Gadziriro huru dzezvirongwa zvokuvhota dzinoumba nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, kubva kuUnited Kingdom neCanada kusvikira kuIndia neUnited States. Iyi mibatanidzwa inotusa vawirirani vanowina mavhoti makurusa muruwa, kazhinji kazhinji vachibudisa hurumende dzakasimba. Asi nokuda kwenzanga dzakaganhurirwa (maruwa maduku, vanhu vomunzvimbomo, mapoka ane urombo mune zvemari, uye mamwe marudzi enhau ari pasi pemiganhu yezvizvarwa) zvinogona kuva zvakasiana zvikuru. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo mikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika inopesvedzera sei bvumirano yezvematongerwe enyika kunoda kusanonzvera kana kuti kudzosa manzwi aavo vanotogona kusimudzira kana kuti kutodzvinyirira manzwi eavo vari pamicheto micheto micheto.

Kurondedzera Masangano Ezvikepe Zvikuru

Miitiro yavanasarudzo vakuru ndiiyo umo muvhoti kana kuti mubato anowana chigaro. Chimiro chinozivikanwa zvikurusa ndechokutanga chenyika, chinoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe. Zvimwe mativi anobatanidza gadziriro yemativi maviri (muFrance nasarudzo dzakawanda dzapurezidhendi) uye chisarudzo chakasiana (chinoshandiswa muAustralia nokuda kweimba yakaderera). Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, nheyo huru ndeyokuti muwani anotora chigaro, uye vanorasikirwa nedariro (kunyange avo vanowana mugove mukuru wevhoti) havagamuchiri ratidziro inobva muruwa irworwo.

Chimiro ichi chinopesana zvikuru nokumirira kwakaenzana, uko zvigaro zvinogoverwa kumativi pachivakira pavhoti dzawo munyika yose kana kuti munharaunda. vatsigiri vegadziriro huru dzinotaura kuti dzinoparira hurumende dzakatsiga, kuzvidavirira kwakajeka, uye batano yakananga pakati pavamiriri vavo.Vatsoropodzi vanoonesa kuti kazhinji kazhinji vanokatutsira rukundo rwebato gurusa, vachisiya mativi maduku uye vachiparadzira fariro pasina inzwi remitemo.

Mativi makuru esangano anotapura nzanga dzakaderedzwa anobatanidza urefu hworuwa (zvikurukuru chigaro chimwe paruwa rumwe), mutambo wokuwina (muukuru kana kuti voruzhinji), uye kuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo kwevokuvhota. Apo nzanga inenge isina kukura zvakakwana kuumba voruzhinji muruwa rupi norupi (kana kuti apo mitezo yayo inoparadzirwa muruwa rwakawanda) kwakaoma zvikuru kusarudza mumiriri kubva munzanga iyoyo pasi pemiraudzo mikuru.

Michina Yokuparadza Pasi Pemitemo Yakawanda

Kusarura kwegadziriro dzegadziriro dzezvigaro zvinovakwa kunoparira zvipingamupinyi zvinoverengeka nokuda kwamapoka akaganhurirwa.

Mukundi Anotora Zvose Nechinetso Chokunangidzira Pfungwa Panzvimbo Yenzvimbo Yepasi

Muruwa rumwe chete, boka rinoda kuva voruzhinji vavagari voruwa rwacho kana kuti kuumba mubatanidzwa mukuru wakakwana kukunda. Nokuda kweboka rakaparadzirwa munharaunda yakasiyana- siyana (kwakadai senzanga yedzinza rediaspora yakapararira munyika yose) kungada kusava kunobvira kuisa pfungwa pavhoti dzakakwana muruwa rupi norupi kuti vasarudze mudariro revamiririri vavo vamene. Kunyange apo boka duku rinosanoiswa misoro maruwa mashomanene, mufananidzo weboka rose murumbidzo uchabviswa nenhamba yamaruwa iwayo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukusawirirana kwakakomba pakati peboka ravagari vemo vomunyika imwe chete ndokugoverana nechigaro charo charo.

Kutungamirira Kwakarongwa uye “Mutongi Wezvakaipa Zviviri”

Vapindi vanobva munzanga dzakaderedzwa kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nechinetso chakaoma. Kana mudaviri wavo kana kuti mubato asingabviri kuhwina, vanganzwa vachimanikidzirwa kuvhota kuti mubhadhari anoshanda zvikuru adzivise muuyo unotova wakatoipisisa. Ichi chinoitika, chinozivikanwa sechokuvhota chakakodzera kana kuti chemazano, chinowanzoodza mwoyo kuratidzirwa kwezvido zvechokwadi zvamatongerwe enyika. Pachinodzokororwazverwa pasarudzo dzakawanda, chinogona kuderedza chivimbo mumuitiro wedemo wedemocracy ndokuparira pfungwa yokuti kuvhota chinongova chiito chokuzvidzivirira panzvimbo pokuzvidira.

Migumisiro Inovhiringidza Yokudzvinyirira Nokuodza Mwoyo

Nhamburiko dzenhau nedzenguva ino dzokuganhurira maruramiro okuvhota() kupfurikidza nemitemo yomuvhoti, kubviswa kwemivhoti, kuderedza nzvimbo dzinovhota, kana kuti kurasha kwepaburi retsono (dai kudzorwa) kudzosa nzanga dzakaderedzwa pamwero wakakwirira. Mumitengo miduku, kunyange kuderera kuduku mumuvhoti pakati peboka rakati kunogona kusarudza kana boka iroro richiwana chigaro kana kuti rawira pasi. Nemhaka yokuti zvigaro hazvitsaurwi zvakaganhurirwa pamwero, kudzvinyirira zviuru zvishomanene zvevhoti muruwa runokosha zvinogona kuva netapuro yemiriro yose yenzanga iyoyo.

Ruwa uye Gerrymandering

Mumiganhu yezvirongwa zvikuru, kudhindwa kwemiganhu yeruwa yevhota chishandiso chine simba. Gerrymandering.Preminding jects yokuda rimwe boka kana kuti boka, zvinobatanidza vavhoti mumidungwe maruwa mashoma (kuisa vhoti dzavo mumaruwa mashoma ane miganhu mizhinji) kana kuti kuatsemura muruwa rwakawanda (kubatanidza pesvedzero yavo). Nepo kushandura kunorwisana nepesvedzero kunowanika mune dzimwe nzvimbo, muitiro unoramba uri wapamutemo uye wakapararira mudzimwe nzvimbo, unoderedza zvakananga mano enzanga dzakanatswa kutsaura vamiririri vadzo vadzo vanodiwa.

Migumisiro Yebatanidzwa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Apo vanhu vanoona kuti vhoti yavo ine ukoshi hushoma nemhaka yegadziriro yavavhoti, kubatanidzwa kwavo nezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kutambura munzira dzinodavirika. Miuyo yacho haisati iri yakafanana(dzimwe nzanga dzinodavidza nokutsiga) asi kurasika kwegadziriro yemitemo ndekwechokwadi.

Kuchinja Kwezvinzvimbo Zviduku Nevhiringidziko Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nzvero inoratidzira nguva dzose kuti muvhoti akaderera mugadziriro huru kupfuura mumasangano emibatanidzwa, uye kuti mukaha unotaurwa zvikurukuru pakati pamapoka akachekererwa. Apo vanhu vanobva muidzi nzanga vanorangarira kuti kutora rutivi kwavo hakuwanzochinji miuyo yesarudzo, vangaisa mukati pfungwa yokusava namaturo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kudenderedzwa rakaderera, hurumende isingagamuchiriki, kubvisazve shanje, uye kuregeredzwa kwezvinodikanwa zvenzanga zvinoda kuitwa navazvioni savavhoti vanotsunga.

Kudzokera Kukunyunyuta Nokutora Rutivi Rwoupfambi

Mapoka anenge asingadi kubatana anoshandisa simba rawo rezvematongerwo enyika kunze kwenzvimbo dzinosarudzwa vanhu.

Kuregeredzwa Kwokuregeredzwa Kwomutemo

Apo nzanga dzakaderedzwa dzisingamirirwi mukuwirirana nenhamba dzadzo, mitemo inokamuraniswa uye inoisirwa mudzimba dzemitemo inowanzoratidzira zvokutanga zvamapoka anowina sarudzo. Somuenzaniso, nzanga dzomunharaunda muCanada neAustralia dzakaona kare kodzero dzadzo dzenyika, kuchengetedzwa kwetsika, uye zvinodikanwa zvegarikano zvakabviswa mumitemo mikuru. Kushaikwa kwemienzaniso inorondedzerwa neinoratidzirwa yenzanga inogoverana mamiriro ezvinhu ekare nezvinoitika zvenzanga. (hkazhinji kazhinji nzanga miraudzo inoyera nomufananidzo wakaderera wetsika mumiuyo.)

Migumisiro Yendangariro: Kugona Kudzidza Nokuvimba

Chinodzivisa chikuru chokuvimbisana zvematongerwe enyika ndechomukati uye kunze kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika,() chitendero chokuti munhu anogona kunzwisisa zvamatongerwe enyika uye kuti hurumende inogamuchira vagari vemo. Gadziriro dzevatongi dzinogona kukuvadza vose vari vaviri. Apo vavhoti vanozviisa pasi vanoona vadaviri varashikirwa nenzanga yavo vachionazve pasinei zvapo nokuwana makumi ezviuru amavhoti, vangagumisa kuti tsika inorwisana navo. Kuvimba nehurumende imugumisiro wakananga, uye inoumba zvizvarwa zvinopfuura zvizvarwa.

Fundo Dzemhosva: Migariro Yakaganhurirwa Muruwa Rwenyika Dzavatungamiriri

Misha yeAfrica yeAmerica neLatino muUnited States

United States inoshandisa zvisarudzo zvenguva yakapfuura zvemitemo mizhinji, yakabatanidzwa namaruwa ane mitezo imwe. Pasinei zvapo neVoting Rights Act ya1965, iyo inorambidza miitiro yokupa mhosva uye inoda masimba akati kuti kuumba maruwa, nzanga dzeAfrica neLatino dzichiri kutarisana nokusarurwa. Kukwira kwevhoti yemitengi inodzorwa nemitemo yemavhoti kwatapura zvikuru mapoka aya. Mune 2020, somuenzaniso, Black Poctoice yakanga iri nhambo duku zvikuru yokushuma zvinetso pakuvhota. Nepo maruwa mazhinjisa ose akabetsera kuvhotera zvikuru vatsvaki veruvarara, ivowo vanoisa ngwariro kutsika dzaava vanhu muchiverengero chakaganhurirwa, vachiita zvakaoma zvikuru kupesvedzera kupfurikidza.

Vanhu vemo muCanada

Gadziriro yokutanga-kare-kare yetsika dzetsika dzakareverwa munhau nzanga dzeIndaunzi. Kunyange zvazvo nhamba yemitezo yevagari vemo veParamende yawedzera mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, ichiri kunonozeka shure kwegoverano yeIndivation yevagari vemo. Geographic inoshambadzira chinhu chikuru: vanhu vazhinji vemo vanogara mumaruwa namaruwa ari kure, asi vasina kukwana kuumba voruzhinji mumitanho mizhinjisa. Sarudzo yehurumende 2021 yakaratidzira chinyorwa chaICOMFRANS, asi muganhu wemitengi inosara. Vamwe vatsigiri veIGroery vanodana nokuda kwechinjo inosarudzwa, zvakadai sezvigaro zvokuganhurirwa kana kuti zvigaro zvakatsaurirwa, kusimbisa manzwi avo nguva dzose.

Uduku Hwemadzinza muUnited Kingdom

MuUK, mapoka amadzinza mashoma anowedzera kuiswa ngwariro mumibatanidzwa yemataundi, iyo yakavabvumira kusarudza nhamba inokura yamaMP. Zvisinei, nzanga dzose dzinomirira dzinza reBlack, Asia, uye shomanene (BME) dzichiri kuperevedza chiverengero chavagari vadzo vomunyika. Tsika yokutanga yetsika dzekare dzinomirira mapoka makuru maviri napasi pemapati maduku anowanzokwezva vavhoti. Somuenzaniso, Liberal Democrates naGreen Party vanogamuchira mugove muduku zvikuru wezvigaro zvavo kupfuura zvibvumirano zvavo zvaigona kusimbisa nhau duku. Uku kusawirirana kunogona kuomesa mwoyo BHAME kubva mukutsigira kwadzoro kana vachiziva kuva kusingashandiswi.

Misha yeDalit neAdivasi muIndia

India inoshandisa nzvimbo yokutanga-kare nokuda kweimba yayo yakaderera zvikuru, Lok Sabha. Nepo yakachengetwa yemaconstitue eSeppold Castes (Dalits) neShedyd Pavaltures (Adivasis) inovimbisa nhamba shomanene yezvigaro nokuda kwaaya mapoka, gadziriro ine ganhuriro. Zvigaro zvakasara zviri mumaruwa bedzi ane mikana mikuru yakakwirira yeidzi nzanga, uye vapapatika vanowina kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanobva mumapoka makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete havo vamiririwo vamiriri vouswa. Kupfuurirazve, mamwe mapoka akareruwa semaruwa ezvitendero akadai sechiMuslim·aseripori pasi pezvikamu zvinonyanyokodzerwa kugoverano. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuita bvumirano kwapamusoro pakati paavo vanorangarira kuvhotambira zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutsigira Kuchinja Zvinhu Nemafaro

Pasinei zvapo nokusabudirira kwegadziriro, nzanga dzakaderedzwa dzakatanga mazano okuwedzera kubatanidzwa kwadzo mune zvematongerwe enyika uye simba mugadziriro huru dzehurumende.

Chivako Chokuchengetera Nhaka Nemasangano

Apo pasina boka rimwe rinoderedzwa rinogona kuwina ruwa pacharo, kuumba mibatanidzwa namamwe mapoka — kubatanidza vavhoti vanofambira mberi .Izvozvi zvinoda chivimbo, kurukurirano, uye nhevedzano yetsika. Chivako chamasangano chinogonawo kutambanukira kuasiri mushandi wepeturu, uko mapoka anoshandisa zvishandiso zvokunyoresa vavhoti, kuparira kukwikwidza, uye kukumbira fariro dzakafanana.

Kuchinja Kukuru Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu

Masangano akawanda okuvhota masangano ezvekuchinja. Anogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti vhoti dzemapato maduku kana kuti vafundisi vakazvimirira havatapurwi, uye kuti chigaro chose chisare chisarevesa goverano. Dzimwe nyika dzakawana nenzira inobudirira chinjo dzakadaro: New Zealand yakachinjirwa kugadziriro yakavhengana yeMaori uye kumirira Maori mamwe mapoka maduku. Kuchinja kwacho kwakaoma mune zvematongerwe enyika, sezvo mapoka makuru anobetserwa nevoruzhinji anosanosatsigira puroteko.

Kuronga uye Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Masangano erasroot anoita basa rinokosha mukubvisa vavhoti nokuvadzidzisa pamusoro penzira iyo nhau dzavo dzokuvhota kunyange mugadziriro youtongi. Kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro pamarudzi omunzvimbomo, sarudzo dzechikoro, uye mamwe makwikwi okusarira, aya mapoka anoratidzira kuti kuvimbisana kunogona kupa miuyo inooneka pamwero wenzanga. Dzidzo yenzanga inobudirira inobvisawo ngano pamusoro pokupambadza mavhoti uye inotsanangura kuti kuvhota kwakanaka kunogona sei dzimwe nguva kushandisirwa kufambisira mberi fariro dzeboka.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nokugadziridza Zvinhu

MuUnited States, Voting Rights Act inogovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwekudenha miitiro yokuvhota nomutemo. Mapoka okuvhota apamutemo akadai seBrennan Center for Justice neAmerican Civil Liberities Union akaunza nenzira inobudirira mhaka idzo dzakavhara mitemo yeID kana kuti kumanikidza kuumbwa kwamaruwa avane vazhinji. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi Dare Gurusa rakanetesa dzimwe dzedziviriro, zvichiita kuti kugadziridza kuoma kwenhau. Independent Redificificialiting commicing commiciencers, seinoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakadai seCalifornia neMichigan, zvinogona kuderedza metriandering meter uye kugadzira mapurati.

Mimwe mienzaniso Yakasiyiwa uye Kumirira Pepa rokuburikidzana

Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza zvigaro zvakachengetedzwa zvemitemo nokuda kwamapoka akati akaderedzwa. Somuenzaniso, New Zealand ine zvigaro zvakatsaurirwa vaMaori, uye nyika dzinoverengeka dzinochengetera zvigaro zvevakadzi. Izvi zvinogona kuvimbisa chiratidzo chemimiririro nokuwedzera kuvimbisana, asi hazvisi zvokutsoropodza. Vashori vanotaura kuti zvigaro zvakachengetwa zvinogona kuparira girati yechata kana kuti vamiririri havangavi nemhosva kunzanga yakakura. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunzanga dziri pasi pechigaro, zvigaro zvakachengetedzwa zvinopa chigadzikiso cheratisiti yeratimeti isati iri mukati puro yemigoriti.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzavasaruri dzinoshandisa pesvedzero ine simba pabatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika yenzanga dzakaganhurirwa. Zvisakiso zvenzvimbo dzinowana mukundi, zvakabatanidzwa nedzvinyiriro dzokuvhota, kudzorwa, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwevhoti, zvinoparira mhinganidzo huru kuenzana nokumirira. Miuyo /w sumo, kuvhiringidzika, uye muitiro hazviregi, asi zvakadzika midzi zvikuru mumarongedzere anoita aya masangano.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, nzanga dzakaderedzwa hadzisi vanyajambwa vemiitiro yokusarudza. Kupfurikidza nechivako chakabatana, michero inoronga, denho dzapamutemo, uye kurongeka nokuda kwokuchinja kwegadziriro dzemitemo, dzakaveza nzvimbo dzokupesvedzera kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka. Masangano ezvemari ane basa, asi ndozvakaitawo kutsunga kwenzanga kuita kuti manzwi avo anzwiwe. Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pemitemo mikuru uye kuvimbisana kwakaderera kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anozvipira kuvaka democracy yakapfuudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vakawanda, uko kuvhota kuri kunobva munzanga iri yose, kunotakura kurema.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pemiuyo yegadziriro yevhiyi, ona basa re Electoral Reform Society ne Brennan Center ye Justice. Zvidzidzo zveAcademic zvinotaura Arend Lijphart naPipa Norris zvinogoverawo kunzvera kukuru.