Gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvevhoriyano dzinonzi dzinokunda, kazhinji kazhinji dzinonzi dzinowana masangano maduku kana kuti masangano ezvikamu zvakawanda, dzinoshandisa simba guru panhamba nomufambiro wemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika mukati mehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Masangano aya anowanzoisa ngwariro pakutsigira kutsinhana kunoitwa mumasimba makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika, achisimudzira hurumende imwe yakatsiga, asi anogonawo kuderedza masangano maduku zvikuru uye kuita kuti pave nemhindu. Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita mitemo inowirirana nemitemo inosarudzwa nemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika kunokosha kunokosha pakubatanidza kushanda kwehurumende dzehurumende dzepasi pese uye kurangarira kuchinja. Nyaya inonzvera kuti mamiriro ezvinhu makuru anoumba sei masangano maviri nezvikamu zvakasiana-zhinji, kuongorora zvose zviri zviviri zvakajeka nokubudirira mumitezo inoumbwa nezvo yebhizimisi.

Zvirongwa Zvikuru Zvevanhu Zvipi?

Gadziriro dzevavhiyi dzinogadzirirwa kubudisa mukundi akajeka muruwa rumwe norumwe rwevavhoti. Nheyo yavo huru ndeyokuti mukwikwidzi kana kuti mubato anogamuchira mavhoti mazhinjisa (*kava voruzhinji kana kuti vazhinji zvikuru) inogara. Kuchinja kunozivikanwa zvikurusa ndiko Past Post (FPPP)[FLTP], [1] inoshandiswa muUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye India, pakati pedzimwe. MuPTPP, consotation anovhotera vhoti imwe nokuda kwomutengi mumwe muvhotera wavo; muvhotera namavhotifaro mazhinjisa, pasineiwirira kana achisvika 50%.

Rumwe rudzi rwavakuru ndirwo rwakapoteredza rwechipiri. Irworwu runovimbisa muwiridziridziridziro une tsigiro yavazhinji, kubva kune avo vanovhota murusarudzo. Dzimwe mhindu dzinobatanidza vhoti yakasiyana - siyana (AV), apo vavhotisi uye nzvimbo yokupedzisira zvinobviswa kusvikira mumwe ava nevoruzhinji. Masangano makuru ose agoverana mubato rimwe chetero: vanowanzotsigirawo boka guru namapoka maduku.

Gadziriro dzavamiririri dzinosiana zvikuru negadziriro dzemipimo yemipimo yepakati pepakati pepakati pepakati peboka, idzo dzinopa zvigaro mukuwirirana negoverano dzebato. PR kazhinji kazhinji inogadzira mitemo nemapoka akawanda, inowanzoda hurumende dzakabatana. Chisarudzo pakati peidzi mhuri mbiri dzegadziriro dzegadziriro dzinosarudzwa ndichimwe chezvisarudzo zvinotevera zvikurusa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kuita, kuchipesvedzera zvakananga nhamba yemapoka anobudirira, rudzi rwehurumende, uye kusimba kwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei miitiro yemasangano makuru ichiumba zvakasimba kwazvo, tinoenda kurondedzero yakasanogadzwa musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika: .Mutemo weDuverger [, uyo unoita kuti mitemo mizhinji ive inoumba ndokutsigira gadziriro mbiri. Mutemo uyu une mibato miviri: muuyo wemichina netapuro yendangariro.

Ukama Pakati Pegadziriro Dzezvirongwa Zvikuru Negadziriro Dzomumativi Maviri

Mutezo waDuverger, wakaumbwa naMaurice Duverger wechiFrench wema1950, unorondedzera kukwevera kune simba kwegadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yebato kubhipatiti. muuyo wakananga: muruwa rwenhengo imwe chete ichishandisa mutemo wakapfava, bedzi muvhoti wepamusoro wevhoti. Pamutengo unongopedza nguva dzose wechitatu kana kuti wakaderera mumaruwa akawanda uchawana mawiro mashoma kana mavhoti api naa api zvawo akagoveranwa. Uku kushatisa kunodzivisa kuvhotera “kuvhotera kwavo paboka duku risingagoni kukunda, kuchitungamirira ku [[FOct:] muuyo wapamusoro [FF] [FF]

Muuyo mugadziriro yamatongerwe enyika yakagadzwa igadziriro yamasangano maviri akatsiga umo mapoka makuru maviri anosiana musimba, mumwe nomumwe achikwanisa kuumba hurumende imwe isina divi rimwe. Iyi nhevedzano inowanzorumbidzwa nokuda kwokujeka kwayo nokuzvidavirira: vavhoti vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti ibato ripi rine mutoro wemitemo, uye sarudzo dzinopa zvibvumirano zvakajeka. United Kingdom neUnited States idare gurusaro. MuUK, maConservative neLabour vadzora chifo chapakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, kunyange zvazvo Sarudzo dzazvino unovara dzazvino unova nomutemo wapamutemo. MuUnited States ndidzoro hurusarudzo dzakajeka dzakajeka nemhaka yokudeuka nokuna. Mubatanidzwa weUS, mubatanidzwa wezvikamu zviviri zvakadzika mibatanidzwa munyika, neDermourbat Republics Republics, neRiphabliki reRepublicrative hofisi dzose.

Uchapupu Hunobva Muunyengeri Hwagara Huchirwiwa

Kutarira paUK, FPTP yakabudisa kare hurumende dzakawanda. Chifo cha 1945, tsaru shomanene bedzi dzakaguma neparamende yakaturikwa (pari zvino zvikuru muna 2010, yakatungamirira kuboka pakati peConservatives neLiberal Democrates. Mubatanidzwa iwoyo wakanga wakatsiga, asi wakanga wakajeka. Sangano reUS rinotakura pfungwa kunyange: inokunda mukwikwikwidzano yose muElctoral College, uye maruwa eCommunigational anokweviwa kuti agadzire zvigaro zvakakotsekana nokuda kwebato rimwe. Vadaridzi vechitatu vakafanana naRossot Perot kana kuti Ralpher Nader havana kutongowana muvhoti, uye kazhinji vanoita sevanovhota, vanovhota mumwe mukuru uye vanotora.

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inoshandisa FPTPwo, bva haina gadziriro yakatsiga yemativi maviri pamwero wenyika. Nemhaka yei? Mhatsa dzeIndia dzemitauro nenzika, nharaunda. Nhamba dzakasimba dzemabato. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, mapoka eruwa anotonga, uye anokurukura zvibvumirano nemapoka enyika. Gadziriro yebato renyika yakabva paboka rimwe repakati (Chonfeln) kukwikwikwidzana naBharatiya Janya Party (BJP) uye Hurumende yeIndiya yeIndiya semibatanidzwa mikurusa, asi mizhinji yemimwe mibatanidzwa. India inoratidzira kuti gadziriro hurusaresa isati inosimbisa gadziriro yamativi maviri apo nharaunda inodzokororo inodzorwa.

Canada inogovera chimwe chinoitika chinokosha. FPTP yakabudisa hurumende dzakawanda dzechiduku (panguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi, hurumende dzeLiberal shomanene muna 2019 na 2021. Masangano eruwa akafanana neBloc Québécois neNew Democratic Party (NDP) inobudirira munhare dzavo. Kose yeCanada kazhinji kazhinji inorondedzerwa se “2-acetal” kana kuti kunyange“ mubatanidzwa” pamwero wehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mutemo mukuru wevhotaroror , uchiri mukuru. Ikoku kunoratidza kuti mutemo weDuverger itsika yetsika, kwete mutemo wedare. Zvisakiso zvenzanga, masangano enzanga, uye mufambiro wezviito zvinogona kubvumira masangano makuru kupfuurira kupfuurira kukwikwikwidza. Kunyange zvakadaro, kupfuutsa kwezviito zvikuru.

Betsero Dzinotsiga Dzegadziriro Dzine Mativi Maviri Pasi Pemitemo Yakakura

Vatsigiri vemiitiro mikuru, zvikurukuru mugamuchidzanwa reAnglo - America, vanotaura kuti gadziriro inovapo ine zvikamu zviviri inopa betsero dzakajeka mune mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Betsero inowanzodudzwa zvikurusa ndeyokuumbwa kwehurumende imwe yoruzhinji [. Hurumende dzakadaro dzinogona kupfuudza mutemo nokukurumidza zvikuru, dzinozvidavirira kuva muvhoti, uye hadzidi zvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa zvisingachinjiki zvingaputsika pakati ponoteverwa. Uku kutsunga kunokosheswa zvikurukuru munguva dzenjodzi, dzakadai sedzinoderera dzemari kana kuti tyisidziro dzorudzi.

Chechipiri, gadziriro huru dzinoita mirairo yevhota yakajeka. Voters dzinosarudza papati ine chikuva chakajeka, uye boka iroro rinogona kuva nechibvumirano chokushandisa purogiramu yayo. Mugadziriro yamativi akawanda, hurumende dzakabatana dzinowanzoita kubvumiranisa ganhuriro kwakajeka zvipikirwa zvapakuvamba zvemapoka mamwe, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuvavhoti kuti vape chikwereti kana kuti vapiwe mhaka.

Chechitatu, gadziriro yezvikamu zviviri inoisa chisarudzo chomuvhoti. Panzvimbo pokufambisa mavharatiki ezvikamu zviduku, vavhoti vanotarisana nechisarudzo chechiviri (kana kuti chisarudzo nechimwe chakakomba). Ikoku kunogona kuwedzera kuvhura ndokuderedza mutoro wendangariro pavagari vemo, zvikurukuru mumiitiro yokutanga yezviratidzo umo “kuvhota kwapanguva yakapfuura” kuva nyore zvikuru: vhotera vaduku vavaviri vakuru.

Pakupedzisira, gadziriro dzavakuru vakuru dzinobatanidzwa nokukamukana kwehurumende kwakaderera. Masangano ari mugadziriro dzePR anogona kuva asina kutsiga, zvikurukuru apo anobatanidza vakwanyina vari kure zvikuru. Kuwa kwehurumende yemubatanidzwa kunogona kumanikidza kusarudza kutsva, kuchitungamirira kunhambo dzokusava nechokwadi kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mune dare rezvamatongerwe enyika, hurumende inorasikirwa nechivimbo inogona kutsiviwa zvakananga nechishoro, kana kuti sarudza idzva rinogona kudzorera dzikamo (kazhinji kazhinji nevhiringidziko shomanene kumukuru mukuru webasa).

Nyika dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom neUnited States dzakafarikanya kare nhambo refu dzehurumende yakananga, ine mativi akajeka echiremera. Kudzikama ikoko, zvisinei, kunoitika pamutengo: kuratidzirwa kwamanzwi mashoma uye kuvakwa kwefariro dzakasiyana - siyana.

Zvinetso Zvezvirongwa Zvine Matunhu Akawanda Mumitemo Mikuru

Apo gadziriro yezvisarudzo huru inoshandiswa kunzanga ine zvikamu zvizhinji, zvinopfuurira zvakadai sezvikamu zvedzinza, zvemitauro, kana kuti zvikamu zvorudzidziso . miuyo inogona kuva yechinetso. Denho yokutanga huru ndeyokuti inosakarurama [[. Masangano anogamuchira mugove mukuru wevhoti yenyika asi kushayikwa kwenzvimbo inogona kuva pasi zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Riberal Democrates muUK kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anowina 10-15% yevhotasi yenyika asi anowana zvigaro zvishoma bedzi. Mu 2015 vhoti-mo revoration, UK pevoliffal (UP) yakawana chiverengero chavanhu.

Chechipiri, mitemo mikuru inogona mhatsa yezvamatongerwe enyika yematongerwe enyika. Kupfurikidza nokuranga mapoka maduku, zvinoderedza mhatsa yemirangariro yepfungwa inomirirwa muparamende. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inokundikana kupedza itiro hanya dzavaduku, kubva kumapoka edzinza kusvikira kuvatsigiri vemhoteredzo kusvikira kuvarwi vamapurizimu. Nokufamba kwenguva, mapoka akabviswa angatendeukira kutsutsungidzira kwokuwedzera kana kuti kunyange masimba masimba masimba, kuderedza chengeteko munguva refu.

Chechitatu, gadziriro huru dzinogona kukwidziridza kwapanyika. Kana mapoka maviri bedzi ane mukana chaiwoiwo wokuwina, anowanzoshandisa masangano eadhiversari, zero-sum. Kukunda kunoita kuti mapoka ashande nesimba kuti anyorese nzvimbo yawo panzvimbo pokutsvaka bvumirano huru, inotungamirira kumitsetse mitsva nerwisano inovavarisa yeUnited States. Iyi nzanga inogona kuita kuti hurumende ishande zvikuru, pasinei zvapo nokutsiga kwechikamu chimwe chomutemo.

Chechina, mibatanidzwa mizhinji inoumbwa nemitemo mikuru inoumbwa nemitemo inodzorwa nehurumende duku kana kuti semibatanidzwa yetsika pashure peparamende yakasungirwa (]] isingachinjiki. Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro yevhozhokeri haina kuumbwa, inounganidzwa panzvimbo petsika. MuCanada, hurumende shomanene dzinozivikanwa navose asi dzinorarama nguva pfupi, dzinopedza gore rimwe kana maviri bedzi pamberi pokudzora kuvhota kutsva. MuUK, 2010-2020 yakava kupesana kusingawanzoidiwa nokungwarira; yakabatanidza pamwe chete nokuda kwenguva yakazara, asi yakabatanidza tsika. Nyika dzePR, dzakadai sematoma, kana kuti masangano eGermany akakudzora.

Zviitiko Zvevatungamiriri Vakawanda Vane Masangano Akawanda

Utongi hwehurumende hunoverengeka hwakatangwa hunoshandisa gadziriro huru asi hune gadziriro dzamativi akawanda. Kunzvera mutambo wadzo kunojekesa kusawirirana kuri pakati pemitemo inosarudzwa nedzikamo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Canada ine gadziriro yehurumende ne FPP. Nyika yacho inogara ichiona mapoka mana kana mashanu akasarudzwa kuParamende: Riberal, Conservatives, NDP, Bloc Québécois, uye panhambo nenhambo yeGreens. Kubvira muna 2004, kusasarudzwa kwose kwehurumende kwakabudisa hurumende duku kana kuti yebatanidzwa, nokupfuvura kweyakamwe, apo maConservativetivers akawana ruzhinji. Maparamendi enguva dzose akatungamirira kuhurumende pfupi inopfupikiswa, neavhareji yamakore 16 kubva muna 2004 na2019. Uku kusagadzikana uku kunopesana nerondedzero yokuti kunoitwa nehurumende huru inoparira Hurumende dzakasimba dzakasimba. Zvisinei, Canada yakadzongodzorwa nehurumende dzakabudirira; mamiriro ezvinhu echitsa anenge makore 1.

Indiya inotonyanya kutyisa. Chifo cha 1989, hurumende dzemibatanidzwa dzave dziri tsika pamwero wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza mapati ane gumi namaviri kana kupfuura. Voruzhinji veBJP vanowina muna 2014 vakanga vari vokutanga nebato rimwe kubva muna 1984. Gadziriro yeIndia yeFPTP yakabudisa miuyo yakakwirira zvikuru; somuenzaniso, muna 2014, BJP yakawina 31% yevhoti asi 52% yezvigaro. Nepo mibatanidzwa yeIndia yave yakachengetwa nejekare-kavhiri, 1999-2004 National Democratic Allemation yakapfumisa mukurumbira wayo yose. Game raida kukurukurirana kwakakomba uye njodzi. Gadziro guru, rakabatanidzwa nerejime reIndia, rakabvumirawo kukura zvakanaka, asi rakabvumirawo kupfumba kupfumba kupfuvura mativi ose.

Fransa inoshandisa gadziriro yemibatanidzwa miviri yezvikamu zviviri yeGungano reNational Assembly. Iyi gadziriro inowanzoparira ruzhinji rwakajeka nokuda kweboka rimwe, asi inogonawo kubudisa paramende yakakamukana apo pasina kubatana kwakatsiga. Sarudzo yemitemo yehurumende 2022 yakaguma neparamende ine magabane matatu, , maPresitist NiPUPES, uye kumusoro kweNational RFF.NCON. Hurumende inopas yaifanira kukurukurirana mutemo uri wose, ichiita kuti iende kumite uye kumiteve. Gara reFrance rinowedzera kuoma kuoma, sokurayira kunoita kuti mukuru wehurumende asi utsigire kutsigira. Iyi inoita kuti nyika isati ive inodzoresa nyika inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa zvikuru, kana nyika yezvamatongerwetonge iri pasi peto yezvamatongerwe enyika yatongedzese.

Kudzikamisa Kusimba Nemifananidzo: Kuchinja Nezvinotsiva

Gakava pakati pemiitiro yemibatanidzwa mikuru neyomubatanidzwa rinowanzorongwa sebasa rokubvisa pakati pedzikamo (hurumende yakajeka) nomufananidzo (kuumbwa kwemirangariro yakasiana - siana). Zvisinei, gadziriro inogona kuderedza mativi akashata egadziriro yezvokuva mukuru nepo ichichengeta dzimwe dzebetsero dzayo. Kuchinja kunoverengeka kwakakarakadzwa kana kuti kuitwa munyika dzakasiana - siana.

Masangano echikamu chemaminitataimari (MMMM)[FLM:1] anoshandiswa muJapan, South Korea, uye Mexico, anobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe necomplatation kana kuti mitsetse yezvigaro zvakafanana. Muchimiro chawo chakafanana (MMM), magirafureti haarurani marusarudzo eruwa, naizvozvo tsika ichiri kubvumira mapoka makuru. Asi inobvumira mapoka maduku kuwina zvigaro, kugovera mireza yakawanda. Mimm, inotangwa muna 1994, inotungamirira kumakwikwidzani maviri akafanana nerati mbiri pakati peDemocratic Republic neDrutic, asi namapoka echitatu aripo.

vhoti yematanho akasiana----av igadziriro yavakuru inoshandisa marobhoti akarongwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukundi ane tsigiro yakawanda. Inoshandiswa muAustralia nokuda kweImba yeVamiririri. AV ideredza kuvhota ndokukurudzira vakwikwidziridziri kukwirira kupfuura pachivande, inogona kuderedza kudzikamisa denga. Australia yakachengeta gadziriro yakatsiga yemativi maviri anodzorwa neLiberal-Monal neBoka raBaral Party, neGreens ine zvigaro zvishoma. AV inowanzoonwa segadziriro yavana huru inovakwa seyatiko inova inova inova inova inova inova inova iko inova inova inoyera kupfuura FTP, kunyange zvazvo zvichiri pasi pezvikamu zviduku zvinoparadzirwa.

Zvikumbaridzo zvechitsauko mumiitiro yePR zvinogona kuganhurira nhamba yemapati, kuvandudza pesvedzero. Germany ine 5% yebundestag, iyo yakachengeta nzvimbo dzinoenda kure nekure nekure kuruboshwe kwamakumi amakore (Kunopesana kweGermany yakayambuka chikumbaridzo ichocho muna 2017). Mitemo inzira yokudzikamisa nayo kumira nokudzikama mumitemo.

Chimwe chinjo ndi mirau yemitemo yokusarudza. Kunyange mumitemo mikuru, nyika dzinogona kutevera miitiro inoita kuti hurumende shoma kana kuti dzakabatanidzwa dzive dzakatsiga. Somuenzaniso, zvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa, zvirongwa zvinotungamirira zvine mitoro yakajeka, uye vhoti dzinovaka (kushandisa hurumende inotsiva kuva yakagadzirira) zvinogona kuderedza ngozi yokuwa kwehurumende. Canada neUK zvinogona kutora miitiro yakadaro kuti zvivandudze kutsiridza kugadzikana apo pasina boka rimwe rinowana voruzhinji.

Kusarudza kwokupedzisira kwegadziriro yevhiyinora kunotsamira panhau yenyika, masangano enzanga, uye tsika dzezvematongerwe enyika. Hakuna kugadzirirwa kwemipimo yezvisakiso zvose. Sezvinoita musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Arend Lijphart aitaurwa mu miganhu yeDemocracy, kubvumirana Hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu (kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoshandisa PR) kuve neyakawanda inobatanidza, ine mutsa, mitemo minyoro, nepo Westminsterigate Dimocracy inosimbisa kubudirira nokuzvidavirira. Kutsigadzika kwegadziriro yetsika haisati iri basa chairo remitemo yayo inosarudzwa; kunotsamirawo paukama pakati pemapatikannzanga, simba renzanga, uye mutemo wenzanga.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzamasanhengi ane pesvedzero huru padzikamo yegadziriro dzebato. Dzinosimudzira zvikurukuru kubuda kwegadziriro mbiri dzine mativi maviri, idzo dzinogona kubudisa hurumende dzakajeka, dzinozvidavirira, uye dzinosarudza. Iyi dzikamo inowanzodudzwa sebetsero huru yeWestminstern Mode and US Congress. Zvisinei, gadziriro dzimwe chetedzo dzinogona kuparira denho dzinokosha apo dzinoshandiswa munzanga dzine mavhiri ane mitaro yakadzika kana kuti yakatemwa. Miitiro mizhinji inoshanda mumitemo mikuru inowanzotambura nomufananidzo unorevererwa zvakanaka, muvhoti, muvhoti, murombo weavhoteralcarefing, uye masangano anotsvetuka zvikuru mumasangano anosaidzwa kubatira pamwe chete.

Mienzaniso inobva kuUK, US, Canada, India, uye France inoratidza kuti ukama pakati pegadziriro dzevhota neteramo hahusi hwokudzivisa. Kuwana kunotsamira panhamba nemhesano dzenzanga, kuiswa kwenzvimbo yetsigiro dzebato, uye tsika dzesangano. Kuchinja kwakadai senhengo dzakavhengana kana kuti vvungeti hunotsiva zvinogona kudzikamisa kutsiga nokumirira. Sezvo vadzorwi vehurumende vanofanira kuyera uku kushambadza, vatengi navagari vemo vanofanira kuyera kungwarira, nguva dzose kuti mitemo yevhoterano haisati iri yorutivi rwamatongerwe enyika pairwo imene makwikwikwi anoitwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro penhau, zviwanikwa zvinobva [FLT] Transform Society, CE]Ectoral Knowlets Chinothwewa wezivo [[, uye [[[FLT:]] na[FLT]] naMaregit IDEA[[FLT:] [FLT]] [5]] inogovera mashoko akazara uye kunzvera pamarongedzero azvo. Accadetic Nemicrots apakuvamba. [FLT:]