Kuzvimirira mudare inheyo yetsika ipi neipi yemitemo inotsvaka kupa ruramisiro pasina rutyo kana kuti nyasha. Munzvimbo yegakava renyika yose rekuranga nokukakavadzana kwezvokutengeserana, iyi nheyo inova yakakomba zvikuru nemhaka yokuti bvumirano dzokupfuura nomuganhu dzinotsamira pagadziriro yedare yakangurirwa uye isina ruramisiro. Apo matare anoshanda asingadzorwi nedzosero rezvamatongerwe enyika, kumanikidza kwemari, kana kuti shanje yesangano, anosimbisa kuvimbika kwezvibvumirano zvokunyoresa uye kumanikidzirwa kwevaro. Nyaya inonzvera pesvedzero huru yokuzvimirira mukutonga pakurwisana kwamarudzi ose uye gakavadzano dzezvo zvokutengeserana, zvinetso zvinoityisidzira, uye nhano dzinodikanwa kudzivirira iri varatisingwi vomutemo.

Kunzwisisa Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Mumashoko Ane Mhaka Amarudzi Ose

Kuzvimirira kwedare kunoreva kuti vatongi nematare vanoita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo chete uye pamaidi enhau, pasina kudzongonyedzwa namamwe mapazu ehurumende, fariro dzomunhu oga, kana kuti murangariro wavose. Mukutonga kwamarudzi ose, matare anoita basa chairo asi rinokosha: anotsigira muitiro wokuisa nokumanikidza kumativi kupfurikidza nokubvumirana kuita kudaro, kupfurikidza nokugadza kana kuti kudenha vaparidzi, uye zvinokosha zvikurusa, kupfurikidza nokubvuma nokushandisa nokuisa vagamuchiri vemitemo. Pasina kuzvimirira kwechokwadi, aya mabasa anotsigira anogona kuva zvombo zvokudzivisa panzvimbo pezvishandiso zvokutonga.

Kuiswa kwezvokutengeserana kwenyika yose kwakavakirwa panheyo yezvigaro zvebato nekariro yokuti matare enyika acharemekedza ndokuita kuti bvumirano yamativi ive yapamutemo. Iyi donzo rinosimbiswa mu New York Convention on the Rectance and Inforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1988), iyo yakatenderwa nenyika dzinopfuura 170. Chibvumirano chinoda matare enyika kusimbisa zvibvumirano zvokuendesa kubvumirano uye matura kunze kwokunge, zvikonzero zvakateverwa zvishoma zvokuramba kuvapo. dare risati razvimirira — somuenzaniso, chimwe chinovakirwa kukuda kufarirwa nehurumende yehurumende kana kuti sangano renyika — ringaramba nenzira isina kufanira, gadziriro yose inodzorwa.

Kuzvimirira kwedare kunotapurawo mwero wezvichapindira nawo matare mumatare okutonga. Mumagariro umo vatongi vakazvimirira, matare anowanzogamuchira chimiro chisiri chekupindira, kubvumira vatongi kuti vadzore muitiro wacho ndokuita zvisarudzo. Vanoongorora mibayiro bedzi nokuda kwokururamisira nokuteerera mutemo wavose. Nenzira yepokupesana, munyika umo vatongi vakaneta kana kuti vanodzorwa, matare anganzwa asimbiswa kuti adzorerezve kunaka kwenyaya yacho, kuendesa kumitoro inononoka, kana kuti kuisa mibairo parutivi rwokudzivirira fariro dzomunzvimbomo. Tsika dzakadaro dzinobvisa chivimbo muhurumende sechigaro chebato revorbitairv nerventissssssss.

Kokorodzano yeNew York Nokutsamira Kwayo Pamatare Anozvimirira

New York Convention mutoro wakakomba wokusimbisa matura edare renyika. Chikamu V chinoronga zvikonzero zvakagarira apo kuzivikanwa nokuchengetwa kungarambwa, zvakadai sokuva pasina simba redare, kusashanda kwebvumirano, kushayikwa kwechiremera chakafanira, kana kuti kunyanyopiwa chiremera nedare. Zvikurukuru, dare harigoni kuramba kubvumira nemhaka bedzi yokuti haribvumirani nezvakawanwa nevanopa dare kana kuti mhedziso dzepamutemo. dare rakazvimirira richashandisa iyi nheyo nenzira yakajeka; dare rinotsamira pamunhu ringavashandisa kupfuurira kutsigira mutemo mukuda kwebato womunzvimbomo.

Somuenzaniso, muitiro wavose unosimudzirwa muChikamu V(2) (b) pane dzimwe nguva unoshatiswa nematare muhurumende dzakazvimirira zvishoma kuti arambe kuchengetwa kwemibairo inorwisana nemirangariro isina kujeka yefariro yezvemari kana kuti yezvamatongerwe enyika. dare rakasununguka zvirokwazvo richada kuputswa kwepfungwa hurusa dzetsika neruramisiro pamberi pokukumbira mutemo wavose. International pose pose reC (IC) racherekedza kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakadaro iitiro inokura, uye [[FLT:] NHAUTRALT RALT del Applity del [ inokurudzira kuronga mutemo wavo wokuvara pamutemo nemiitiro yakanakisisa yokutonga yamarudzi ose kugona kuderedzwa.

Sangano ramamwe mativi: [[Ntodzi] New York Convention yapamutemo uye [[FTL:2] REART LATES DEFAULTR LATED DEFTRAL paSCIRTRANT [.

Chikonzero Nei Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Kuchiitirwa Nharo Dzokutengeserana Kupfuura Kutongwa

Kunyange apo masangano anosarudza kusasarudza kutora, kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunokosha zvikuru mumashoko ezvokutengeserana. Mabhizimisi anoisa mari kana kuti kupinda muzvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose anoda vimbiso yokuti kana gakava rikamuka, matare omunzvimbomo achasarudza mhaka yacho yakavakirwa pamutemo noufakazi — kwete nemhaka yedzvinyiriro yehurumende, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti chizivano chedzinza. Kuzvitonga kwakasimba kunoderedza ngozi yokuburitswa, kunyoreswa kweropa, uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka, izvo zvinokurudzirawo kutengeswa kwakananga kwemari neshambadzo.

Nzvero nguva dzose dzinoratidza batano yakanaka pakati pekuzvimirira kwokutonga nokukura kwezvemari. project yeNyika yeMutongi (WJP) Mutemo weIndex yoMutemo inoyera ukuru uhwo matare akasununguka mupesvedzero isina kufanira. Nyika dzinowana mari yakawanda pamusoro peidzi dzinoda kukwezva mari yakawanda, dzinofarikanya mutengo wakaderera, uye mamiriro ezve zvokutengeserana akatsiga zvakadzikama. Nhando dzakaderera zvikuru dzinotambura nendyiko dzakaderera dzedare dzinotambura nendyiko huru, sezvo mapati anofanira kupinda mukushanda nesimba kwakafanira, kuraira kuwedzerwa kuchengetwa kwemitengo yomunyika dzakawanda kuti adzivise matare omunzvimbomo.

Mukakavadzano dzezvokutengeserana, kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunotapurawo kuchengetwa kwebvumirano nekodzero dzezvinhu. dare rinogona kumanikidzwa kubvisa chibvumirano nemhaka yechinjo mugadziriro yehurumende kana kuti kudzivirira mukwiridzirirwi akabatana nezvamatongerwe enyika rinosekesa mutemo. Kusagadzikana kwakadaro kunodzongonyedza ukama hwebhizimisi hwenguva refu uye kunoita kuti zviome kuti makambani arote. judicapia yeIndement inoumba mwero wokutamba umo mapoka edzimba neokunze kwenyika ane mukana wakaenzana wokuwana ruramisiro.

Kutapura Kuvimba Nemari Kunoitwa Nokuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Chivimbo chemari chinovakirwa pakufanosarudzwa. Kana kambani ikasaidza chibvumirano chokuedza kwenhengo imwe, kutengesa bhizimisi, kana kuti chibvumirano chokugovera, zvinovimba chose kuti gadziriro yemitemo yenyika inopa mugamuchiri ichagovera mushonga kana maburi akabatana. Muhurumende nematare akazvimirira, chivimbo ichocho chinosanoiswa. Mune dzimwe, vatengi vangaraira mashoko okubvisa chigaro chisina kubatana nemitemo, kana kuti angaomerera painishuwarenzi yengozi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

International Centre for Settlement of Investicement Disputes inobata nharo dzevachavedzeri vomubatanidzwa wehurumende pamibatanidzwa yemijenya. Kuzvimirira kwehurumende kunowanzova chinhu chinokosha mukusarudza kana mutengi achasarudza kuronda kana kuti kutsvaka chisarudzo mumatare omunzvimbomo. Kunyange apo kubatanidzwa kunowanika, kunaka kwenhau dzedare romunzvimbomo nemhaka yokuti matare angakumbirwa kumanikidza zvitedzo zveICSID kana kuti kuziva mabhadharo. Chikochi chinoitwa somutengidzo wenhau yose yenhau.

Zvinetso Zvokuzvitonga Mukutonga Nokutengesa

Kunzwisisa matambudziko aya kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei mamwe masangano achinzi ndiwo anonyanya kudiwa kana mamwe achirambidzwa.

Kupindira Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kudzongonyedza kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvimwe ityisidziro yakananga zvikuru. Mune dzimwe nyika, vatarisiri vebazu vanodzora kugadzwa kwedare, kusimudzirwa kwemari, mabhajeti, uye kunyange migove yenhau. Vatongi vanotonga mukurwisana nehurumende kana kuti mabhizimisi ane simba anoparira kubviswa, kutamiswa, kana kuti kuderedzwa kwomubhadharo. Iyi vhiringidzo inogona kuoneka munhau dzinodzorwa umo hurumende kana kuti sangano rehurumende riri mubato. Matare pasi pedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika angaramba kumanikidza kunonotsa kunonotswa kwehurumende, kubvumira kunyanyononoka kwehurumende, kana kuti kunyange kubvisa mibairo panzvimbo dzinopanikiridzwa.

Somuenzaniso, mumigariro yezvemari inoverengeka iri kubuda, matare ave achizivikanwa kuva anoderedza zvibvumirano zvokusabvumirana pazvikonzero zvokuti gakava rinobatanidza fariro yavose rinogona bedzi kunzwiwa mumatare omudzimba. zvisarudzo zvakadaro kazhinji kazhinji zvinosundwa nezvamatongerwe enyika ndokurwisana nemisengwa yamarudzi ose muNew York Convention. Muuyo ndowokuti mapoka okumwe anova anongwarira kuwirirana namasangano ehurumende ari munyika idzodzi, achiganhurira bhizimisi nemari inotengwa.

Uori Muimba Yevateereri

Panenge pachiitwa nyaya dzokuita kuti pave neuori, vatongi vangadawo kupiwa mubayiro kana kuti kubhadharwa kuti vadzorere mutemo.

Ushati hwedare hunowanzobatanidzwa netarisiro isina simba yesangano, mibayiro yakaderera, uye kushaikwa kwokuona. Nhamburiko dzokurwisa ushati dzinobatanidza kutangwa kwemitemo yetsika dzedare, kuvandudza zvivako, uye kushandisa gadziriro dzenhau dzinogoverwa. World Bank Broup’s Doeting Business mishumo yakasimbisa kuti kujeka nokuzvimirira mujudia kunowirirana nokurerutsira zvibvumirano nokupedza rugwaro.

Kushaikwa Kwezviwanikwa Zvokutonga Nerovedzo

Chinosaoneka asi chinokuvadza zvakaenzana kushaikwa kwezviwanikwa nerovedzo. Kunyange vatongi vanosanorangarirwa havagoni kushanda nenzira inobudirira kana vasina maraibhurari apamutemo, gadziriro dzokutonga, tsigiro yokudzora, kana kuti dzidzo inopfuurira. Munyika zhinji, vatongi vanobata nekakavadzano dzezvokutengeserana nenhau dzokuparadza havana kujairana neNew York Convention, UNCITRAL Model Law, kana kuti misiyano yemitengo yamarudzi ose. Iyi zivo inogona kutungamirira kukuchinja kana kuti kukanganisa zvisarudzo zvenhema izvo zvinosekesa muitiro wokubatanidza.

Kupfuurirazve, kunyanyoshorwa kunotungamirira kukunyanyowandisa kwemhosva nokunonoka kukuru. Munzvimbo umo kunoda makore kuti vawane chisarudzo chedare pakushandiswa kwakapfava kwokudzikamisa, kushanda zvakanaka kwokuisa kunoitwa kunoitwa. Zvibvumirano zvingasarudza nokuda kwokuvanza asi ipapo zvinozviwana zvimene zvaiswa muhondo dzenguva refu dzedare pakutsvaka kuzivikanwa nokuchengetwa.

Yakabatana yokunze: World Justice Project Rulation of Law Index.

Mirangariro Yakasiana - siana: Nzira Yakasiana - siana Yakasiana - siana Yava Kusvika Nayo Kuzvimirira Kworutongeso

Kuzvimirira mukutonga hakusati kuri pfungwa imwe yakaenzana. Kunooneka nenzira yakasiana mumutemo wavose namagamuchidzanwa omutemo wavagari vemo, munyika dzehurumende dzinorwisana neboka, uye munyika dzine mwero yakasiana- siyana yokukura kwesangano.

Mitemo Yavose

Mumitemo inozivikanwa navose yakadai seUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye Australia, kuzvitonga kunodzivirirwa nenzira yegamuchidzanwa muupenyu (kana kuti kumira kusvikira zera rokurega basa rapapatipatimei), mibhadharo yakadzivirirwa, uye tsika dzakasimba dzokudzivisa dare. Matare munyika idzi anowanzoratidza kuva anononotsa zvikuru zvibvumirano zvokusawirirana uye mibayiro. Zvinopindira bedzi muzvinoitika zvetsika dzakakomba dzekusashanda kwemari kana kuti apo chiremera chinoshaikwa nenzira yakajeka. Tsika yakasimba yokuzvimirira kwedare munyika idzodzi ino inoita kuti dzive zvigaro zvakakurumbira zvezvigaro zvamarudzi ose (g., London, New York, Singapore, sechiwitsi.).

Miitiro Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo

Nyika dzemitemo yavagari vemo dzakadai seFrance, Germany, uye Switzerland dzinokoshesawo kuzvimirira kwokutonga, asi gadziriro yacho inowanzobatanidza dare rebasa uko vatongi vanonyoreswa nokusimudzirwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yapakati. Muhurumende dzakawanda dzehurumende dzehurumende, vatongi vanosanoziva nhau dzezvokutengeserana kana kuti kudzorwa, uye vanoita basa guru mukutarisira nhau dzokutonga, zvikurukuru mukuronga nhau. Kunyange zvakadaro, apo vakazvimirira, matare aya akavimbika zvakaenzana mukubatira mibairo. Somuenzaniso, France, inozivikanwa nokuda kwomutemo wayo wenhau yeshamwari, uye Dare rokukwidza muParis rine mukurumbira wokutsigira masuruvara kunze kwokuputswa kwomuitiro wapachena.

Kubatanidza uye Kuchinja Kwemari

Zvemari zhinji dziri kubuda dziri kushanda kusimbisa kuzvimirira kwedare sorutivi rwechinjo huru dzapamutemo. Nyika dzakadai seSingapore, United Arabhu Emirates (Dubai International Financial Center Courts), uye Rwanda dzakaita nhano huru mukutanga matare ezvokutengeserana anozvimirira ayo anonyandura chivimbo. Idzi zviremera kazhinji kazhinji zvinogamuchira mutemo wakananga wokusarudza noushamwari, kuvamba mapoka akaparadzana ezvokutengeserana navatongi vakarovedzwa, uye kushandisa matanho okudzivisa uori akasimba. Muuyo wacho ibasa rinowedzerwa semibato yokuzvishandira.

Mukupesana, nyika umo chinjo dzakadzora kana kuti kushandura — kungava nemhaka yenyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika, njodzi yemari, kana kuti kushata kwesangano — dzinoona kuderera mubhizimisi rinowirirana. Vavengi vokumwe vanozengurira kupinda muzvibvumirano zvenhambo refu, uye zvibvumirano zvokurangana zviripo zvinodenhwa mumatare omunzvimbomo. Musiyano mumiuyo unosimbisa kuti kuzvitonga hausi mugariro wakananga asi kunoda kungwarira nokuvandudza nguva dzose.

Kusimbisa Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nokuda Kwechisarudzo Chiri Nani

Achifunga nezvokuti kuzvitonga kwainyanya kukonzerwa nokutonga kwemarudzi akawanda uye kukakavadzana kwezvokutengeserana, vanotarisira kugadziriswa kwetsika dzepamutemo munyika yose — hurumende, masangano enyika yose, masangano anochengetedza mabhii, uye masangano ezvemasangano evatongi — vanofanira kutora matanho okudzivirira nokuwedzera rusununguko.

Kuchinja Kwemitemo Nemasangano

Nyika dzinofanira kugamuchira zvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo kana kuti pamutemo zvokuzvimirira, kubatanidza kuchengeteka, kupiwazve kwakakwana nekwakadzivirirwa, uye mitemo yakajeka yokubvisa bedzi nokuda kwomufambiro wakakomba kana kuti kuparadzwa. Dare roRudzi rinotarisira kugadzwa, kusimudzirwa, uye chirango zvinofanira kuumbwa nemuvhenganiswa wevatongi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye mitezo yakatarwa kudzivisa kubatwa nebazu rimwe ripi neripi rehurumende.

Matare ezvokutengeserana chaiwo kana kuti makamuri okuranga anogonawo kubetsera. Apo vatongi vanobata nhau dzezvokutengeserana nedzokubvisa vanowana rovedzo yapachinetso paNew York Convention, UNCITRAL Model Law, uye miitiro yakanakisisa mugadziro yamarudzi ose, vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kushandisa mutemo zvakarurama uye nenzira isingachinjiki. Zvirongwa zvokurovedza zvakadaro zvakatangwa ne Arcation Court yeArbitation[[[FL:1]] neDare renyika yose reArbitation (LC) [FLT] mubatira pamwe neyapamutemo yomunzvimbomo.

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Kupa mitongo paIndaneti, kushandisa mitongo yemhosva, uye kuramba vachipa mirayiridzo yepamhene zvinogona kuderedza mikana yokuita uori uye kupesvedzera zvematongerwo enyika.

Masangano enyika dzakawanda anogona kuita basa rinotsigira. hofisi yeUnited Nations paMirimo neCrime (UNITC) inogovera betsero yebasa nokuda kwezvirongwa zvokutonga kuvimbika. World Bank [[] zvirongwa zvemari zvinosimbisa kutonga kwemasangano emitemo, kazhinji kazhinji nezvinoumba mativi akavakirwa parusununguko rwedare nechisarudzo chenhau dzezvokutengeserana.

Basa Renzanga Yokubvisa

Masangano eArbitral, mafemu emitemo, uye vashandisi vemakambani okunyoresa vanogonawo kusimudzira kuzvimirira kwokutonga. Vanogona kutsigira nokuda kwokuchinja mitemo, kutsigira dzidzo yokutonga, uye kusarudza zvigaro zvokugara zvakavakirwa pasati pakuvadziko bedzi asiwo pakuzvimirira kunoratidzirwa kwedare romunzvimbomo. Kubudisa mishumo pamusoro pokuva shamwari yehurumende dzakasiana - siana — kubatanidza bvunzurudzo dzekuzvimirira kwedare — kunobetsera kutungamirira bhizimisi kunzvimbo dzinotsigira mutemo.

Uyezve, mapoka anogona kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza kumanikidza muhurumende nechinyorwa chakabvumikiswa chokuzvimirira. apo chigaro chokutora nzvimbo chinowana mukurumbira wokupindira kwedare, mauto ebhizimisi pakupedzisira achadzvinyirira simba iroro rokuchinja kana kuti kurasikirwa nebhizimisi.

mhedziso

Kuzvimirira mukutonga hakusati kuri hako nheyo yemitemo inopfuura yendangariro; kudikanwa kunoshanda kwokushanda kwekutsinhira kwamarudzi ose nechisarudzo chakarurama chekakavadzano dzezvokutengeserana. matare eependero anomanikidzira zvibvumirano zvokutora mhaka neturo sezvinobvumiranwa, anoramba kutsiva chisarudzo chawo amene nokuda kwevatongi kunze kwezvikonzero zvakaganhurirwa, uye anogovera nzanga yokusatora rutivi nokuda kwokuzvinyimira kwezvokutengeserana apo kusingashandiswi. Anoita kuti bhizimisi rive, mari shoma inotengwa, uye kusimudzira mhoteredzo yokuvimbwa nayo inokosha nokuda kwokutengeserana kwenyika yose.

Bva kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunoramba kuri mutyisidziro inobva mukuperevedza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, ushati, uye manyuko. Kukusimbisa kunoda mutoo wakasiana- siyana: chinjo dzapamutemo, chivako chokuvakwa kwezvirongwa, dzidzo yokutonga, uye kuvimbisana kwokushingaira kunoitwa nenzanga inopa mibatanidzwa yamarudzi ose. Sezvo kutengeserana kunoramba kuchiitwa munyika yose, kunaka kweruramisiro kunopiwa nematare enyika kuchasarudza nenzira inowedzera kana mabhizimisi anosarudza kuyambuka miganhu. Kudzivirira kuzvitonga imari imari mune remangwana rebatira pamwe chetero yenyika yose uye mutemo.