Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba iko kunokosha kwehurumende yebumbiro remitemo, rakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa mabasa ehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiyana - siyana.iyi nyaya inonzvera nhevedzano yakaoma pakati pemitemo, vatarisiri, uye vatongi mumapazu mukusikwa nokuchengetwa kwemitemo, ichienzanisira nzira iyo kuzvimirira kwavo nokuwirirana kunotsigira nayo nheyo dzehurumende dzoutongi nedzerusununguko dzomunhu oga.

Mavambo Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Murangariro wokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende hausi mugadzirirwo wazvino uno. Muzivi weFrance Montesquieu akarondedzera dzidziso iri mubasa rake ra1748] Mudzimu weMitemo [, achitaurira kuti rusununguko rungagona bedzi kuchengetwa apo mutemiswo wemitemo, mukuru wedare, uye mibato yedare zvakachengetwa zvakasiana. Mifungo yake yakapesvedzera zvikuru vagadziri vemitemo yeUnited States, avo vakavaka gadziriro yechekero nedzinodzikano kuvimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe ringagona kudzora. Nhasi, kuchinja kweuyu muenzaniso kunooneka muhurumende dzenyika yose, kubva muUnited States (ne kubatanidzwa kwemasimba ayo akasiana asi akasiana nemabasa oukuru) kumativi okutonga muEurope uye kudarika mativi eEurope.

Chisakiso chikuru chakajeka: simba rakakomba rinokoka kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera., bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda sembwa inorinda pane dzimwe.

Mitemo Yemapazi Yomutemo: Mitemo Younyanzvi

Bazu remitemo ndiyo inoita mitemo mikurusa. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa, rinoumbwa nedare rakasarudzwa − rakadai separamende kana kuti musangano − iro rinomirira vanhu. Basa raro guru kukarakadza, kukurukura, uye kugadza mitemo inoratidzira kuda kwavavhoti, mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Gadziriro yeBhiri-Lyaubhiri

Kugadzira mutemo irwendo rune zvikamu zvakawanda runovimbisa kuongororwa kwakakwana. Mutengi angatangwa nomuiti wemitemo kana kuti, mune dzimwe gadziriro, nemukuru mukuru wehurumende. Ipapo inovambira mumatare, kurukurirano dzapauriri, uye vhoti mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri (kana kuti kabhiyameral). Muitiro, chikamu bedzi chemabhiri akatangwa chinopukunyuka iri gauntretlet. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States Congress, pasi pe 5% yezvikwereti zvinotanga kuva mutemo muchirongwa chakati chamakore maviri. Iyi nzira yokuzvidzoresa inova project /masssssss aiagement counciptions air air air as aurage kuisa purofices kana kuti afumura vhiti.

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angotendera zvimiro zvakafanana zvebhiri, inotumirwa kumukuru mukuru. Mukuru mukuru anogona kusaina mutengi mumutemo kana kuti kuuisa. Chinotumira mari yacho kudare, uko kungaikurira nevhoti hurusa. Uku kubatana kunoenzanisira kunzvera kuti mukuru mukuru anobata mutemo, anodzivisa mitemo yokukurumidza kana kuti yokugadzira zvisina kunaka. Nenzira yezve, simba rebazu remitemo remitemo rinodzorwa nehurumende rinovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru wacho arege kudzora mutemo wakakurumbira.

Matare Nenyanzvi

Basa remitemo rakawanda rinoitika mumatare. Aya mapoka maduku anonzvera munharaunda dzakadai sezvokurima, dziviriro, mari, kana kuti muitiro wemhoteredzo. Matare anobata kutongwa, kudana zvapupu, uye kugadziridza mabhiri asati asvika panzvimbo yakazara. Iyi nzira inobvumira nyanzvi dzinopa mitemo kuumba mutemo, kuderedza ngozi yemigumisiro isingakarirwi. Mishumo yedare inogoverawo mashoko anokosha nokuda kwematare uye vagari vemo vanodudzira mutemo gare gare gare. Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame pamuitiro wemitemo muU.S., ona zviwanikwa pa [[FLT: 0] Canret.

Basa Revakuru Mumutemo

Nepo mutezo wedare uchiita mavhoti pamabhiri, mukuru mukuru anowanzoita basa guru mukuumba purogiramu yemitemo. Mapurezidhendi navakuru vakuru vanogona kukarakadza zvikwereti kupfurikidza navatsigiri vavo, kushandisa chikuva kukurudzira tsigiro yavose, kana kuti kunyange kufuratira tendero yemitemo mumigariro yakakomba kupfurikidza nemirayiro kana kuti mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru. Zvisinei, zviito zvakadaro zvinoramba zviri pasi peganhuriro dzapamutemo nedzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, murayiro wechiremera unopokanidza mutemo unogona kudenhwa mudare.

Simba reveto ichekero inooneka zvikurusa yewiscticat inoitwa navakuru vakuru. Vamwe vakuru vane giramu yematemu yevhito (mudzimwe nyika) inovabvumira kurova gadziriro dzavo voga pasina kuramba mutengo wose. Iyi chishandiswa chinogona kumutsa nharo, sezvo chinopa nenzira inobudirira basa mukuitazve mutemo. Kunyanguvezvo, bazu rewisctication rinochengeta mano okukunda mavhiti akadaro, kuchengeta dzikamo.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Kupeta Mitemo

Bazi iri rinotungamirirwa nepurezidhendi, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, anotsigirwa nekambani yehurumende uye nesangano guru rehurumende.

Gadziriro Dzoutarisiri Nedzosero

Mitemo yazvino uno inowanzova nemirau yakafara inoda kutsanangurwa kwakakwana nokuitwa mitemo nemasangano chaiwo. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wezvakatipoteredza ungashandisa sangano rinodzivirira mhoteredzo nemitemo inoisa mipimo yokubudisa. Iyi mibatanidzwa yechiremera inoshanda.(wwwnaglasplature) inoshaiwa nguva nounyanzvi hwokunyora murairo uri wose wounyanzvi. Zvisinei, inomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira. Masangano anofanira kutevera miitiro inobatanidza ziviso dzavose, tsinhiro, uye hwirudzuro. Iyi dziviriro yemitemo inovimbisa kuti kuchengetwa kwebasa ravakuru kunoramba kuri pachena uye kunobvumirwa nomutemo.

Mune dzimwe nyika, masangano anoshanda munhungamiro yomukuru mukuru asi ane mwero wakati wokuzvimirira kuti avadzivirire padzongonyedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ubati ushe neBhunga reExchange , somuenzaniso, anorongedzerwa kudzivirira vatengi pasina rusaruro. Bva simba remukuru webasa rokugadza misoro yesangano ndokuronga bhajeti inoparira kusagadzikana kunopfuurira pakati pekuzvimirira nokudzora (8) dzvinyiriro iyo matare pane dzimwe nguva anopedza apo anochengeta kuparadzana kwamasimba.

Simba Rapurezidhendi Neganhuriro

Simba rokutarisira rinobatanidza chiremera chokutungamirira vamiriri vemitemo, kutungamirira muitiro wokumwe, uye kutarisira mauto. Aya masimba makuru, asi haana kuzara. Kudzora kwemibatanidzwa yemari, kusimbisa kugadzwa kukuru, uye kunogona kunzvera zviito zvokutungamirira kupfurikidza nokuteerera. Bazu redare rinogona kuzivisa zviito zvisina kutongwa kana kuti kupunzwa kwomutemo wehurumende.

Mirayiridzo Yavanotungamirira Nekuongorora Kwavo

Mapurezidhendi navakuru vakuru vanowanzoshandisa mirayiridzo yehurumende kutungamirira gadziriro yesangano pasina kumirira mutemo mutsva. Nepo iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo nokuda kwebazu guru, inogona kuchinjwa nomutemo unotevedzerwa, kuchinjwa nomutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti nomutsivi, kana kuti kuparadzwa nematare. Kushandiswa kwemirairo yevakuru vakuru kwakakura munguva dzenjodzi. Kwakadai sepanguva dzenjodzi dzorudzi kana kuti kuderera kwemari (8) asi upenyu hwavo hunotsamira pachido chezvamatongerwe enyika nokutonga.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo

Basa rayo guru nderokududzira mitemo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti inowirirana nebumbiro remitemo.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Mhaka Dzakaratidzirwa

Kuhwirudzura dare hakududzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., asi kwakatangwa munhau 1803 Marbury v. Madison. Iyi chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti ibasa rematare kutaura kuti mutemo uri. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, matare munyika yose akagamuchira dzidziso dzakafanana. [[FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education , U.S. Dare gurusa rakaramba kudzosa dzinza muzvikoro zvavose, rinoratidzira kuti jaripo sei kodzero dzechipo kunyange apo rusarura. Njeko, nokuda kwenzwisiso yedare repamusoro, dare reSakataro re [FT]

Kuongorora dare kunoshanda zvakafanana nezviito zvevakuru vakuru. Pamunenge muchidarika chiremera chake (somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokusunga vanhu pasina muedzo kana kuti kurayira kunorwisana nomutemo(scourts) kungapa mirayiro kana kuti kuzivisa chiito chisina chinhu. Uku kunzvera kunokosha mumasangano umo mukuru mukuru angaedza kupa ngwariro kusimba mukati menjodzi. Nheyo yokuti hapana munhu, kunyange mukuru wehurumende, ari pamusoro pomutemo chiratidzo chebumbiro remitemo.

Basa Rematare Mukunzvera uye Mudzikamo

Darewo rinopa nhau nharo pakati pemamwe mapazu. Apo mutemi wedare unoisa mutemo unoputsa maruramiro makuru, kana kuti apo mukuru mukuru anopfuura masimba ake ane chokuita nedare, mutongi anogovera dare rechisarudzo. Basa iri rinoda vatongi vanozvimirira uye vanodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika (*) zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kana kuti mirangariro yakagadzwa. Muitiro wokugadza vatongi, zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji unobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mapazu ebasa nemitemo, sezvinooneka mukusimbiswa kwavatongi venyika muUnited States.

Mukuwedzera kukududzira mirau, matare anogona kupesvedzera kuita mitemo kupfurikidza nokubudisa mitemo inojekesa vavariro yemitemo kana kuti kuzadza mikaha mumitemo iripo. Apo dare rinosarudza kuti mutemo unojeka, kungada kuti chigadziro chijekeswe, kana kuti kungagamuchira kududzira kunowirirana nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Iyi kurukurirano pakati pamapazu inobetsera kushandura mutemo pasina kuda ngwariro yenguva dzose yemitemo. Nokuda kwomuenzaniso wemashandire anoita mitemo yemitemo, ona [[[FLT: 0]] Trangedzero yemitemo ye .

Nheyo Huru Nedenho Dzazvino Uno

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri mubatanidzwa wakaoma asi muitiro wemasimba anofambidzana uye anogoverwa. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine maturusi okuganhurira mamwe: mutevedzeri wedare anonyora mitemo nebhajeti inobvumira; mukuru mukuru anotungamirira mitemo ndokugadza vakuru; hwirudzuro yemitemo nezviito. Iyi rondedzero inovimbisa kuti hapana bazi rimwe rinogona kuita pasina donzo munhau dzine revo yenyika. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi angakurukura chibvumirano, asi hachigoni kuva chinobatira kunze kwokuva nemativi maviri eDare rinotenderwa. Nenzira yakafanana, mutemo unopfuudzwa neDare unogona kupfuudzwa, asi kuti veto vanogona kuita chiito pasina donzo.

Muitiro wokuranga unoenzanisira nzvero pamukuru mukuru. Mumiitiro mizhinji, mugadzi wemitemo anogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru wehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru nokuda kwokusazvibata. Iri simba rinobatira sechenjero yokupedzisira, asi kwakaoma namaune kukumbira kuti /kudzivisa mibato mikuru kana kuti zviito zvokutonga.]

Kuzvimirira Nokuzvidavirira

Kuzvimirira kunoreva kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuita mabasa aro ebumbiro remitemo pasina kudzongonyedzwa nevamwe. Nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo, kuzvimirira kunobatanidza rusununguko pakusungwa kwevakuru vakuru mukati mezvirongwa uye kudzivirirwa nokuda kwokutaura kwouriri. Kuvatongi, kunoreva kuchengetedzwa kwemari nokudzivirirwa pakubviswa kunze kwemhosva dzakakomba.

Dzikamo yokuzvidavirira inowirirana. Vatongi vanotarisana nezvisarudzo. Vakuru vakuru vakuru vanotungamirira vanopindura mutungamiriri wehurumende, avowo vanotarisana nomuvhota kana kuti nedare remitemo. Vatongi vangadzorwa kana kuti kubviswa muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa kupfurikidza nokusaenda kudare. Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru anoramba ane mutoro kudare kupfurikidza namavhoti echivimbo. Masangano aya anovimbisa kuti simba /kunyange apo rinoparadzaniswa (h.8/8) rinoramba richipindurwa kuvanhu uye mutemo.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nekakavadzano

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunotarisana nedzvinyiriro mukutonga kwazvino uno. Hurumende dzakakura zvikuru uye zvakaoma zvikuru, kuchitungamirira kunhume huru dzokuita chiremera kumasangano anotungamirira. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa ikoku kuparira nyika youbati ushe [ umo mabhureki asingasarudzirwi anoshandisa simba guru pasina kuzvidavirira kwakananga. Matare akapinda kuti atsigire dzidziso dzisina kuvimbika mune mamwe mativi, kuchida kuti matare okugadza mipimo yakajeka yokuita utongi hwesangano. Dzikamo pakati pounyanzvi nedzoro yedemocraticism inoramba iri kurukurirano huru.

Chimwe chinetso chinomuka munguva dzengozi dzevoruzhinji — zvakadai sezvirwere, hondo, kana kuti tyisidziro dzemagandanga. Vakuru vakuru vanowanzotaura kuti masimba ekurumidziro achaita chiito nokukurumidza, asi izvi zvinogona kubvisa macheki amamwe mapazu. Mienzaniso yenhau, kubva pakubviswa kwaLincoln kwehabeas corpus kusvikira kuganhuriro dzazvino uno parusununguko rwevagari vemo, dzinosimbisa kunyanduka. Matare anowanzozviisa pasi pomukuru munguva dzenjodzi, asi anogadzawo miganhu, sezvinoonekwa apo Dare gurusa reU.S. rakaramba Purezidhendi Durman’s Truman rezvigaro zvesimbi mukati mechiuto rekare rehondo reKorea (Youduku mapeji & Tube.Chower).

Chikamu chejenari nechirongedzero chemiitiro. Apo bazu rimwe rinodzorwa nebato rakasiana kupfuura rimwe, rwisano inogona kushatisa mabasa ehurumende − zvakadai setendero yemari kana kuti rumbidzo dzedare. Zvisinei, iyi shandiro inogona kuonwa sechinhu: inobvumiranisa kana kuti ingaratidzira kuda kwemuvhoti akakamukana. Pakupedzisira, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunogadzirirwa muitiro unotapukira, wamaune unodzivirira maruramiro, kunyange kana pane dzimwe nguva kuchidzongokanganisa kushanda zvakanaka.

mhedziso

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri gadziriro inowirirana asi gadziriro huru inochinjirwa kuchinjo dzenzanga. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa basa rokuita mitemo, kuchengetwa, uye kududzira pakati pamapazu matatu akazvimirira asi ari oga, hurumende dzinotonga dzinoumba gadziriro yakasimba iyo varindi vanodzivisa udzvinyiriri. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inogadzirwa nokudzorwa kupfurikidza neiyi tsika kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa chikonzero nei miitiro ichikosha kuchengetedza rusununguko. Sezvinozivikanwa navavambi, dziviriro yakanakisisa mukupesana nesimba kuvimbisa kuti kuda chinzvimbo kuchava nechokwadi chokuti kurwisa.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pemavambo enhau nazvino uno eiyi dzidziso, bvunza kopi yeNational Archives yeU.S. uye Pepa dzeFederali, dzinogovera zvibvumikiso zvehwaro nokuda kwecherekedzo nedzinodzikamo.