Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri nheyowo zvayo isingaoneki mumabhuku ehurumende, iri igadziriro inoshanda inodzivisa hurumende yeUnited States kubvisa hurumende kupinda muautocracy. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparira simba apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinonzvera vavariro dzemamwe. Ichi chimiro chinodzivirira zvakananga kodzero dzomugari wemo ari wose, kuvimbisa kuti hakuna sangano rimwe ringanyora, rinoita kuti ritsigire, uye ridudzira mitemo nenzira yokuzvidira. Kunzwisisa kuti tsika ino inoshanda sei, kubva pamavambo ayo enhau kusvikira kuzvinetso zvayo zvezuva razvino uno, kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuvandudzwa kwehurumende yedemo yehurumende yeAmerica.

Mapazi Matatu Akanyatsorongwa

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinokamuranisa hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiyana: Legislative (Conrer), Chiremera (Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi namasangano ehurumende), uye Juji (matare ehurumende). Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba aro amene akaverengwa nemitoro, gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kuumba hurumende yemitemo, kwete yavanhu. Uku kuparadzana kunosimbiswa neidi rokuti mibato yokusarudza yebazu rimwe nerimwe inosiana nechakananga navanhu, Purezidhendi anosarudzwa kupfurikidza neElectoral College, uye vatongi venyika inosimbiswa nokuda kwoupenyu gumi.

Bazu Romutemo: Muiti Wemitemo

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoisa masimba ose emitemo muBhunga reMitemo, rakaumbwa neDare neImba yaVamiririri. Imba, ine mitezo 435 inogoverwa navanhu, yakarongedzerwa kuva iri pedyosa navanhu, namashoko amakore maviri anovimbisa kuzvidavirira kwapanguva dzose. Dare, rine mitezo miviri (hurumende imwe), rakaitirwa kuva mutumbi unoregeredza zvikuru, une mashoko amakore matanhatu uye basa rekubvumirana pazvibvumirano napakugadzwa kwapurezidhendi.

Mutoro mukuru weCongress ndewokuita mutemo, asi masimba awo anorongwa anotambanukira kupfuura mirau. Ine simba rerevy mitero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira, kugovera matare ehurumende akaderera kuDare guru. Masangano ehurumende anotarisira chiremera pabazu guru, kubatanidza simba rokunzvera, Chikamu 8, Claus 18) chinopa Congress chichinjika kuti chiite mitemo “inodikanwa neyakafanira" yokuita masimba ayo akatemwa neakafanira. [ichirongwa chave chiri manyuko okududzira zvikuru kwemitemo yemitemo. Kuwedzera, Dare rinoita kuti pave nesimba guru pamusoro pebazu revakuru, kubatanidza simba rokunzvera, mapepa echiduku, zvapupu, uye bhajeri rehurumende.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Mumanikidzi

Chikamu II chinosimbisa Bazu roUkuru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States. Purezidhendi mukuru wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, anobatira saMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, mumiriri mukuru anotaurirana zvibvumirano (pamutungamiriri wedare), uye mumanikidzi mukuru wemitemo yehurumende. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokupa kukanganwira, kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi navanyori vedare, nokusimbisa Dare), uye kuraira kwehurumende kunotungamirira kunoshanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Bazu guru rinobatanidza madhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira (akadai seHurumende, Defense, Justice, uye Education) uye mazana amasangano namasangano akazvimirira. Masangano aya anoshandisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress, achizviisa pasi penhungamiro yaPurezidhendi. Nokufamba kwenguva, ukuru noukuru hwebazi guru zvawedzera zvinoshamisa, zvichimutsa mibvunzo inopfuurira pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa makore mana ari ose, uye kubvira paAmakumi maviri neSicond Amend Amendment, hapana munhu anogona kusarudzwa kuhofisi yacho kanopfuura kaviri.

Bazu Rokutonga: Mutsigiri

Chikamu III chinoumba dare redare redare redare reSangano reSangano reChirungu, nedare reChirefu reChirungu seDare reChirevo cheChirevo chesei. Vatongi veFederal vanogadzwa kuti vararame, vadzokere kumufambiro wakanaka, unovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Basa guru rebazu rokutonga nderokududzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo, kuishandisa kumhaka imwe neimwe nenharo. Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chematare ehurumende ihwirusa redare rinoongorora basa redare kana kuti basa revakuru vakuru. Iri simba rakatanga kusimbiswa neDare gurusa mu .[1810].[FL.1], nhau inoumba basa redare redare redare renyika yose renyika yose]

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende idare rinotonga: Matare oRuwa (matare aitonga) anotonga nhau dzakawanda zvikurusa dzomubatanidzwa; Dare reZvikumbiro (matare ehurumende) rinonzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare oruwa; uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rinoshandisa kuongorora kukumbira kwokungwarira pakukwirira, zvikurukuru kusarudza mhaka dzinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende. Nemhaka yokuti vatongi vomuhurumende vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvinodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga kunyange apo zvisarudzo izvozvo zvisingafarirwi nevoruzhinji kana kuti navatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kwaizova kusina revo pasina mutoo wokukushandisa. Vagadziri vanovakwa munhevedzano yamasimba anopfuudzwa naanofambidzana ayo anobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira mamwe naro — icho James Madison akadana kuti “nhano dzokubetsera” mu Fiteraderan. Nhau 51. Gadziriro ino yechekedzo nedzikamo inodzivisa rimwe nerimwe bazi kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi ndokuparira sundo dzebatira pamwero nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

Congress ine zvishandiso zvine simba zvinoverengeka zvokudzivisa Mutungamiriri wehurumende nebazi guru. Chokutanga, mutemo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ndokupiwa kuna Purezidhendi; kana Purezidhendi akaisa mutongo, Congress anogona kukurira kuvhota nenhindi mbiri mbiri muimba imwe neimwe asi kwete chikumbaridzo chisingabviri. Chechipiri, Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kukuru kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yedare, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamiririri. Yachitatu, Congress ine simba rechikwama: inogona kuramba mari yakakodzera nokuda kwezvirongwa zvavatungamiriri, inovhara pamutemo. Chechina, Dare rinogona kutungamirira kutongwa, nhau inodzorwa nevakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru. Pakupedzisira, imba inogona kusaita mutendivara Purezidhendi we “chipo, chiokomatso, kana kuti vamwe vapa mhosva huru, uye kukanganisa kubvisa dare rinotonga.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

Nzvero yakananga zvikurusa yaPurezidhendi paCongress isimba reveto, iro rinobvumira Purezidhendi kuramba mutemo. Nepo Congress ichigona kukurira murairo, tyisidziro yoga inowanzomanikidza vagadziri vomutemo kukurukura kana kuti kuchinja zvikwereti kuti vadzivise. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokuronga Congress nokuda kwamarusando chaiwo uye anogona kutaura paPuarces chakananga (Hurumende yeUnion chinodikanwa chemitemo). Kuwedzera, somusoro webazu revakuru vakuru, Purezidhendi anogona kukanganwira utsotsi hwehurumende, hunodzosa nenzira inobudirira zvisarudzo zvedare. Purezidhendi anewo pesvedzero huru pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemitemo kupfurikidza nezvirevo zvamasangano emitemo, izvo zvinotakura simba romutemo asi zvinodzokororwa kuhwirudzura dare nesangano redare rehurumende.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mapazi Ose Ari Ose

Nzvero huru yejudiachischi yedare isimba rehwirudzuro inotonga. "/". Kubvira ipapo, Dare rakaputsa mazana emitemo nemabasa ehurumende. Iri simba harina kunyorwa zvakajeka muChikamu III asi rakatangwa neDare Rapamusorosoro mu . Madison. [[FLT]] [1]]. Kubvira ipapo, Dare rakabvisa mazana emitemo yehurumende nemabasa evakuru. Mienzaniso inobatanidza [[FLT:] Brown v. Board yedzidzo yeD [54]] (54]), iyo yakaguma nokuganhurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavo, uye [FLT:] United States v[FFUT] [FFLAN] [5]) inomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yavo inodzokororwa nokuda kwezvisaromesodo], kunyange zvazvo zvichidzosera dare.

Kudzokorora

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri yakaremara; inoedzwa nguva dzose nerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika nemigariro inochinja. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Purezidhendi Obama abudisa nhevedzano yezviito zvehurumende pakupinda munyika muna 2014, House sud, uye dare rehurumende muTexas rakagumisa mutemo wacho, chisarudzo chakatsigirwa pakupedzisira neDare rePasoro rakakamukana. Nenzira yakafanana, kurambidzwa kwerwendo kwaPurezidhendi Trump kwakapomendwa mumatare akawanda, neDare Rapamusoro pakupedzisira richitsigira shanduro yakavandudzwa. Idzidzi dzino dzinoenzanisira kuti mapazi anobatira sei munguva chaiyoiyo, nebazu rinobatira seridzoro apo bazi rimwe rinorangarirwa kuva rakaputsa chiremera charo.

Mavambo Enhau Nedzidziso

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende isati yatanga American Constitution. Muzivi weFrance Baron de Montesquieu, mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu woMutemo , yakataura kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo rondedzero dzehurumende, mukuru mukuru, uye masimba okutonga zvinoparadzana uye kunzvera kumwe nokumwe. Iye akadavira kuti kupa ngwariro masimba ose matatu mumunhu mumwe kana kuti mutumbi waizotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri. Vavambi veAmerica vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nerondedzero dzaJohn Locke yehurumende nemuenzaniso wenhau weBritain, izvo, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvabatanidzwa, zvakatanga kuita mamwe mabasa.

Apo nhume dzakaungana paConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo muna 1787, dzakanga dzichisanoziva nezvengozi dzesimba rakakomba. Kundikano dzeNhengo dzeConfederation (iyo yakanga yaumba hurumende yapakati ine utera isina simba raizvimirira kana kuti dare) uye kunyanyisa kwedzimwe dzimba dzehurumende mukati mema1780s dzakavapwisa kuti hurumende yenyika yakasimba zvikuru yakanga iri madikanwa, asiwo kuti inofanira kusanorongwa kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira. James Madison, aiwanzodana “Baba weBumbiro remitemo,” akanga ari muvaki mukuru weparadzanoro yemasimba neredhiyositi negadziriro yemipimo. MuchiFederation Nos. 4751, akatsanangura kuti mutengidzi weBumbiro remitemo yakarongwa raizodzivisa sei kuti bazi risapindire pane vamwe.

Bumbiro reMitemo rakabuda mumasimba akakamuraniswa ekokorodzano pakati pamapazu matatu uyewo rakaita gadziriro yomubatanidzwa iyo inogoverana chiremera pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Kodzero Zvemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunodzivirira zvakananga maruramiro eAmerica munzira dzinoverengeka. Nemhaka yokuti Congress inofanira kuisa mitemo, Purezidhendi anofanira kuiita, uye matare anofanira kuidudzira, mano omutambi upi noupi okuputsa maruramiro akaganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unoganhurira kutaura kwakasununguka unofanira kupfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeChibvumirano, zvakasainwa naPurezidhendi (kana kuti zvakapfuudzwa panzvimbo yedanho), uye ipapo ndokupukunyuka denho yedare. Uyu muitiro wakawanda unovamba unodzora chiito chehurumende ndokuvaka mukuita nokuzvidavirira.

Bazu redare, zvikurukuru, rinobatira somuchengeti wekodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kupfurikidza nesimba rekuongorora, matare anogona kurova mitemo inoputsa Bill of Rights kana kuti dzimwe dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo. Zviratidzo zvenyika zvakadai se Gideon v. Wainwright [kururamira kumifungo], [kururama kurangana], [[FLT:]] Mirand v. [[FLT]] [kuchenjera] (kuramba wakanyarara) uye [[FLT]] Lovv v.[FLT] Virginia [FLT] [5] [chakarurama kuroora pamitsetse yedzinza]) zvose zvinobatanidzwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwavanhu kana kuti vazvidzoridziridziridzirirwe. Kuwedzera, kuzvimirira kwechidima kwechine]

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunokurudzirawo kuonana uye kuzvidavirira. Nemhaka yokuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuongorora mamwe (sokunge apo Congress inonzwa zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru), vagari vemo sezvingabvira zvikuru vangadzidza pamusoro pokubatwa zvisina kufanira kungabvira. Muitiro wokusatendeseka, nepo usingawanzoshandiswa, unobatira senzvero yokupedzisira mukurwisana nokusateerera mutemo kwevakuru vakuru.

Matambudziko Aripo Mazuva Ano

Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakabvumikisa kuva kunogara kwenguva refu zvikuru, kunotarisana nedzvinyiriro huru muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri namashanu. Kukura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kukura kwehurumende, uye kushandiswa kunowedzera kwechiito chokutonga chimwe chete kwakaedza kudzikamiswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa izvi denho kunokosha nokuda kwokuwana utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica.

Kutanga Kwemirayiro Yehurumende

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, purezidhendi wamativi ose ari maviri akatendeukira nenzira inowedzera kumirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vawane nharidzano dzemiitiro pasina mutemo mutsva. Kubva kuna Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt mirairo inoparira kubatanidzwa kwevaAmerica veJapan mukati meHondo Yenyika II kumirairidzo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pechinjo, kudzorodzo yepfuti, uye kudzorwa kwepfuti, zvirevo zvevakuru vakuru zvinobvumira purezidhendi kupfuudzira simba ravakuru vakuru, izvo zvinoramba kuti kushandisa kwakakwirira kwemitemo yehurumende kunosekesa basa remitemo yewirirano yehurumende uye kuisa simba mubazu rimwe. Congresssion ingadzivisa iyi kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mitemo inorambidza zviito zvakati, asi mitemo yakadaro inoda kutenderwa kwapurezidhendi kana kuti itototoorwa. [FL:]

Kurongedzwa Kwemajeri uye Kuitwa Kuti Pave Nemisangano

Dare razvino uno rinowanzozviwana risingakwanisi kupfuudza mutemo mukuru panhau dzinokakavadzana, kuchitungamirira kuboka guru rokuita mitemo kumasangano okudzora. Purezidhendi, kupfurikidza namasangano aya, anogona ipapo kupa mirau ine simba romutemo. Nepo ikoku kusati kuri hako kupesanawo nokutonga. Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumira nhume huru chero bedzi kune “nheyo isingataurwi” inotungamirira masangano (*ianoita kuti muganhu pakati pemibato yemitemo newehurumende uvande. Mukuwedzera, kusimbisa nokuda kweboka redare redare rinotonga uye kudzosa kushanda kwevakuru vakuru. Nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzero dzemitemo dzakanyora zvikuru pamusoro pemigumisiro yemigumisiro yebasa. Nyanzvi dzezvematongerwe enyika nedzero dzinoshanda. Vazivi vemitemo vakanyorwa zvikuru pamusoro pezviito [FLDF:0]

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Dare reSangano rimene harina kudzivirirwa kutsoropodzwa. Nharo pamusoro pe “chiito chemitemo chezvoutongi” ne“ chidzoreso chemitemo” dzinoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rematare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vamwe vanotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kurangarira kuvhota uye kungoputsa bedzi mitemo apo vanoputsa zvakajeka Bumbiro remitemo; vamwe vanopikisa kuti vatongi vanofanira kudzivirira nokushingaira kodzero dzechikamu chiduku ndokushandisa nheyo dzakafara dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, mari yokutsigira nhimbe, uye simba ravakuru vakuru vakawedzera iyi. Kusimbisa kweDare reDare Gurusare kwazova hondo yezvamatongerwe enyika, nebato rimwe nerimwe rinotsvaka kuisa vatongi vanowirirana nemirangariro yarongeripo, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro petsikanoyera rusununguko rwamateshina.

mhedziso

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunopfuura kuda kuziva kwenhau, igadziriro mhenyu inopfuurira kuumba kodzero nerusununguko zveAmerica iri yose. Kupfurikidza nokuda kuti kuita mitemo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye kududzirwa kwomutemo zviitwe namasangano akaparadzana ane masimba anopfuudzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira simba rinodzivirira kudzvinyirira uye rinotsigira kuzvidavirira. Vagari vomunyika vanonzwisisa tsika ino vashongedzerwa zviri nani kuziva apo dzikamo inotyisidzirwa uye kuraira kuti vamiririri vavo vatsigire nheyo dzemitemo yemitemo. Sezvo denho dzenguva yazvino uno dzinoedza kuvandudziko idzodzi, uchenjeri husingagumi hwaMadison nemba dzinoramba dziri nhungamiro inokosha. Kuparadzana kwamasimba anotonga hakungova chete rutivi rwehurumende yeAmerica; ndiwo mukombe werusununguko rweAmerica.