Nzvero dzokunzverwa dzinomirira chimwe chezvishandiso zvamanomano zvikurusa mukuedza kwazvino uno kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kushanda pamhando dzenzvero yezvokutengeserana nokuchinja pfungwa. Kusafanana nenzvero dzevoruzhinji dzapamutemo dzakagadzirirwa kuunganidza mashoko asina kushata, kumanikidza kunoitwa nedonzo rakajeka rokuumba / kwete zvimiro zvendangariro. Nyaya ino inonzvera gadziriro dzinosunda kunzvera purogiramu yetsika nekuita kuvhota, kunyora pakunzvera kubva kusayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, psychology, uye fundo dzekurukurirano. Kunzwisisa izvozvi masimba kunokosha nokuda kwokuumba .

Kurondedzera Kushatiswa Kwokumanikidza: Zvakuri uye Zvisiri

Nzvero inosunda inzira yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inonyepedzera kuva nzvero yepfungwa yapamutemo. Musiyano mukuru uri mudonzo: nzvero yechokwadi inotsvaka kubata izvo voruzhinji vanofunga, nepo nzvero inomanikidzirwa ichitsvaka kuchinja zvinofunga vanhu. Vaparidzi vanobvunza kutungamirira, kazhinji kazhinji mibvunzo yetsoropodzo yakagadzirirwa kubudisa mashoko akaipa pamusoro pomuvengi kana kuti kuisa muitiro muchiedza chinokuvadza. Shoko rokuti "push" rinonongedzera kukuedza kwamaune ku "push" kunovhotera kumhedziso yakafanorongwa.

Kunokosha kusiyanisa kunzvera kwemimwe mibato yokunzvera:

  • .Legitimate resvosves: Shandisa mienzaniso yesayenzi, mashoko asina kutora rutivi, uye mushumo unoguma noufakazi hwakajeka.
  • danidzo: Zvinozivisa vamene nenzira yakajeka sekurukurirano dzenhimbe (mutoo., "ripirwa nokuda kwaSmith yeGavhuna Dare").
  • Nzvero dzePush: Dzirasikidze vamene senzvero, kazhinji kazhinji ichitaura kuva inoitiswa nefemu yedzidzo kana kuti yokunzvera yemusika isina kutsiga, nepo ichipa zviri mukati zvakashata.

Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinosvika chiverengero chikuru chavavhoti (kazhinji kazhinji 50 000 kana kuti kupfuura) norunyoro rwemibvunzo 2-5. Nemhaka yokuti nharidzano yacho haisi muunganidzwa wemashoko, vanofona havawanzopinduri; vanongopfuura nomumanyoro, vanodyara mbeu dzepanikiro kana kuti kusimbisa songaniro dzakanaka nomutsigiri.

Kushandisa Kukurudzira: Kushayisa Vana Tsika Dzinodiwazve

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidzira kunoshandisa rondedzero dzinoverengeka dzakasanogadzwa dzendangariro nedzekurukurirano. Kunzwisisa idzi gadziriro kunozivisa chikonzero nei dzinogona kuva dzinobudirira kwazvo, zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vasina kunyorwa zvakanaka kana kuti vasingapinduri mashoko akaderera.

Kupa Mubayiro: Kushandisa Shamwari Dzinoshanda

Kushatiswa kunoitika apo kuratidzirwa kupesvedzerwa nemhinduro inotevera. Mukunzverwa kwokumanikidzira, mibvunzo yakarongedzerwa kuita kuti mavara akati kana kuti misoro isvike zvikuru mundangariro dzavavhoti. Somuenzaniso, kuvhota kwokumanikidzira kungabvunza, kuti:

“ Ungagona here kana kuti kutongovhota nokuda kwaX kana ukaziva kuti Ambundi X akavhota achidzivisa kutsigira mari yavakarwa katatu?

Kunyange kana muvhoti asina kutongorangarira vagara nebasa sechinhu chokutanga, masimba emubvunzo ayo anobatanidza pamberi. Muvhoti ipapo anoyera X kupfurikidza neresioni iyoyo, kunyange kana kutaura kwacho kuri kutsausa kana kuti kubviswa mumashoko akapoteredza. Nzvero yakaitwa naIyengar naKinder (1987) yakaratidzira kuti kuzivisa kunogona kuchinja zvikuru mirangariro inoshandiswa navavhoti kuti vanzvere.

Kushandura: Kududzira Kupfurikidza Nebvunzo

Kuvhura kwokumanikidza kunoshandisa kunyora mashoko kuti aise nyaya kana kuti arwisani nenyaya. Funga nzira mbiri dzokubvunza nezvemuitiro mumwe chete:

  • [[FULT:0] Usatora rutivi: "Unotsigira kana kuti kushora kuwedzera mari shoma here?
  • Nhamba yokuvhota: "Munotsigira kana kuti kushora muitiro uyo nyanzvi dzezvemari dzinoti uchaparira mabhizimisi maduku kubvisa vashandi ndokukwidza mitengo nokuda kwavatengi here?

Mubvunzo wechipiri unoratidzira wedzero yemari shomanene pamusoro petapuro yayo inobvira yezvemari, inofuratira mhinduro. Kunyange kana muvhoti gare gare akaravazve kupesana, chinhu chokutanga chinogona kupfuurira /a chinozivikanwa se "tapuro inoparira."

Chokwadi Chechokwadi Chekungova Nacho Chenhema

Kuratidzirwazve kukutaura kunowedzera bviro yokuti kucharangarirwa sechokwadi, zvikurukuru apo manyuko ekutaura kwacho anokanganwika. Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinoratidzira vavhoti kumashoko asina kunaka kakawanda mudzimba dzakasiana - siana kana kuti kuridza nhambo. Kunyange kana muvhoti asingayeuki nokuziva kuvhota, songaniro pakati pomuvengi namavara akaipa inogona kuva yakadzika midzi. Ikoku kunowirirana nechakavanzika chezvokwadi inotapura.

Kurwisa Kwomurangariro uye Kwakaipa

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pamutauro unonyandura nepomero. Hasha, rutyo, uye funganyo vatyairi vane simba vevatano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo vavhoti vanonyandurwa nemirangariro, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanoronga mashoko anodzorwa nechakavanzika chamashoko (zvinoreva kuti vanotsamira pamirangariro yomudumbu panzvimbo pokunzvera kwokungwarira. Nzvero inosunda inokarakadza kuti munzveri anobatanidzwa munyadziso inogona kunyandura kuita kwemirangariro kunokurira kufunga kwokutsoropodza. Kana chitarwa chakashata chikabatanidzwa nomuvhoshori, kunogona kuva kwakaoma kubvisa ruramiso yezvokwadi.

Tapuro Pakuita Chisarudzo Chokugadzira Zvinhu: Ufakazi Nemuuyo

Nzvero dzokunzvera dzakasimbisa kuti kumanikidza kuvhota kunogona kuchinja vavariro dzokuvhota, zvikurukuru mumigariro yakati. Kuchinja kwetapuro dzemuitiro wakaipa (Lau et al., 2007) kwakawana kuti nepo muuyo wose wokushambadza kwakaipa uri une mwero, kunosunda kunzvera kukurudzira nemhaka yokuti kwakavanzwa uye kwakapiwa mumashoko akapoteredza uko kunoreva kusatora rutivi kwesayenzi.

Michina Yemashoko Isingarapiki uye Yakaderera

Kutsvakurudza nguva dzose kunoratidza kuti kumanikidza kuongorora kunoshanda zvikuru pamapoka maviri:

  1. Vavhoti vasina kutsarukana: Ava vanhu vari kutsvaka nokushingaira pamusoro pomutendi kuti ndiani angatsigira. Nzvero yokusunda iyo inogovera chimiro chakasimba chinokuvadza inogona kuderedza dzikamo, zvikurukuru kana muvhoti asina mashoko anopesana.
  2. Vavhoti vemashoko enhau: Vanhu vane zivo shoma yezvamatongerwe enyika vanotapurwa zvikuru nokushatisa miuyo. Pasina revo yakasimba yendangariro yokunzvera kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, vangagamuchira zvikarakadzo zvokupesvedzera zvekunzvera pachiso.

Imwe nzvero yakaitwa naGranberg naHolmberg (1996) yakawana kuti kuva pedyo nomubvunzo mumwe wokunzvera unomanikidzirwa pamusoro pomufambiro unofungidzirwa kuva usina kururama womubhadhari kwakachinja chisarudzo ne5 ne5 ne8 muzana pakati pevavhoti vasina kutenderwa. Musarudzo yapedyo, muganhu unogona kusarudza muuyo.

Migumisiro Yenhambo Refu: Kusimbisa uye Kuita Kuti Zvinhu Zvive Zvakawanda

Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinobatirawo kusimbisa zvimiro zvendangariro zviripo pakati pavatsigiri. Apo mutsigiri akazvipira waCandidate A anogamuchira kuvhota kwokusunda B, zvinosimbisa ndokukudza mirangariro yavo iripo. Uku kusimbisa kunoparira kutapura kupararira kwenzvimbo dzinogara dziripo. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuratidzirwazve kwokubudisa mashoko etsvina kubva munhimbe uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinogona kuderedza chivimbo mumuitiro wokusarudza umene.

Mienzaniso Yezvakaitika Kare Yokushatisa Vanhu Kunoshanda

Kunzwisisa nyaya dzakati kunobatsira kuratidza nzira dzadzinoshandisa uye zvadzinoita.

Chisarudzo chaMapurezidhendi weUnited States cha 2000

Mukati me2000 Republican primiry, nzvero dzakamanikidzirwa kurwisana naSenator John McCaine navasonganiri vaGavhuna George W. Bush. Voters muSouth Carolina vakagamuchira runhare runobvunza, kuti: “Kudai mungava bviro huru zvikuru yokuvhotera John McKain kana maiziva kuti akanga ava mwana mutema asina pamutemo? Mubvunzo wacho wakanongedzerwa kumwanasikana akaberekwa naMcCains anobva kuBangladesh. Kushorwa kwenhau yetsika dzapaburiri rapambu reroorano kwakanga kuri nhema, asi kuvadziko yakaitwa. McCain yakarondedzera gare gare gare se "chimiro chakaderera chezvamatongerwe enyika." Kunzvera kwakaparira kurasikirwa kwake muSouth Carolina huru, uko kwakagumisa chirongwa chake nenzira inobudirira.

2016 Breevenum Referendem

Nepo isiri sarudzo inosarudzwa, Brexit inoona kushandiswa kukuru kwemitoo yokukanda pombi kupfurikidza nezvose zviri zviviri nhimbe neNhambe. Voters vakagamuchira runhare dzaibvunza zvakadai: "Kudai waiziva kuti European Union inotumira mamirioni 350 pavhiki kuUK, uye kuti mari iyi ingagona kupedzerwa paNational Health Service panzvimbo pezvo, waizovhota kuti runhare rwama$350 000 000 000 000 000 kupfurikidza nenhaurobhoti yakashorwa zvikuru, asi kusundira tsvina bhii repeti repetroid condution consorictoo Fractive kuti afunge nezveEUUS sechite yeBritain. Kunzvera kwakaitwa neUKctoral Commism kwakawana kuti 38% yakagamuchira protofiti yeR.

Chisarudzo chaPurezidhendi weUnited States cha2016

Nzvero dzokuvhota dzakaita basa rinokosha musarudzo yapurezidhendi weU.S. Zvose zviri zviviri nhimbe huru namapoka ari kunze kwadzo aishandisa kuparadzira mashoko asina kunaka. Muenzaniso mumwe unocherekedza waibatanidza kunzvera mukunzvera kukuru unobvunza vavhoti pamusoro pezvinoitika zvokufungidzira zvinobatanidza utano hwaHillary Clinton. Nziyo dzaizobvunza kuti, "Ko iwe unonetseka here kuti Hillary Clinton ane mugariro wezvokurapa wakakomba unomudzivisa kubatira zvinobudirira? Yakanga yakavakirwa pamashoko asingadiwiriranwa, uye kubvunzazve kwoutano nhau huru semupimo wokuvhotera.

Kusarudzwa Kwehurumende yeCanada

MuCanada, nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa dzave dziri mudenho dzapamutemo. Mukati mesarudzo yehurumende ya 2015, Conservative Party yakapomerwa kushandisa kuvhota kuti vadenhe kudenha mutungamiriri weLiberal Justin Trudeau. Voters akashuma kugamuchira runhare rwakavamba ne "Tiri kunzvera pamusoro pemirangariro yenyu pamusoro peLiberal Party" uye ipapo yakabvunza kana vaizova vane bviro huru yokuvhotera kana vaiziva kuti Trudeau akakumbira kuti atsaure mitero yecarbon" kana kuti "atlest transfective transwo yaixokedzesaiti yemikoro yaTrudeau yeboka rapakati.

Kunetseka Nezvemaitiro: Chikonzero Nei Kumanikidza Kushatisa Kunoitwa Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Nevanhu

Kunzvera kwokumanikidza kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru yetsika pamusoro porudzi rwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika neperero yesarudzo.

Unyengeri uye Kubvumirana Nevanhu Vakadzidza

Kuputswa kwetsika kwehwaro kunyengera. Voters vanodavira kuti vari kutora rutivi mufundo yapamutemo. Havaudzwi kuti danidzo ikurukurirano, kana kuti havaziviswi nezvezivikanwo yorunhare. Ikoku kunoputsa nheyo yebvumiro yokuziva inodzora nzvero yetsika. American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) yakashurikidza zvakajeka kunzvera, ichitaura kuti havana kurongedzerwa kuwana mashoko asina kusiana neapo" uye kuti kushandisa kwavo "vhoterations commotion infeces in a Research."

Kupararira Kwemashoko Asina Kunaka

Nzvero dzokufeya-pfura idi renhema. Nemhaka yokuti hadzisi pasi pezvinodikanwa zvimwe chetezvo zvokunzvera kana kuti zvokushambadza sezvishambadzo, dzinogona kuparadzira kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kunotsausa pasina kuzvidavirira. Rudzi rweforesa rwefodyana rwunoreva kuti mashoko enhema anopiwa kwete senhau asi somubvunzo, kuchiita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuwirirana namanyuko. Apo vatori venhau kana kuti vacherekedzi veidi vanoedza kubvisa kunzvera kwokumanikidzira, kazhinji kazhinji havagoni kuziva kuti ndiani anoatsigira, sokushandisa kwavanoita masangano orunhare nezheko.

Kuderera Kwechivimbo Munzvero

Apo vavhoti vanoziva kuti mamwe "majee" chaizvoizvo nzira dzokutsigira nadzo, vanova vanodisa zvishoma kutora rutivi mukunzvera kwapamutemo. Mwero yemhinduro nokuda kwokuvhota kwechokwadi yakaderera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Mukuwirirana nePew Research, mwero yemhinduro dzenzvero dzerunhare yakaderera kubva pa 36% muna 1997 kusvikira ku 6% bedzi muna 2018. Kunzvera kwapamhinyidzano igovesa rimwe kuderera uku(h.voters) avo vakapiswa ne "svey" sezvingabvira kupindura foni dzomunguva yemberi dzakanzi kunzvera.

Kudzika Midzi: Kuedza Kuderedza Kushatisa

Kubudirira kwemitemo kunowanzoganhurirwa nedenho dzokuita kuti migariro ive yapamutemo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

United States

MuUnited States, kunzvera kwokumanikidzira hakusi kusiri kwapamutemo pachinhu chimwe asi kungaputsa mitemo yakati yokuzivisa. Dare Rapamusoro rakadzivirira kazhinji kazhinji kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kutsvikinyidzirana matope, muFirst Amendment.

  • Idaho: Zvinoda kuvhota zvinobatanidza kutaura kuti "iyi danidzo inobhadharwa ne [zita romutsigiri] uye iri kushandiswa kupesvedzera vhoti yako. Kutyora mutemo kunogona kuguma nokupoka kusina kufanira.
  • [[FLT: 0] New Jersey: Bheni rinodana kuti "kumirira rudzi rwedanidzo" kana kuti kukundikana kuzivisa kuzivikanwa kwesangano rinopa mari danidzo.
  • [Florida: Inoda kuti nzvero ipi neipi yorunhare ine chokuita nenhimbe yezvamatongerwe enyika inobatanidza zita romutsigiri nekero.

Pamwero womubatanidzwa, runhare Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) inoganhurira runhare runodzorwa nemotokari asi inohesvurira shanyo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Federal Communications Commission haina kukurukura zvakajeka nzvero dzinogombedzera.

Canada

Canada inemirau yakasimba zvikuru. Canada Radio-telect and TeNCOUTY Commission (CRTC) inoda kuti marobha ose ezvamatongerwe enyika abatanidze zita romutsigiri nenhamba dzinodzokororwa. Nhamba dzinofumura dzinokundikana kuzivisa rudzi rwadzo rwokuvhota dzinogona kuongororwa pasi peEcomments Act yeCanada. Muna 2018, kambani inonzi Racknine yakabiridzwa $.3 mamirioni nokuda kwebasa rayo mubharocallfalls idzo dzakaraira vavhotera kushamba zviteshi zvenharo zvinoshatisa zvisina kururama.

United Kingdom

MuUK, kunzvera kunowira pasi pe puraview of the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) kana ichida runhare dzinodzorwa. ICO yakarongera masangano aiita runhare rwokushambadzira rusiri pamutemo urwo rwakaita senzvero. Zvisinei, kunzvera kupenyu kwakaoma kudzora nemhaka yokushaikwa kwerondedzero yapamutemo. UKEctoral Commission yakakumbira kuti ajeke zvikuru mukutsigira zvematongerwe enyika asi haina kubudisa nhungamiro dzakananga pakunzvera kwokumanikidzira.

Australia

Australia’s Ancy Act neSpam Act zvinodzora nenzira isina kunanga kuvhota kwokumanikidza, asi hakuna mutemo wakatsaurirwa. Australian Electoral Commission inorumbidza kuti vavhoti vabate shanyo dzisina kukumbirwa nokungwarira, asi kuchengetwa kunoganhurirwa.

Kuzvidzivirira Kungaita Vatambi Vemari

Nepo chiito chokutungamirira chichikosha, dzidzo yomunhu oga muvhoti ichiri dziviriro inobudirira zvikurusa. Heino nzira dzinoshanda dzokuziva nokudzivisa kuvhota kwokumanikidza:

  • Anobvunza mibvunzo inoratidzira: Kana mushanyi akataura kuti ari kuitisa nzvero, kumbira zita rakazara refemu yenzvero, mutsigiri, uye donzo refundo. Mafthisi achagovera aya mashoko; kumanikidza vavhoti kazhinji kazhinji kucharembera kana kuti kupa mhinduro dzinovandika.
  • Tsvaka mutauro unotungamirira: Kana mibvunzo inobatanidza mashoko akashata pamusoro pomubhadhari kana kuti muitiro, zvikurukuru mashoko anoratidzika kuva anoyamurwa kana kuti anotukwa, sezvingabvira ibvunzo inomanikidzira. Vimba nemirangariro yako.
  • Usabatanidzwa mundangariro: Vavhoti vanorovedzwa kunyandura kuita kwakasimba. Kana uchinzwa kushatirwa kana kuti kukatyamadzwa nomubvunzo, mira ndokuzviyeuchidza umene kuti danidzo yacho sezvingabvira kuedza kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira.
  • Mushumo wenhetembo dzokunyumwira: MuUS, nyorai nyunyuto neFederal Trade Commission (FTC) kana kuti mumiriri mukuru wehurumende. MuCanada, nyorera CRTC. MuUK, mushumo kuICO. Kunyange kana kuisa mutemo panhambo nenhambo, nyunyuto dzinobetsera kuvaka chinyorwa chinogona kutungamirira kuchiito.
  • Shandisa maturusi anovhara mhando:[[FT:1] Mabasa akadai seNomorobo (US) kana kuti Hiya anogona kubetsera kusefa maruva anozivikanwa. Zvisinei, mavhozhokero mapenyu anotsikwa namapepa kubva kunhamba dzisingazivikanwi akaoma kuvhara.

Nguva Yemberi Yezvinhu Zvinoshatisa Munguva Yemadhigirii

Sezvo kushandisa nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa uye nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzichichinja mativi ose paIndaneti, kunzvera kwemichina kunochinja. Kuvhota kwemafoni nemagetsi zvinoratidzika semibvunzo yesocial media, kushambadza kweYouTube, kana kuti kunzvera mashoko. Miitiro mimwe cheteyo yendangariro(kudzosa, kudzokorodza, kudzokorodza, kudzokororwa kwejeresa) asi kusvika kunogona kuva kukuru zvikuru nokuisa micro duku. Masangano anogona kushandisa mapepa okuvhotera kuti aone vanhu vanokwanisa kukumbira nokuendesa purogiramu kupfurikidza neFacebook kana kuti email.

Ungwaru hwokugadzira hunopindawo mumufananidzo. Manzwi ane giramu anogona kufambisa zviuru zvemhete dzekusunungukira panguva imwe chete, achigadziridza manyoro akavakirwa pamhinduro dzekare dzomuvhoti kana kuti mamiriro okugara vanhu. Izvi zvinoita kuti kuwanikwa kuve kwakaoma zvikuru uye kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokubvuma uye kuvanza mashoko.

Vadzori vari kuparapatika kuti vachengetedze. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) inoisa mitemo yakaoma pakushandiswa kwemashoko omunhu oga nokuda kwokunyora, izvo zvinogona kuganhurira mimwe miitiro yokudzinga. Zvisinei, kudzikamisa miganhu kunoramba kwakaneta. Democracy iri kudzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakasununguka nepo kudzora kunyengera. Sezvinosunda kunzvera kunova kwakakwirira zvikuru, kudikanwa kwokuziva vanhu vose, kusimba kwemichina inodhirowirira mberi, uye murairo unochinjika hausati watongova mukuru.

Mugumisiro: Chinyararire Chinoitwa Nemunhu Achiziva

Kunzverwa kwokuvhota kwokumanikidzira hakusi chinhu chinonetsa zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika; inzira yamaune, youfakazi yokushatisa kuvhota. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa fungidziro dzamano nokubvisa mashoko okunzvera, zvinoderedza kunaka kwehurukuro yavose uye zvinoshatisa migumisiro yemiuyo yechisarudzo. Nepo mirau mune dzimwe nyika inogovera mishonga mishoma, dziviriro huru inofanira kuva munzveri anozivikanwa. Vatambi vanonzwisisa mano okuedza kuvhota havangatongodzorwa navo. Sezvo mutsetse pakati pokuvhota kwapamutemo uye kupfupikisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika unopfupikisazve mifungo munhambo yemitengo yemitengo yetsika, nhungamiro yehurumende yechisarudzo yapachena yakasununguka neyokuziva kunofanira kuva mumano edu anozivikanwa nokumanikidzwa kuona kupfurikidza nokumanikidzwa.

[[[FRANT:0] kuravazve:[