Marudzi Egadziriro Dzokubudisa Mazambiringa

Masangano anoumba chivako chemipimo yedemokrasi, kushandura zvisarudzo zvomunhu mumwe muzvisarudzo zvakabatanidzwa. Kunzwisisa miitiro iri shure kweidzi gadziriro kunokosha nokuda kwokuyera nokushanda kwavo. Masangano akatanhamara zvikurusa munyika yose anobatanidza Chokutanga-Past-Post (FPP), [[FLT:] [[5], [[FFLT]] procerportation procertion (MMP)[FT] [FT]], [[FLT:]]

Kutanga-Past-The Post (FPTP)

FPTP igadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa neyakaresa ichiri kushandiswa kwakapararira. Mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe, mubhadhari ane vhoti zhinjisa anohwina, pasinei zvapo kana vachiwana vazhinji. Iyi gadziriro inoshandiswa muUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, India, uye yaichimbova nyika dzeBritain. FPP inoda vanhu vazhinji, mapoka akatangwa uye kazhinji kazhinji inoparira hurumende imwe yevoruzhinji.

Betsero dzeFPTP

  • Voters dzinosarudza mutezo mumwe; muitiro wakajeka uye uri nyore kutungamirira.
  • [ Migumisiro inokurumidza:[[FLT]] Kuverenga kwakananga, kuchibvumira miuyo mukati memaawa.
  • Nhamba inowirirana: Ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiriri mumwe, kuchitanga batano yenzvimbo yakananga pakati pavavhoti neMP yavo.
  • Kudzikamiswa kweHurumende: FP kunowanzoparira hurumende zhinji dzinogona kupfuudza mutemo pasina kurukurirano dzemubatanidzwa.

Dzisiri Betsero DzeFPTP

  • Kutora: Vapapati vanogona kuwina zvigaro zvakawanda nezvikamu nezvishoma zvevhoti yakakurumbira, sezvinoonekwa muvhoti yeUK umo vavhoti vakahwina 36.9% yevhoti asi 50.8% yezvigaro.
  • Mavhoti akaitwa: Anopa mikana nokuda kwavarasikirwi vanorasikirwa kana kuti nokuda kwomukundi ari muchigaro chakakotsekana haasati achitapura muuyo, kuodza mwoyo.
  • [ chiratidzo chokusagona kukunda: Vatsigiri vanowanzowina neisingasviki 50% yevhoti, kureva kuti vavhoti vazhinjisa havana kutsigira mukundi.
  • Kuitwa kwemativi maduku: Vapindi vechitatu vanowana zvigaro zvishoma zvikuru kupfuura zvibvumirano zvavo zvinogoverwa nevhoti, kuderedza chisarudzo chomuvhoti nomufananidzo.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Miitiro yePR inovavarira kugovera zvigaro zvemitemo muwirirano nezvinogamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe. Pary-murap PR, inoshandiswa muSweden, Netherlands, uye South Africa, ndiyo shanduro yakakurumbira zvikurusa. Voters dzinosarudza ndaza yebato, uye zvigaro zvinoparadzirwa zvakavakirwa pavhoti yenyika kana kuti nharaunda goverano. mubatanidzwa weaup inobvumira muvhotera kupesvedzera nhevedzano yavanhu mukati mebato. PR inotsigira masangano akawanda ezvirongwa uye kazhinji kazhinji anoda hurumende dzinobatanidzwa.

Betsero dzePR

  • Rurambidzo: Kuumba kwomutemo kunoratidzira zvisarudzo zvavhozhowa zvikuru, kubatanidza mapoka maduku namapoka maduku.
  • [ Kubatana: Vakadzi namapoka anoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji anowana zvigaro zvakawanda pasi pePR nemhaka yokuti mapati anogona kudzikamisa zvitsama zvawo.
  • Few ambisa vhoti: Anenge mavhoti ari ose anobetsera kugoverano yechigaro chebato, achikurudzira kuvhota kwakakwirira.
  • Chipikirwa nebatira pamwe: Hurumende dzeChonda dzinoda kukurukurirana kwepakati, uko kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro yakawanda yebvumirano.

Dzisiri Betsero dzePR

  • Masangano echibvumirano ehurumende akatenderwa: mapoka maduku mazhinji anogona kupinda muparamende, kuchikuita kwakaoma kuumba mibatanidzwa yakatsiga. Italy neIsrael dzakatambura kuwa kwehurumende kazhinji kazhinji pasi pePR.
  • Mapati ezvekuzvinyima: PR inogona kupa zvikuva kumapoka anopinza angadzingwa pasi peFPTP. Kukwira kwemapati ane rudyi rwakakwirira mugadziriro dzinoverengeka dzePR dzeEurope kunoratidzira iyi ngozi.
  • Nhevedzano yeWeak:[[FLT: 1] Mitemo yakananga yomunzvimbomo ingasava nomumiriri womunzvimbomo wokuzvidavirira, kuderedza kugamuchira.
  • Mhindu:[ Majekiseni anofanira kunzwisisa ndaza dzebato, zvikumbaridzo, uye masimba omubatanidzwa, izvo zvinogona kuvhiringidza.

Kurumidza Kusingadzorwi (RCV)

RCV, inozivikanwawo se Rudant Voting mumadzinza echimurenga kana zvimwe zvinopfuudzwa Vote (STV) mumaruwa akawanda, inobvumira vavhotera kuronga vadavi munhevedzano yezvinodiwa. Kana pasina mutendi anosvika ruzhinji rwezvivhoti zvokutanga, muvhoti wokupedzisira wenzvimbo inobviswa, uye mavhoti avo anodzorwa kuda kutevera. Uyu muitiro unodzokororwa kutozosvikira apo mumwe awana voruzhinji. RCV inoshandiswa nokuda kwesarudzo rwomubatanidzwa muAustralia uye nokuda kwezvisarudzo mumaguta omunzvimbomo kufanana neSan Francisco neMinapoli.

Betsero dzeRCV

  • [ Kuzivisa nhimbe yakananga: Vadavi vanotsvaka tsigiro yechipiri kubva kuvavhoti vevavengi, vachideredza denho dzakaipa.
  • Vakundi vemazamu: Muwini mukurusa ane tsigiro inopfuura 50%, achidzivisa chinetso chehurumende yePTP.
  • Recucas dzinoparadza miuyo: Mavoter anogona kutsigira mutengi muduku pasina kutya kukuvadza mudavi wawo mukuru, nemhaka yokuti bhara ravo richatamiswa.
  • Chisarudzo chakanyanya kuwanda: minda yakafara inobvira nemhaka yokuti kuparadzana kwevhoti kunoderedzwa.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeRCV

  • vhiringidziko yemabhora: Vamwe vavhoti vanorwisana navapindi vazhinji vapamusoro, kuchitungamirira kumwero yakakwirira yamarobhoti akashatiswa. Fundo muSan Francisco dzakawana inenge 1% yamabhora akanga asina basa nemhaka yezvikanganiso zvapamusoro.
  • [[FT:0] Kuverenga:[[FLT] Tabertection kunotora nguva refu uye kunoda purogiramu yekombiyuta yakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru.
  • miuyo yakanonoka: Apo vhoti dzinova pedyo, miuyo yokupedzisira ingasazivikanwa kwamazuva kana kuti mavhiki, sezvo maposi etsamba anoda kugadzirwa uye madenderedzwa akawanda.
  • [ Kuvhota: Kumwe kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti RCV inogona kubudisa mufambiro wakanaka, zvikurukuru muminda yakatsvikinyidzana.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

MMP inobatanidza FPTP nePR kupfurikidza nokupa vavhoti vaviri: mumwe nokuda kwomutsigiri womunzvimbomo uye mumwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Vhoti inosarudza vakundi voruwa (kazhinji kazhinji neFPTP), uye vhoti inosarudza goverano yose yezvigaro kuti isvike miuyo inowirirana. Zvigaro zvaa birenze mubato zvingaitika apo boka rinowana zvigaro zvaparuwa zvakawanda kupfuura mugove waro wepakati, izvo zvinobhadharwa nokuda kwokuwedzera zvigaro zvomuraudzo. Germany neNew Zealand vashandisi vakatanhamara veMMP.

Betsero dzeMMP

  • [ Chiratidzo chakarongwa: Vota dzemari dzinowana zvose zviri zviviri MP yomunzvimbomo nedzikamo yebato, kuroora zvakanakisisa zvezvose zviri zviviri.
  • Rakabvisa mavhoti akapambadzwa:[[FLT: 1] Vavhoti inovimbisa kuti tsigiro yamativi maduku ichiri inokosha kumimiriri yose zvayo.
  • [[[FT:0] Miuyo: MMP inobereka miuyo yakaenzana zvikuru kupfuura FPTP yakachena nepo ichichengeta mufananidzo wenyika.
  • Hurumende: Mapati anowanzoumba mibatanidzwa, asi kuvapo kwechibatiso cheMP chomunzvimbomo kunogona kugovera dzikamo.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeMMP

  • [[FLT: 0] Makirasi maviri amaMP: eruwa ane zvisungo zvakasimba zvikuru kupfuura maMP, kuchiparira kusadzikama kwokuzvidavirira.
  • Kutsiva:[ Vavhoti vazhinji havanzwisisi kuti mavhoti avo maviri akabatanidzwa sei kuti aone zvikamu zvezvigaro. MuNew Zealand, nhimbe dzedzidzo dzinovhota dzaidikanwa.
  • Zvigaro zvokuwedzera: zvimwe zvigaro zvinogona kuzadza ukuru hweparamende, sezvinoonekwa muBoundestag yeGermany, yakura kusvika pazvigaro zvinopfuura 700 nemhaka yezvigaro zvinopfuura mwero uye zvigaro.
  • Kusagadzikana kwematura: SaPR, MMP inogona kutungamirira kuhurumende dzisina kusimba dzinoda kukurukurirana nguva dzose pakati pemapati.

Kuderedza Kubudirira Kwemarongerwo Ezvinhu

Kushanda kwegadziriro ipi neipi yokuvhota kunogona kuenzaniswa nemipimo mina yedemocracy: kumirira, kukwanisa, [ kutora rutivi [, uye kuzivikanwa [[FLT]]. Hapana muitiro unopfuura muzvinhu zvina zvose, uye kushambadzira hakudzivisiki. Chisarudzo chakafanira chinotsamira patsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, mamiriro ezvinhu enhau, uye kudzora.

Mufananidzo

Mipimo inoratidzira zvakarurama sei chirongwa chehurumende kuti zvisarudzo ndezvipi. .PR] Masangano akakwirira paichi metric, anotora nguva dzose chigaro chichigoverana mukati mativi mashomanene evhoti. Galaghher Index, mwero wavose wekubvisa, nguva dzose unoratidza PR se South Africa ne Netherlands ine mipimo yakaderera. Mukupesana, FTP kazhinji kazhinji inobudisa proportityty, somuenzaniso, muna 2019, kuvhotarobhara reku Canada, Ribera rakawina 33% yevhoteratesiro, apo zvigaro zvaGenezi zvinowana 6.5][5]

Zvisinei, kumirira kunobatanidzawo kurondedzera rondedzero − seiko chionioni chemibatanidzwa yevagari vemo. Masangano ePR anowanzosarudza vakadzi vakawanda namarudzi mashoma nemhaka yemiitiro yebato inobvumira kuva nechokuita namaune. Muna 2021, Riksdag yeSweden yakanga iri 46% yavakadzi, kana ichienzaniswa ne 24% muUK House of Commons.

Kuchengeteka

Kushanda kunonongedzera kumano ehurumende yokutonga nenzira inobudirira pasina chinjo dzinoitika. FTP munhau inoita hurumende dzakatsiga zvikuru, dzine avhareji yenguva refu kupfuura mumasangano ePR. Somuenzaniso, UK yakava nesarudzo dzavose 20 bedzi kubvira 1945, nehurumende imwe neimwe inogara nguva yakazara zvikurusa yenguva. PR neMMP kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoguma nehurumende dzine mibatanidzwa inogona kuwira mumibatanidzwa kana mubiyayo akarega kutsigira. Pakati pa 1945 na 2010, Italy yakanga ine hurumende dzinopfuura 60. Asi haisati iri hurumende dzose PR dzakadzikana: maPR adzoro adzoro adzoro, uye matomaganhu ehurumende echinyakare.

Kubatana kunotsamirawo pachirango chebato, nhamba yebato, uye miitiro yesangano se mivhoti yokusavimba (inoshandiswa muGermany neSpain), inoda kuti mutsivi anzi hurumende isati yagona kubviswa. Ikoku kunoderedza kusagadzikana kunyange mumagadziriro akarongeka.

Kutora Rutivi

Voter revolution imwero wakakomba wokutora rutivi. Nyika dzine PR miitiro inowanzova necherokudzoka kwakakwirira kupfuura iyo ine FTP[. Mukuwirirana ne[[FLT] shopu yeIDEA] yeInternational [[[FLT:]], avhareji yePR iri kupotenuka munyika 77%, ichienzaniswa ne 65% munyika dzeFPTPP. Musiyano wacho unoderedza rutivi nemhaka yokuti gadziriro dzinopambadza tsiva uye kupa mabato maduku mukana chaiwo wokuhwina, kuvhotera kuchiita sekunotengwa. [FLD] [FFF][5]

Mitemo yokuvhota yokumanikidzira, somuAustralia (iyo inoshandisa RCV nokuda kweImba), inomanikidzira kukwira pa 90%. Zvisinei, kugombedzerwa muitiro wakaparadzana negadziriro yokuvhota imene. Kutora rutivi kunobatanidzawo nhamba yebato nezvisarudzo zvinowanika. Miitiro yePR inogovera zvisarudzo zvakawanda, zvingawedzera kuvimbisana.

Kuzvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira kunovimbisa vavhoti kuti vatsive kana kuti kuranga. FTP kunogovera kuzvidavirira kwakajeka: ruwa rumwe norumwe rune mumiriri akasarudzwa zvakananga uyo vavhoti vanogona kutsiva. Iyi wirirano yenyika yakananga. Mu [ PR , kuzvidavirira kunoparadzirwa nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanosarudza mapato panzvimbo panzvimbo pevanhu. Hurumende dzekosha dzinoshandiswa nenzira yakananga, sezvo masangano anogona kupomera mhaka imwe neimwe nokuda kwemiitiro isingadiwi. [[FLT:]] MMP [[FLT]]] kuedza kudzikanisa aya maviri kupfurikidza nokuchengeta MPMP apo anowedzera mubatanidzwa, asi ndandanda inodzo inodzo inodzosera .

RCV inovandudza kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza navasaruri avo vane tsigiro huru, asi muitiro wokutamisa unogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti pamusoro poune mutoro wemiuyo yemitemo. Mumaruwa akawanda anoshandisa STV, kuzvidavirira kunooma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vamiriri vazhinji vakabva kumativi akasiana - siana vanoshumira nzvimbo imwe cheteyo.

Masangano Anowedzera Nemiitiro Yokuchinja

Nyika dzinoverengeka dziri kunzvera kana kuti kugamuchira gadziriro dzinoumbwa nemhesano kuti dzibatanidze simba remifanikiso iripo. Imwe inofambiswa Vote (STV) mumaruwa akawanda, inoshandiswa muIreland neMalta, inobatanidza mikana nePR. Vapindi vezvikamu zvavanhu mukati meruwa, uye mubatanidzwa unoshandiswa kuvhotera vakundi vakawanda. STV inoita miuyo inowirirana apo inochengeta chisarudzo chamabhii nemumiririri wemitengi. Zvisarudzo zvayo zvikuru zvinooma uye zvinodikanwa nokuda kwamaruwa makuru, izvo zvinogona kushatisa batano yazvo yomunzvimbomo.

Mitemo yeRound Yechipiri [TRS], inoshandiswa musarudzo yapurezidhendi weFrance nePugional, inobatanidza mativi okutanga umo muvhozhokero upi noupi anogona kukwaniriswa nokuda kwechipiri kana achipfuura chikumbaridzo. Ikoku kunokurudzira mibatanidzwa ine mwero asi inogona kuva inodhura uye inodzosera nguva. Mudzimwe nyika, dzakadai seMali neUkraine, TRS yakatsiviwa nokuda kwokudzosa.

Kuvhota kwapamhene kunobvumira vavhoterwa vakawanda sezvavanobvumira; mutendi ane mvumo yakawandisa. na[FLT]] . Mitemo iyi haisati yagamuchirwa zvikuru asi yakaedzwa mune mamwe mavhoti omunzvimbomo uye nemasangano evoruzhinji.

Masangano echinjo anoshanda munyika dzinoverengeka. Mu [FFT:0] Canada, dare reparamende 2016 rakarumbidza kuva neboka rakavhengana, asi hurumende yeLiberal yakasiya chinjo. UK[FL:3] [FLT]] yakabata 2011 serendmendimendimendime [ parati yeImba inopesana (AVFT) [[FFT:5] nokuda kweImbarome, iyo yakakundwa ku 32. [[FFFL:6]] [FFLT:], [4], RV], yakapararira kunenge 50, kubatanidza kuwanda kwaMakurukota, uye maguta anoverengeka: [FT] [F]

mhedziso

Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro yokuvhota hakutongorina mativi akwakare; iko kunonzwika namanzwi, kuti hurumende dzinoumbwa sei, uye kuti vagari vemo vanowirirana sei nehurumende yavo inosarudzwa navanhu. FTP inoramba yakakurumbira nokuda kwokupfava kwayo nedzikamo, asi shambidziko dzayo dzinosanonyorwa. P [FLT] [FLT] [MP]] inopa wirirano nemutengo wapakati pakusagadzikana kwapa. RV[FL:] [FLT] [5] inogovera ruzhinji nokuderedza utachiona asi inogona kuvhiringidza. [[FL:] [FLT]] [FFLT]]

Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvinokosha kuvadzidzisi, vagadziri vemiitiro, uye vagari vemo vakabatana. Nhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzokuchinja munyika dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuti gadziriro dzokuvhota hadzisi dzekare-karesa senzanga dzinochinjazve pfungwa dzedemokrase. Nokuda kwokuravazve, ACE Ectoral Knowlet Knowlet [ inogovera mashoko makuru, uye zvidzidzo zvedzidzo zvakadai se [[FLT:] Electoral Systems: A Confection Interction[ [Farrell, 2011] inopa kunzvera kukuru zvikuru. Kushanda kwegadziriro ipi neipi yokuvhota kunosano inotsamira pakuti inosanoshanda sei, izvo zvinoda zvose zviri zviviri kugadzirwa nokubatanidzwa kwemashoko nokubatanidzwa.