemo yawo yakakarakadzwa uye yokupedzisira kuHofisi yeInformation and Regural Affairs (OIRA) mukati meHofisi yeDzidziro neDzidzimu nokuda kwokuhwirudzura.

Pashure pokunge mutemo wanyorwa, unowana mutoo wehwirudzuro wapakati unorondedzerwa muChikamu III. Kana muitiro uyu wangopedzwa, mutemo wacho unobudiswa muFederal Register seziviso yokuita mutemo (NPRM) unokarakadzwa. OIRA inogona kuguma nechinjo kumitemo inokarakadzwa, kunyange zvazvo ukuru norudzi zveiyi chinjo zvisingajekerwi nguva dzose kuvanhu.

Kuongorora Kunokanganisa Mabhizimisi Maduku

Chiratidzo Chokudzora chinoda masangano kuti arangarire simba remirau pamabhizimisi maduku uye, kana zvichibvira, kutevera nzira dzokudzora dzinoderedza mitoro pamasangano maduku. Izvi zvingabatanidza kubvisa mabhizimisi maduku pane zvimwe zvinodiwa, kugovera nguva refu yokuteerera, kana kuti kugamuchira mipimo yokuita pane kuvamba kunyora.

Kushandisa Nokumanikidza Mitemo Yokupedzisira

Kana mutemo wangoitwa bedzi ndokubudiswa, unova rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo yeFederal uye une simba netapuro zvomutemo. Zvisinei, basa resangano harigumi nokubudiswa kwechiitwa cha() kushanda nokudzikamisa zvinokosha kukuwana zvinangwa zvokudzosera.

Kubatanidzwa Mumutemo Wemitemo Yehurumende

Mitemo inoshanda nokukurumidza inobatanidzwa mu "Electronic Code of Federal Reformation" (e-CFR) database (ecfr.gpoaccess.gov). Mitemo ine misi yakanonotswa inoshanda inoiswa mufaira yemijekedzo inogadziridzwa uye yakabatanidzwa kubva musefa yeICFR. E-CFR ibhuroromendi yenhau inosinwa neHofisi yeFederal Register neGPO.

Mitemo yeFederal Regional yakarongwa nenhau kuva misoro 50, rimwe nerimwe richifukidza nzvimbo yakafara yemirau. Mumusoro mumwe nomumwe, mirau inokamurwazve kuva zvitsauko, mativi, uye zvikamu. Sangano iri rakarongwa rinokuita kuti kuve nyore kuti mapoka anodzorwa awane zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda ndokunzwisisa misengwa yawo.

Kushandisa Michina Nokushandisa Zvinhu Zvakasimba

Masangano anoshandisa maturusi akasiyana - siyana kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinoenderana nemitemo. Izvi zvingasanganisira:

  • Kuongorora nokuongorora: Masangano mazhinji anonzvera nguva dzose zvivako zvinodzorwa kana kuti hwirudzuro zvinyorwa kubvumikisa kuteererwa
  • Mitemo yokushuma: inowanzoda masangano kugovera mishumo yapanhambo nenhambo inoratidzira kuzviisa pasi
  • Gadziriro dzokupa magwaro epamutemo: Zvimwe zvirongwa zvokudzosera mitemo zvinoda kubvumidzwa kana kuti kupiwa vhudzi masangano asati agona kupinda mumibato inodzorwa
  • Chirango cheCIVIL:[ Masangano anogona kuisa faindi yemari nokuda kwokupunzirwa, nezvitsama kazhinji kazhinji zvakagadzirirwa kusvikira kuukoshi hwokuputswa
  • Kupomera mhaka: Nokuda kwokuputsa kwakakomba, masangano anganongedzera nhau kuBato reRuramisiro nokuda kwokurovererwa kwoutsotsi
  • Rusununguko rwokusadzorwa:[[FT:1] Zvirongwa zvinogona kutsvaka mirairo yedare inoda kuti vapunzi varege mufambiro usiri wapamutemo kana kuti kuita chiito chokururamisa

Kutarisira kunoitwa kuti zvinhu zvishande zvakanaka kunoda zvinhu zvakakwana, mipimo yakajeka, uye mashandisirwo azvo nguva dzose.

Mapepa Okutungamirira uye Kubatsira Kunoita Vari Kushandira

Kuti abatsire vanhu vanotungamirira kunzwisisa uye kuita maererano nemitemo, masangano anowanzobudisa magwaro okutungamirira, aiwanzobvunza mibvunzo, uye zvimwe zvokushandisa pakutsigira.

Masangano akawanda anoshandisawo zvirongwa zvokubatsira, anopa rovedzo, rubatsiro rwemichina, uye kubvunza kuti abatsire mabhizimisi nemamwe masangano anotungamirirwa kuita mabasa awo.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kworutongeso Rwomutengi

Misangano inokanganiswa zvikuru nemitemo inogona kuvadenha mudare rehurumende, ichipa kuongorora kunokosha pamusoro pesimba resangano.

Zvikonzero Zvokuhwirudzura

Dare ringasiya mutemo wesangano kana sangano racho rikaita (1) nenzira yokuzvidira kana kuti nenzira isina mufungo, (2) mukunyanyisa kwechiremera chomutemo, (3) mukupesana nekodzero yebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti (4) mukuputswa kwemiitiro inodikanwa nomutemo. iyi mipimo inovimbisa kuti masangano ashande ari muchiremera chawo chapamutemo ndokutevera miitiro yakafanira apo achivapa kuzviisa pasi kwakafanira panhau dziri mukati meunyanzvi hwavo.

Mupimo "wamajee newhenderedzwa" ndiwo hwaro hunozivikanwa zvikurusa hwemitemo inodenha. Muiyi mipimo, matare anonzvera kana sangano racho rakarangarira zvinhu zvinowirirana, akatsanangura kurangarira kwaro, uye akaita batano ine mufungo pakati pamaidi anowanwa nechisarudzo chinoitwa. Matare haasati achizotsiva rutongeso rwawo nokuda kwesangano, asi achavimbisa kuti sangano rinobatanidzwa mukuita chisarudzo chokurangarira.

Kukosha Kwechinyorwa Chokuvaka

Pakuhwirudzura mitemo yesangano, matare anozviganhurira amene zvikurukuru kuchinyorwa chokutarisira chakanyorwa ($8) magwaro, tsinhiro, uye kunzverwa izvo zvakanga zviri pamberi pesangano apo rakaita chisarudzo charo. Ikoku kunoita kuti chinyorwa chokutonga chive chinokosha. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti chinyorwa chine tsigiro yakakwana nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo uye kuti ivo vapindura kutsinhiro dzinokosha neitiro hanya zvakamutswa mukati menhambo yetsinhiro yavose.

Kutsiva Mitemo Isina Kufanira

Kana dare rikawana kuti sangano rakaputsa APA kana kuti zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo, kungabvisa chose chose mutemo, kubvisa gadziriro dzakananga, kana kuti kudzosa mutemo kusangano nokuda kwokurangarirazve. MuAPA, dare ringasunda chiito chipi nechipi chesangano icho chinononotswa nenzira isina mufungo kana kuti nenzira isiri yapamutemo. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira mapoka kukwidza masangano anokundikana kupedza kugadzira mitemo inodikanwa mukati menhambo dzino mufungo.

Kutarisira Kweungano uye Kuongorora Kweungano

Dare rinoita kuti pave negadziriro dzinoverengeka dzokutarisira mitemo yesangano uye, pazvinenge zvakakodzera, kudzorera kutungamirira.

Chiito Chokuhwirudzura cheCongress

Congress Congregational Review Act (CRA) inobvumira kuti Congress itenderedze mitemo yesangano kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chokusatendera. Mumutemo uyu, masangano anofanira kuisa mitemo yokupedzisira kuCongress isati yagona kushanda. Ipapo Congress ine nhambo yakaganhurirwa yenguva yokupfuudza chisarudzo chokubvumikisa mutemo. Kana chisarudzo chakadaro chinopfuura dzimba dzose dziri mbiri uye chinosainwa naPrezidhendi (kana kuti kana kuti Congress ipost inopfuura purezidhendi wezvigaro), mutemo wacho unobviswa uye chibvumirano chinorambidzwa kubvisa mutemo wakafanana zvikuru pasina kubvumira kutevera mutsva.

CRA inopa muitiro wakavhengana nemitemo chaiyo inodzokororwa inokuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuunza zvisarudzo zvokusatendera kuvhota.

Mimwe Michina Inotarisirwa

Matare eCongregary Congress anogara achitonga panenge paitwa mitemo yesangano, achibvunza vakuru vakuru vesangano nezvezvisarudzo zvavo uye uchapupu hunovatsigira.

Pakupedzisira, Dare rinogona kuchinja mitemo inobvumira mitemo, zvichida kuputsa mitemo yakati kana kuti kuchinja masangano anoshanda.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvemuitiro Wokutonga

Nepo muitiro wokuzivisa nokunyora mashoko wakashanda sehwaro hwokuita kutonga kwemubatanidzwa kwamakore anopfuura 75, unotarisana nedenho dzakasiana - siana netsoropodzo.

Kuitira Hanya Kubatwa Kwomutemo

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanonetseka kuti mapoka emaindasitiri anosanosimudzirwa ane pesvedzero huru pamusoro pemiuyo yokuisa mitemo. Mapoka iwaya anogona kukwanisa kupa tsinhiro dzakafara, kupinza nyanzvi nyanzvi, uye kuchengeta ukama hunopfuurira navakuru vakuru vesangano. Ikoku kungapa betsero kupfuura mapoka ezviwanwa zvezviwaro zvavose kana kuti vagari vemo vamwe navamwe.

Zvisinei, kujeka kwemuitiro wokuita mitemo kunopa dziviriro pakubatwa.tsinhiro dzose dzinova rutivi rwechinyorwa chavose, uye masangano anofanira kutsanangura zvisarudzo zvavo nenzira dzinogamuchira kuwanda kwamashoko anowanwa. Dare rinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvesangano kuti rive nechokwadi chokuti hazvisi zvoushingi kana kuti zvakavakirwa pakurangarira kusina kufanira.

Kunonoka Nokukosha

Gadziriro yokuisa mitemo inogona kuva kurongera nguva, pane dzimwe nguva kutora makore kubva pachikarakadzo chokutanga kusvikira kumutemo wokupedzisira. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvenzvero, hwirudzuro, uye tsinhiro dzavose, apo zvichikosha nokuda kwokuvakwa kwevara rakanaka napamutemo, zvinogona kudzokorodza mhinduro dzesangano kukubuda kwezvinetso. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinonetseka pamusoro po "kuisa kurongwa kwemitemo" kwemuitiro wokuita mitemo . (8) kuitira hanya kuti zvinodiwa zvemitemo zvazova zvakaoma kwazvo zvokuti masangano adzivisa kuronga mitemo mitsva anobatsira.

Kushushikana Nemhosva

Zvisinei, masangano anozvidavirira kupfurikidza nemikoto mizhinji: kugadza uye kubviswa kwevakuru vakuru vemasangano, kutarisira uye kuronga masangano, uye kuongorora mabasa esangano.

Nguva Yemberi Yokutonga

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchichinja uye nzanga ichitarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, kugadza mitemo kunopfuurira kuchichinja.

Kubatanidzwa Mune Zvemadhigirii

Kuwedzera kwetsinhiro dzemagetsi kupfurikidza neMitemo.gov yakawedzera zvikuru kutora rutivi rwavose mukugadzira zviremera. Zviuru kana kuti kunyange mamirioni etsinhiro zvinogona kupiwa pamitemo inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti masangano anogona kuhwirudzura nokupindura nenzira ine revo mavhoriyamu makuru akadaro ezvinopinzwa. Mamwe masangano ari kuedza mashoko ezvokunyora mashoko uye zvishandiso zvokugadzira zvokushandisa kubetsera kuita nokuronga tsinhiro.

Kuchinja Muitiro

Varongwa vari kunzvera mitoo mitsva kumirau iyo ingava inochinjika zvikuru neinochinjika zvikuru kupfuura mitemo yagara iripo yokunyora. Mipimo yakavakirwa pabasa, mabhokisi ejecha, uye mitoo yokudzora inobvumira kuedza nokudzidza zvichingodzivirira fariro dzavose.

Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka uye Kuvhura Hurumende

Kutanga kubudisa pachena kuti hurumende ndiyo iri kutungamirira pakuwana mashoko okuisa mitemo.Dzvinyiwa dzinowedzera kuita kuti magwaro, mashoko, uye kuongorora zvinenge zvichiwanika paIndaneti zvivepo. Mamwe masangano ave nemisangano yavose kana kuti mahotera kuti atsanangure mitemo inokarakadzwa uye kupindura mibvunzo, zvichiwedzera kutsinhira kwegamuchidzanwa.

Mazano Anobatsira Pakushanda Muchirongwa Chokuronga Kutonga

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye masangano anofarira kutora rutivi mukuita zviremera, matanho anoverengeka anoshanda anogona kuwedzera kubudirira kwavo.

Ramba Uchiziva Pamusoro Pemitemo Inogamuchirwa

Ona pawebsite inonzi Abian Agenda uye masangano esangano kuti udzidze nezvekuvakwa kwemitemo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinofadza.

Tsinhiro Dzakakomba Dzinopa

Tsanangura kuti mutemo unokarakadzwa ungagona kukubatsirai kana kuti kukubatsirai. Ipai mashoko, zvidzidzo, kana mienzaniso inotsigira nzvimbo yenyu. Panganisa zvimwe zvinhu kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu kana uchifunga kuti nzira yataurwa ine zvikanganiso.

Ita Basa Racho Uchikurumidza

Kana sangano rikabudisa Gwende reServerive Notivera yeKuita Kutonga kana kuti rinoita misangano yapamberi pedanho rino rapakuvamba. Kupinza kwakapiwa sangano risati rapa mutoo wakati kungava nepesvedzero huru kupfuura tsinhiro dzinopiwa pashure pokunge chikarakadzo chine udzame chatangwa.

Mazano Okuvaka

Mashoko okunyorerana anomiririra masangano akawanda kana kuti masangano angawana ngwariro huru kupfuura kuzviisa pasi kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Tevera Mutoo

Kana wapa tsinhiro, cherekedza chiteshi chengarava kuti uone izvo vamwe vakataura uye kana sangano racho richikumbira mashoko okuwedzera.Panobudiswa mutemo wokupedzisira, hwirudzura mashoko okutanga kuti uone kuti sangano racho rakapindura sei kutsinhiro dzako.

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda

Zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanikwa kune vaya vanotsvaka kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwavo kunoitwa kutungamirira:

  • Mitemo.gov: Chiteshi chepamutemo chokuwana nokutsinhira pamirau yomubatanidzwa
  • Register: Chinyorwa chezuva nezuva chine mitemo inokarakadzwa neyokupedzisira, chinowanika pa www.federal register.gov
  • Office ye Federal Register: Inogovera mirayiridzo nezviwanikwa zvinotsanangura muitiro wokuita mitemo
  • Musangano woUtarisiri weUnited States: sangano rakasununguka rehurumende rinofunda miitiro yokutarisira ndokurumbidza vandudziko
  • [ Sestupial Research Service inoshuma: Tsigirai kunzvera kwakakwana kwemiitiro yokuita mitemo nenhau

Zvikoro zvemitemo zvakawanda, masangano ezvouori, uye masangano ezvouori zvinobudisawo mabhuku, maturusi, uye mahwendefa ane chokuita nokutonga.

mhedziso

Muitiro wokugadza mitemo womubatanidzwa unomirira kubudirira kunoshamisa mukudzora, uchidzikamisa kudikanwa kwokuita chisarudzo chenyanzvi dzokuzvidavirira kwehurumende nerokuzvidavirira kwehurumende nerokutora rutivi. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro weziviso nesangano zvakatangwa neAdministrative Proceduce Act, masangano anoumba mirau ine udzame iyo inoshandisa mirairo yemisangano nepo achigovera mikana yokuti mapoka ose anofarira agovere zivo yavo nemirangariro.

Kunzwisisa kuti masangano anoita sei mitemo kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti vabudirire pakusarudza hurumende, pasinei nokuti uri muridzi webhizimisi ane hanya nendyiko dzokubvuma kutendwa, mutsigiri weutano hwevanhu kana kuti mhoteredzo, kana kuti kungofarira mashandiro anoita hurumende, kugadzira mitemo kunopa mikana ine chinangwa yokuchinja zvisarudzo zvine chokuita noupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Nepo gadziriro ichitarisana nedenho(kubva paitiro hanya pamusoro pokunonoka uye kuoma kumibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira nepesvedzero) yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba zvikuru uye inochinjika. Sezvo ruzivo rutsva runotanga uye chaunga chichinangana nedenho itsva, nheyo dzinokosha dzokuona, kutora rutivi kwavose, uye kuita chisarudzo chokurangarira icho chinosunda muitiro wokuita mitemo zvinoramba zvichikosha sakare kose.

Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa mumuitiro wokuita murairo, kupa tsinhiro dzokufunga, uye kuita kuti masangano azvidavirire nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvawo, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mirau yehurumende inobatira fariro yavose ndokuratidzira mipimo yakasiana - siana nemipimo yenzanga yeAmerica. Muitiro wokuita mitemo hausiwo zvawo muitiro wounyanzvi mumutemo wokudzora nejeri (hwu ihwo rutivi runokosha rwekudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uko kukafanirwa nengwariro yedu, kutora rutivi, uye kupfuurira kunatsiridzwa.