Kuumbwa Kwesimba Rakakamukana

Vagadziri veUnited States Constitution vakavaka gadziriro yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa dare ripi neripi. Kunyange iri ruzhinji kana kuti giramu rakasanoshaikwa (kudzora hurumende). Pakati paro, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparadzanisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana: chigadziko, dare, uye dare. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinobvumirwa mabasa akasiana, asi rinopiwawo maturusi okunzvera mamwe. Iri basa, rinorondedzerwa zvakakurumbira mu [] [FLT] Murongedzeri Nha.[FL:3], rinogadzira "chengeteko yakakuchengeteka kaviri" nokuda kwekodzero dzavanhu. Kudzivisa kuti pamapoka echipamatutsiro.

Unyanzvi hweiyi gadziriro ndehwokuti haitsamiri chose chose pamutsano wavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, inoparira kusawirirana. Kuti mutemo upfuure, unofanira kupukunyuka gakava rebidaral muCongress, ringapukunyuka pfundo ramapurezidhendi rinobvira, uye kukurira hwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo yakaitwa nematare. Chigumbuso chimwe nechimwe chinopa vatsigiri nokuda kwamabanza mashomanene okudzivisa, kubvisa, kana kuti kudenha mipimo yaizovakuvadza. Uku kugadziridza kunofanira kupukunyuka dziviriro yevoruzhinji muAmerica.

Bazu Romutemo: Mufananidzo Nokuzvibhadharira

Congress, sezvo bazi rokutanga rakadudzwa muBumbiro reMitemo, rinoitwa basa nokuita mitemo. Chivako charo chebimeral .(Imba yaVamiririri inogoverwa navagari vemo neDare rine mufananidzo wakaenzana kubva kunyika imwe neimwe() yaiitirwa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakarongerwa kudzivirira nyika duku uye, kupfuudzira, fariro shoma. Muitiro womutemo unononoka. Mabhiribhiri anofanira kupfuura nomumatare, kupukunyuka kurukurirano dzouriri, uye kudzivirira voruzhinji vari nyore mumakamuri ose ari maviri asati asvika Purezidhendi.

Nokuda kwamapoka mashoma, iyi nhanho yamaune inobvumira nguva nokuda kwokuva nyanzvi. Mapoka anofarira anogona kuronga nhimbe dzokunyora tsamba, kusangana navagadziri vemitemo, uye kupupurira pakunzwa. Gadziriro yedare inobvumira nzvero chaiyo: mutongo uyo ungatapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi nzanga yedzinza kana kuti yorudzidziso unogona kutsoropodzwa zvakadzama pamberi pevhoti. Kupfuurirazve, chinodikanwa chikuru cheDare chokudzivirira (kubatanidza murwi wechikwata) unoreva kuti vashomanene vakatsunga vavane vana vanokwanisa kuvhara mutemo unokuvadza vanhu vasina dziviriro. Nepo filibuster yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwedzimwe nguva dziviriro dzavagari vemo, yakashandiswawo kudzivisa kukurumidza kudzivirira dziviriro ikoko.

Bazi Rine Simba: Kumanikidza Nouchenjeri

Purezidhendi, somukuru webazu guru, anofanira ku "Tarisisa kuti Mitemo iitwe nokutendeka". Iri basa rinopa mutungamiriri simba rakati, asi rinoisawo Purezidhendi munzvimbo yokudzivirira vanhu vashoma. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa mirairo inosimudzira kuenzana yakadai sokurerutsa mauto ane zvombo kana kuti kurambidza rusaruro rwevagari vehurumende. Simba reveto ringaongorora zvakananga paCongress; Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba mutemo ungagona kukuvadza kodzero dzechiduku, kumanikidza kuti Dare rinotonga ramakurukota kuti risave nembiri kuti risarutsive.

Masangano anotungamirira, akadai seDepartment of Justice neAuncial Obbed Opportounty Commission, anodzika mitemo yavagari vemo. Mitemo yavo nezviito zvokudzikamisa zvinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwenzanga duku. Kupfurikidza nerevomupinduro yedare reSahlulero, Department inogona kuunza maruramiro okurwisana nehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo dzinoputsa kodzero dzehurumende dzokuvhota kana kuti mitemo yedzimba inosasarura. Sangano guru rokudzora rebazu nokudaro rinoita senhoo, rinoshandisa dziviriro idzo Congressment yapfuura uye idzo judiary inotsigira.

Bazu Rokutonga: Mutongi Wokupedzisira Wekodzero

Dare redare, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa, rinobatira somuchengeti mukurusa wamaruramiro mashoma kupfurikidza nesimba rokuhwirudzura. Rakatangwa mu [[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison [[FLT] [1803] [83], iri chiremera rinobvumira matare kuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Nokuda kwamapoka mashoma, matare anopa nzvimbo apo nharo dzapamutemo dzakavakirwa padziviriro yakaenzana uye mutoo wakafanira zvinogona kukunda rusaruro rwakakurumbira.

Zviitiko zvewanderstamenti zvinoenzanisira iri basa. [FLT]bn v. Board of Education (1954]), Dare Gurusa rakataura rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose, kuputsa "kasino" dzidziso yakatenderwa kusarurana kwemakumi amakore. [[FLT]] ] OFFFF... [5] yemallbbr. Hodges[FLT] [207] [2010] inozivikanwa neroorano imwe cheteyo youte souganda sorudyi pasi pePrejimendi. Muzvinoitika zvose zviri zviviri, zvakagovera kugadziriswa kwechito yedare apo mabazu ainoita chiito nechiito chamakuru kumatare. Mapa aidzodzodzo dzinodzosera kupfurikidza nemhotookedzero dzomunhu.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva Pamapepa Akanyorwa Nevanhu Kuenda Kuzvinhu Zvakatanga Kuitika Mazuva Ano

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kwakanga kusiri chinhu chaifungwa pashure pavavambi. Kwakanga kuri kuita kwamaune kuruzivo rwavo mukutonga kweBritain nefundo yavo yehurumende dzeRepublic. James Madison, muFederalist No. 51, akapikisa kuti kudai vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Asi nemhaka yokuti vanhu havasi ngirozi, hurumende inofanira kuumbwa kuti izvidzore. Vavambi vacho vaitya zvose zviri zviviri udzvinyiriri hwehurumende neudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji. Nokuparadzanisa masimba, vaikarira kutanga tsika apo chinzvimbo chaizonzvera, kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu rumwe norumwe (kubatanidza naavo vemapoka maduku).

Ichi chirongwa chakatarisana nemuedzo wacho mukuru mukati merwisano pamusoro pouranda uye gare gare mukati mekugadziriswa. Pashure-Chivil War Intements (-[FLD], 1450th, uye 15th] yakaitwa neDare rakatsunga kudzivirira vagari veAfrica vachangobva kusunungurwa. Dare Gurusa, zvisinei, pakutanga rakaganhurira idzi dziviriro kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvakadai se [[FLD:0]] Casers (1873) uye [[FLT:] na[FLT] V.[5]

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakapukunyukawo chiverengero chapamusoro cheCivil Rights Movement muma 1950 nama1960. Vatengi vakashandisa mapazu ose matatu: vakadzvinyirira Congregation kuti vapfuure Chibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha1964 uye Voting Rights Act ya 1965; vakakurudzira Purezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson kugadza masangano ehurumende kuti adzivirire vakwikwidziri; uye vakaunza matare akaparadza dzimba, dzidzo, uye basa. Bazi rimwe nerimwe rakaita basa rakasiyana asi rakafanana. Muuyo wakanga uri chinjo yenzanga yeAmerica iyo isina bazi rimwe raigona kuva rakawana bedzi.

Dziviriro Dzomutemo: Kudzivirira Kunoita Dare Zviduku

Simba reCongress rokudzivisa kusarura zvimwe ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokudzivirira nayo maruramiro mashoma. Kupfurikidza nemirairo, Congress inogona kurondedzera rusaruro, kugovera zviwanikwa nokuda kwokuchengetwa, uye kuita kuti pave nekodzero dzavanhu kuti vanhu vagone kukwikwidza vapunzi. Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzemunhu oga chomuna 1964 chinoramba chiri muenzaniso unopesana. Rusaruro rwakarambidzwa rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi munzvimbo dzinoshanyiwa vanhu vose, basa, uye mapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende.

Kupfuura zvikwereti zvekodzero dzevagari vemo zvinooneka, Congress inoshandisa chiremera chayo chokutarisira kuongorora kuti masangano anotungamirira anoita sei mitemo. Kunzwa kwemakomiti kunogona kufumura kukundikana kudzivirira nzanga shoma, kutungamirira kuchinja mamiriro okutonga. Muitiro wokushandisa mari yeCommunity Opportution Commission kana kuti Chivil Rights Division of the Justice Department kunotapura zvakananga mano avo okuongorora zvichemo. Naizvozvo vatsiri vemakorokoro havangoiti bedzi pauriri hweDare asi mumitevedzero yezvibvumirano zveCongresssionment.

Mitemo yeDare yechienzi, kubatanidza nhau, inopa simba rokuwedzera kumapoka maduku. Apo mutemo unotyisidzira kusekesa kodzero dzokuvhota kana kuti kuderedza dziviriro dzinorwisana nekusawirirana, vashomanene vakabatana muDare vanogona kumisa kumira miganhu, kumanikidza kubvumirana kana kuti kurega chiyero. Ikoku kunogona kuvhiringidza voruzhinji, asi kunogonawo kumanikidza kurangarira zvakadzama zvikuru. Nhau yeFilicbuster inovhengana nehwupi ne8 nerechikamu chamah00i. Yakaisawo kudzivirira dziviriro iripo. Kuparadzanyanisa masimba hakuvimbisi miuyo yakakwana, asi inovimbisa kuti nhau ipi neipi yekodzero dzavanhu vashoma inofanira kukurira proccural.

Chiito Chine Chiremera: Basa raPurezidhendi Mukuenzana Kunowedzera

Purezidhendi anogona kuita chiito nokukurumidza kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, ine simba romutemo mukati mebazu guru. Munhau, iyi mirairo yave iri inokosha nokuda kwamaruramiro mashoma. Purezidhendi Harry Truman's Group Und 9981 descrectives muna 1948. Purezidhendi John F.Kennedy akabudisa Dare reProject Programme public Professor 10925, ichida kuti vavambi vehurumende vaite chiito kuvimbisa kusasarura. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Back Obama akashandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kudzivirira LBGTQ uye vashandi veRefererred Action for Childhoolding Avetals (DAC), achidzivirira vatamiswi vehurumende kuti vaunzi vauye kuUS. Savana vanobva mukudzingwa munyika yehurumende.

Miraidzo yavakuru vakuru, zvisinei, haisati iri yechigarire. Purezidhendi anotevera anogona kudzibvisa, sezvinoratidzirwa apo Purezidhendi Donald Trump akaedza kubvisa DHACA (chiito pakupedzisira chakavharwa nematare). Uku kuoma kunosimbisa ukoshi hwokuparadzana kwamasimba: chiito choga hachine simba. Dziviriro dzinoda kubatanidzwa. Asi munguva pfupi, mirairo yevakuru vakuru inogona kugovera rusununguko rwapakarepo nokuda kwenzanga shomanene, kuratidzira kuzvipira kwaPrezidhendi kukuva akaenzana.

Purezidhendi anorairawo Department yeRuramisiro ku "kutonga kwefariro" mumatare uye kuunza mhaka dzehurumende mukurwisana nehurumende kana kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinopinda mumiitiro yokusasarura. Somuenzaniso, DOJ yakapa miganhu yokugadza mitemo yeID inosarudzwa nevavariro kana kuti pesvedzero. Kupfurikidza nezviito zvakadaro, bazu rinoita somumanikidziri wekodzero dzevagari vemo, kuwedzerwa maruramiro akavanzika. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunovimbisa kuti simba iri rinodzorwa kubatira dare rokutonga nokuhwirudzura, richidzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira nepo nepo kugonesa dziviriro.

Kuzvidzora uye Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Mapoka maduku haangovingi nokuparadzaniswa kwemasimba; anobatira pamwe nemapazu ose matatu. Masangano echiNgezi akadai se American Civil Libereties Union (] ACLU[FLT]]]) uye NACP [ACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund zvinoitika zvokuedza kutanga mipimo mitsva yebumbiro yemitemo. Vanosimudzirawo Dare kuti vapfuure mitemo nedzvinyiriro kuti vape mirayiridzo yakanaka. Iyi nzira yakasiyana-zhinji inopfuura kuparadzanisa masimba: nemhaka yesimba rakakamukaka, vane migumisiro idiro.

Masangano aMarudzi Akaipa akadai se Magariro Akaipa Oupenyu Maererano ne Kufamba kweUpenyu Hwedu [ kunobatanidza kuratidzira kwapachena kuumba mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo dzvinyiriro yavose yakakwana inotanga, vaiti vemitemo navatongi vanocherekedza. Gadziriro yeChipo chekodzero dzekodzero dzechipo chekuramba kusina masimba masimba yakagadzirwa kunyandura mhinduro kubva kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende (* kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokufumura utsinye hwemitemo yomunzvimbomo paterevhizheni yorudzi. Chiono ichocho chakamanikidzira bhii kutungamirira dare kuti chishate.

Munhambo yazvino uno, kuparadzana kwemasangano anofambisa mashoko kunopa chivimbo chokuti hapana bazu rimwe rinogona kuramba riripo, asi chivako charo hachichinji. Nhimbe yevhairasi inogona kusunda mutengi kuti ape mutongo, Purezidhendi kupa murairo wehurumende, kana kuti dare kuti anzwe nhau. Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunovimbisa kuti hapana bazi rimwe rinogona kufuratira kuchengetwa nokusatendeseka nokusingaperi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvisakiso zvaro nemhinduro kumurangariro wavose, kuvamba gadziriro ine simba umo manzwi mashoma anogona kuwana pakupedzisira kuwirirana.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nokuva Nhevedzo Kwegadziriro Yacho

Pasinei zvapo namasimba ayo, kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakanangana nedzvinyiriro dzapanguva ino dzinotyisidzira maruramiro maduku. Kukwira kwevatungamiriri vanokunda, kupesana, uye kugadzwa kwedare kunobvisa dzikamo yepfungwa dzematare zvose zvinoedza kusimba kwegadziriro yacho. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reDare rinotapura Shelby County v. Raker [2013])) rakanetesa Voting Rights Act kupfurikidza nokuputsa mitemo yarovhara inodzorwa inotapura voruzhinji. Ikoku kunoenzanisira kuti rondedzera kuti rondedzero imwe cheteyo yedare iyo inodzivirira maruramiro inogona kuidzokorodza shure.

Uyezve, bazu remitemo razova rakarongerwa ganhuriro nenzira inowedzera, richitungamirira Purezidhendi kuvimba zvikuru nemirayiro yavakuru vakuru nokuitwa kwoutongi. Nepo ikoko kuchigona kugovera kukunda kupfupi nokuda kwamapoka mashoma, kunonangidzirawo simba mubazu rimwe, kuchisekesa nheyo yecheki nedzikamo. Apo Purezidhendi anorwisana nekodzero shoma zvikuru anoshandisa White House, mirairo yavakuru vakuru vanogona kushandiswa kukuvadza panzvimbo pokudzivirira. Kusimba kwegadziriro inotsamira pamapazu ose matatu asara anoshingaira uye akazvimirira.

Bva nhau inokarakadza kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunotsungirira chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti kwakagadzirirwa denho dzakadaro. matare anogona kurovanya pamusoro pokuedza kuita zviito zvavatarisiri; Misangano inogona kuramba kutsigira mapurogiramu asingafarirwi; uye vanhu vanogona kusarudza vamiriri vatsva.

mhedziso

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunopfuura gadziriro yakaoma yebumbiro remitemo; igadziriro mhenyu yakabatira yabatirazve kudzivirira maruramiro maduku muAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu nokushongedzera imwe neimwe nechekeso nedzimwe, vavambi vakagadzira chivako umo pasina pfundo rimwe rinogona kutsika nyore nyore rusununguko rwevashomanene. Bazu remitemo rinogovera nzvimbo yokuitira kudzivirira nokutarisira; bazu rehurumende rinoita kuti dziviriro dziitwe uye rinogona kuita nenzira yakasimba mumigariro inokurumidzira; uye bazu rokutonga rinomira somutauriri wokupedzisira werevo yomutemo.

Kubva paCivil Rights Movement kusvikira kunhimbe yekuenzana kweroorano, mapoka maduku akashandisa mapazu ose matatu kufambisira mberi maruramiro awo. Muitiro hauna kukwana (hwunogona kuva unononoka, unokangaidza, uye pane dzimwe nguva usati uri wakarurama. Asi kupesana kwahwo kwamaune kunovimbisa kuti chinjo kukodzero shoma dzinokurukurwa chose chose uye dzinopukunyuka miraudzo yapamutemo. Munhambo yokudzokera kumugariro wavanhu pasi pose kwehurumende yedemokrase, kuparadza kwamasimba eUnited States kunoramba kuri nesimba, kana kusina kukwana, kudzivirira mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji. Kudzivirirwa kunopfuuridzirwa kwekodzero shomanene kunotsamira pakungwarira pakungwarira vagarika nokurerekera kuhurumende yakaparadzana, kurwa kwemasimba akaenzana kunofanira kuitwa pamberi pezvizhinji.