Chibvumirano chechina cheFirst to the United States Constitution chinopfuura kuumbwa kwemitemo.Ichi inheyo yorusununguko rwomunhu nomunhu uye kuva oga. Yakanyorwa muBill of Rights, iyi gadziridzo inodzika miganhu yakajeka pasimba rehurumende, inorambidza nzvero dzisina mufungo nepfari uye inoda kuti kutevedzerwa kwemitemo kuratidze kuti zvimwe kunoparira nhau dzepachivande dzevagari vemo. Munhambo yokunzvera nguva dzose, miunganidzwa yemirayiridzo, uye kubvisa mitemo, kunzwisisa nzira dzechidhindo chechina kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kudzivirira kodzero dzake. Iyi rondedzero inhau huru inoita kuti ishande pamberi pokuisa nhau dzekare, kutsanangura kwapamutemo kwazvino unoumba zvinhu zvakavanzika.

Nhau Yomugariro Wekare We Amendedzero Yechina

Gemende Rechina Yakabuda zvakananga kubva muzvinoitika zvisingafadzi zvavarwi veBritain nechiremera chisingadzorwi. Kare kare pamberi pechinjo yeAmerica, mutemo wavose weEngland wakanga waziva utsvene hweimba yomunhu. Mhaka ye18-century ye Entick v. Carrington [175] yakagadza kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vabvumire kunzvera pasina kududza nzvimbo kana kuti zvinhu. Zvisinei, mudzoro dzeAmerica, zviremera zveBritain nguva dzose zvakafuratira nheyo idzi, zvichishandisa zvishandiso zvebetsero kuti zvinzvere mudzimba, mashekero, uye zvikepeto zvinoverevedza zvakanaka pasina kunyumwiswa.

Kuramba Kutongwa Nehurumende NeGenesisi Ye Amendedzero

Mapepa ebetsero akanga akajekeswa zvikuru akanga ari mapepa akajekeswa asina kutongopera uye aigona kuchinjwa kubva kumukuru mukuru mumwe kuenda kune mumwe. Vakabvumira vakuru vakuru vetsika dzetsika kuputsa masuo, kutsvaka mapepa emunhu oga, uye kutora nzvimbo padariro. Vatungamiriri veKokoromani vakadai saJames Otis Jr. vakakwikwidzananwa mukurumbira pamusoro peidzi tsvurudzo muna 1761, vachidziidza kuti "chishandiso chakaipisisa chesimba risingafungidziri." Iyi shungu yakasimba yakakurisa yakawedzera kudikanwa kwedziviriro yemitemo yakananga pakunzvera kukuru. Apo varoyi vakaungana kuti vanyorese Bill of Rights, James Mademos vakakarakadza mutauro waitaura zvakananga pamusoro peizvi. Mugumisiro waiva weChishanu, chakagamuchirwa pana December 15, 1791.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzokugadziridzwa Kwechina

Rugwaro rweGavhura rechina runa mashoko akapfupika asi rune revo huru. Runorava kuti: " maruramiro avanhu okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye tapuro, mukunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, harusati ruchizoputswa, uye pasina Warrants, asi pachinhu chingabvira, chinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti tsigiro, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.. Mutauro uyu unoumba nheyo dzinoverengeka.

  • Kudzivirirwa muNzvero yeEmorfly Surrections: Hakusi kunzvera kwose kunorambidzwa (*) bedzi uko kusina mufungo. Mupimo une mufungo ndiwo muedzo mukuru unoshandiswa nematare.
  • Chiratidzo chapamutemo: nomutoo wakafanira, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuwana rugwaro pamberi pokuitisa kunzvera. Chibvumikiso chinofanira kuvakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira, kureva kuti panofanira kuva namaidi akakwana kutungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huchawanwa.
  • Chikamu: Vapindi vanofanira kurondedzera zvakananga nzvimbo inoda kusechwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Ikoku kunodzivisa mukuru, kunzvera uko vavambi vanosema.
  • Ath kana kuti Aftification: Mubati anokumbira rugwaro anofanira kupika pasi pemhiko kuidi dzinopiwa. Ikoku kunoparira kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo uye kunodzivisa kukumbira kwapamberi.

Tariro Ine Mwero Yokuva Woga

Nzwisiso yazvino uno yeFinet Amendment yeChina inotsamira papfungwa ye "kariro ine mufungo yokuva woga," yakatanga kuziviswa neDare Gurusa mu Katz v. United States (1967]). Mumupimo uyu, kunzvera kunoitika apo hurumende inoputsa kariro chaiyoiyo, yezvakavanzika zvemunhu kuti chaunga chakagadzirirwa kuziva sechine mufungo. Iyi gadziriro inochinjika inobvumira mutemo kuchinjira kuruzivo rutsva rwezvinhu uye miraudzo yenzanga.

Kududzira Kutonga: Kuratidzira Mhaka dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Mumazana maviri amakore apfuura, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakanatsa ndokuwedzera Supremendment yeChina kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvehurumende. iyi nhau dzakarondedzera chinoumba kunzvera, apo rugwaro runodikanwa, uye kuti ufakazi hunowanwa hunofanira kubatwa sei zvisiri pamutemo.

Kutonga Kwokugumisa: Vhiki Nemapu

Mu Weeks v. United States (14), Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti ufakazi hwakawanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende hahugoni kushandiswa mudare rehurumende. Ikoku kwakaparira mutemo wokubvisa une simba mukurwisana nomufambiro wamapurisa. Zvisinei, mutemo wakatanga kushanda bedzi kumiitiro yehurumende. Iwo wakachinja ne [1961], apo Dare rakabatanidza Gadziro yeChina inorwisana nezviito zveGene kupfurikidza neGeneth Classiast Redermentation, uchiita mutemo unobatira kumugariro wose nomutemo womunzvimbomo. [FFF:]

Kuwedzera Kutambanuko: Katz naTerry

Sezvacherechedzwa, Katz v. United States (1967) yakabvisa ngwariro kubva pamutemo wenzvimbo kuva yakavanzika. Dare rakatonga kuti kushambadza kusina kufanira kwenzvimbo yavose yerunhare kwakaputsa Gadziriro yeChina nemhaka yokuti Katz akanga ane kariro ine mufungo yokuti kurukurirano yake yaizova yakavanzika. Iyi mhaka yakabudirira kudzora mitoo yekare yakavakirwa pa Olmstead v. United States[FL:3] [1928].]

Nenzira inopesana, Terry v. Ohio (1968) yakaita kusiiwa kwakamanikana: mapurisa angamisa ndokuisa munhu mufirikisi kana ane nyumwiro dzine mufungo kuti munhu wacho akashongedzwa nezvombo uye ane ngozi. Uku kumira kwapashoma napaduku nokuda kwezvombo, kwete ufakazi, uye hakudi chisakiso kana kuti pamutemo. Dare rakaziva kuti chengeteko pane dzimwe nguva inoruramisa kunzvera kupfupi, kupfupikisa zvishoma.

Chivako Chemunhu: Riley uye Muvezi

Zera remichina rakamanikidzira Dare kushandisa nheyo itsva kuzvimiro zvemashoko zvitsva chose. Mu Riley v. California (2014, Dare rakabatana rakataura kuti mapurisa anoda maruramiro okunzvera serura yakabatwa mukati mokusungwa. Dare rakaziva kuti nhare dzeserura dzazvino uno dzine mashoko akawanda omunhu oga /$photos, mashoko, nhau, nhau yenhau yezvokurapa, uye kupfuura chinhu chipi nechipi. Naizvozvo, kunzvera runhare hakusati kuri chiitikowo zvacho chokungotsvaka kusungwa; kunoda maruramiro akavakirwa pachikonzero chakafanana.

Zvakatokosha zvikuru, mu Karbate v. United States (2017), Dare Rapamusoro rakataura mano ehurumende okuwana mashoko enhau enzvimbo yesero-sitiki (CSI) kubva kuvatakuri vemichina isina pamutemo. Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende inofanira kuwana rubvumitso / kwete murayiro wedare pasi peTervezs Communies Act / Nhando] nokuti nguva refu yokuongorora kwemasangano omunhu inoputsa kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika. Iyi yakanga iri jambwa huru kudzidziso yechitatu, iyo kare yakanga yaita kuti mashoko agoverane nokuzvidira nechikamu chechitatu (se kambani) haadzivisirwi. [FF:]

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano

Nepo Findment yeChina yakanyorwa muzana ramakore rechi 18, nheyo dzayo dzinofanira kudzora nzvimbo yetsika dzezana ramakore rechi21.

Dzidziso Yechitatu Mudzvinyiriro

Kwemakumi amakore, dzidziso yechitatu yakabatanidzwa kubva kuUnited States v. Miller [77] uye Smith v. Maryland [79]) (89]) yakaona kuti vanhu havana tariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika mumashoko avanotendeukira nokuzvidira kumativi matatu. Izvi zvakabvumira hurumende kuwana marekodhi ebhangi, nhamba dzemafoni, uye mamwe mahwendefa ebhizimisi ane danda duku, kwete danda. Zvisinei, [FLT:] Center [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [5] chiratidzo chokuti dzidziso yacho yakaganhurirwa apo mashoko anozivisa udzame muupenyu. Zvino, kana kuti zvikavikirwa nenhau yenhau inochengetwa.

Purogiramu Dzezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Pashure pekudenha 9 / 11 , USA PARITIOTT Act yakakudza zviremera zvehurumende zvokunzveresa, kubatanidza kushandiswa kweNational Security Letters neSalviation-Sirvet kushaikwa pasi peInternational Intelligence Surveillance Act (FASA). Edward Snowden revhoography muna 2013 yakazivisa kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemitezo yemitezo yeminhove yeAmerica nekurukurirano dzeInternet. [[FLT:] USA INFUBTULT [[FLT]] [20] [20] Kuchinja zvimwe zviremera asi zvimwe zvakasiya zvimwe zvinhu zvisina kutsakatikarirwa. Vatsigiriki vanoramba kuti zvinyorwa zvemashoko zvisakawanda zvemitengo zvechine chechina chechina chechina chechina, nepo apo hurumende inoipikisa dzidziso yechitatu yechikamu kana kuti "ichongo" inoda kusha. [FLPFF]

Nhema neNharo Ye “Kuenda Kune Rima ”

Hurumende yakamanikidza makambani emisikanzwa akadai seChiratidzo neWhasSApp, inodzivisa kunyange mushandisi webasa kurava mashoko. Masangano emitemo akapikisa kuti ichi chinoparira chinetso che "chinoitika", uko vasingagoni kuwana ufakazi kunyange nekodzero inoshanda. Hurumende yakamanikidza makambani ezvokutengeserana kuvaka masuo, asi vatsigiri vezvakavanzika vanonyevera kuti nzvimbo ipi neipi yokupinda nokushatisa munhu ari wose. Madare akakamurana kuti kana Apple, somuenzaniso, anofanira kubetsera FBI kuvhura iPhone. Uku kuoma kwechakavanzika pakati pekuchengeteko nechivande. Sezvicho chichava nhau inopfupikisa yeChishanu yePringiro cheP.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Nepo Findment yechina ichida maruramiro, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva mativi anoverengeka ayo anobvumira kunzvera kusina murairo mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Uku kusarura kwakaganhurirwa nokungwarira uye hurumende inotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa kuva inoshanda.

  • Kutsvaka Chinoitika Chokusungwa: Pashure pokusungwa kwapamutemo, mapurisa angatsvaka munhu womusungwa nenharaunda iri pedyo kusvika ("pakusvika) kudzivirira vakuru vakuru ndokuchengeta ufakazi. Zvisinei, mupimo unomanikidzirwa Rati yemajere yakaratidzwa, kunzvera serura hakuwanzowira pasi pouku kutevedzana.
  • [[FOLT: 0] Murangariro unooneka: Kana mukuru mukuru aripo pamutemo ndokuona ufakazi hunopomera mumurangariro wakajeka, vangautora pasina maruramiro.
  • Migariro yakakomba: Migariro yemigariro yeNhamo, yakadai sokurondwa kwokukurumidza kwefungidziro yokutiza kana kuti ruparadziko rwava pedyo rwoufakazi, ingaruramisa kunzvera kusina maruramiro.
  • [ Shoma: Kana munhu akabvuma nokuzvidira kusecha, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa. Zvisinei, kutendera kunofanira kupiwa pachena, kwete kumanikidzwa, uye kunogona kubviswa panguva ipi neipi.
  • Mota inoshanda:[[FLT 1] Nemhaka yokuti motokari dzinofamba uye dzingava noufakazi hungagona kusundwa nokukurumidza, mapurisa angatsvaka motokari kana ane chikonzero chingabvira chokudavira kuti ine ufakazi hweutsotsi. Uku kukura kweichi chitsaru kwakawedzera nokufamba kwenguva.
  • Border According: Pamiganhu yamarudzi ose nazvinoshanda, hurumende ine chiremera chikuru chokunzvera vanhu nezvinhu pasina maruramiro kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira. Uku kunomutsa nharo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokunzvera zvishandiso zvemagetsi.

Basa Rokusimbiswa kwoMutemo Nemiitiro Yakanakisisa

Kunzwisisa kwavo zvinodiwa nemitemo uye kuzvipira kwavo kumapurisa anoremekedza kodzero dzehurumende kunokanganisa kuvimba uye kuchengeteka kwevagari vemo zvakananga.

Kuwana Nokuita Vaparidzi Nenzira Yakafanira

Mapurisa anofanira kunyora zvisakiso zvinotanga chisakiso chinobvira namaidi chaiwo, akavimbika. Anofanirawo kuva nechokwadi chezvibvumikiso zvinorondedzera nzvimbo yokutsvaka nezvinhu noururami chaihwo. Kushanda kwokutsvaka, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuganhurira kunzvera kwavo kunharaunda nezvisaririra zvinodudzwa murumbidzo, kutoti zvimwe zvisizvo zvichishanda. Makamera oMutumbi ava chishandiso chinokosha chokuteerera nokuvaka chivimbo chavose. Madhipati akawanda zvino anotsamira pa Nhevero yenhungamiro dzeruramisiro kuumba kurovedzwa kwawo.

Kuvimba Nenzanga Nokuzvidavirira

Ruremekedzo nokuda kweGadziriro yeChina runowirirana nemapurisa enzanga. Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti vakuru vakuru havasati vachizoita nzvero yokuzvidira kana kuti yokusada kudzorwa, vane bviro huru yokubatira pamwe nemhosva dzinoshuma. MaBato anosimbisa kujeka, kubviswa kwegweta, uye dare rebumbiro remitemo zvinofanira kuva nemigumisiro iri nani. Nenzira inopesana, nzira dzokumira dzoutsinye dzinotsamira panyuko dzine mufungo dzoga dzakadenhwa nokuda kwokuva nenzanga shomanene dzinotungamirira kukuderera kupfumba kupfuudzira kupfupi. Vatungamiriri vemitemo vanofanira kuvimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanzwisise Gadziro yeChina kwete semhinganiso asi sedziviriro yerusununguko chaidzo iyo vanopika kudzivirira.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Dzochina Dzokuchinja: Zano Rinoshanda

Mugari wose wemo anogona kutora matanho okuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza kudzivirira kwadzo kweChina Endement.

  • Gara wakazvidzwa: Nzwisisa kuti une maruramiro okuramba kunyarara uye maruramiro okuramba kutendera kunzvera. Usapindura mibvunzo inopfuura kugovera zita rako nechiziviso apo kunenge kuchidikanwa nenzira yapamutemo (g., mukati mokumira kwemotokari).
  • [[FOLT:0] Kumbira kana Wakasununguka Kubva:[[FT:1] Pakusangana namapurisa, kana usingasungwe, unogona kubvunza, uti, Ndakasununguka kuenda here? Kana mukuru akati hungu, unogona kuenda hako zvakanaka; kana wakasungwa, haungasunungurwi, asi une simba rokuramba wakanyarara.
  • Usatendera kuSearch: Kunyange kana usina chinhu chokuvanza, unofanira kutaura zvakajeka kuti "Handibvumiri kunzvera." Kana mapurisa ane rugwaro runoshanda, achatsvaka zvisinei, asi kupfurikidza nokusakubvumira iwe unochengeta maruramiro ako apamutemo uye kungadzivisa kushandiswa kwoufakazi kana kunzvera kuchiva kusiri kwapamutemo.
  • Tsamba Ufakazi: Kana une foni (uye zvakachengeteka kuita kudaro), rekodha batano. Nyika zhinji dzinobvumira kunyorwa kwamapurisa pachena. Cherekedza mazita evakuru vakuru nenhamba dzebheji.
  • Chengeta Koreji Yako Yamanani: Shandisa kunyorwa kwakasimba kwekurukurirano, igonesa kusimbisa zvinhu zviviri, uye rangarira zvaunochengeta mugore. Gara uchiongorora zvakavanzika pasocial medicas napane mamwe mabasa apaIndaneti.
  • Tsvaka Zano rapamutemo: Kana ukadavira kuti kodzero dzako dzeFindment yeChina dzakaputswa, nyorera gweta rakawanwa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo. Mutezo wokurega ungatungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi uye kunyange kudzingwa kwepomero.

Kupedzisa: Kutemwa Kwechina Munyika Inochinja

Gadziriro yeChina yeSangano reSangano reChinese inoramba iri dziviriro inokosha muupenyu hweAmerica. Nhevedzo dzayo dzakavakirwa mukurwisa kwehurumende mukurwisana nezvibvumikiso zvehurumende. Dzinopfuurira kutungamirira matare sezvo anonangana noruzivo rutsva nemasimba ehurumende. Kubva pakuparadza mutemo kukuva yakavanzika yemadhigirii, Dare Gurusa rakachinja kugadziridza kuva nechokwadi chokuti "kodzero yevanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye migumisiro yazvo" hazvisi chipikirwa chisina maturo. Zvisinei, mutoro unowirawo pavagari vemo kuziva nokushandisa kodzero dzavo, uye pakuchengetwa kwomutemo kutungamirira mabasa avo nokuvimbika kumiganhuro yemitemo. Sezvicho zvishandiso zvokungwarira zvinova zvakakwirira zvikuru uye muganhu pakati pemazita apachena, kudzorwa kwegore rechina kucharamba kurwisana mukurukurirano yerusununguko nokuchengeteka kunenge kuripo. Kunzwisisa kwazvinorevererwa navanhu vamwe vose, uye kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kwazvinobetsera murusununguko chamatongo.