Masangano ehurumende ndiwo mabhiridhi ehurumende ehurumende yeAmerica anotonga, ane mutoro wemitemo mizhinji inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo vavo. Kubva pakushandisa mari nokutarisira utano kugadziridza ruramisiro yemabhinya nokusimukira, mitemo yehurumende inoumba mhoteredzo umo vanhu vanorarama, basa, uye bhizimisi. Nepo United States Congress ine mutoro wemitemo yehurumende, mubatanidzwa mukuru wemitemo unopfuudzwa nemitemo 50 yehurumende inodzorwa nemitemo inodzorwa. Iyi mitumbi pamwero yose inorangarira makumi ezviuru zvezvikwereti gore rimwe nerimwe. Kunzwisisa chaizvoizvo kuti mutemo unova sei muitiro panzvimbo yehurumende; ichiri chishandiso chinoshanda nokuda kwavatsigiriki, vatori vemabhizimisi, vatori venhau, uye vagari vemo vanokarakadzwa vanoda kufamba kana kuti vadzore tsika.

Nepo gadziriro huru yegadziriro yapasi ichiratidzira mutezo womubatanidzwa, miitiro yehurumende yakasiana, yakasiana, uye kazhinji kazhinji inowanika zvikuru kuvanhu. Idzo nzendo dzakaoma, dzamastati kuti dzidikire mutezo wokupukunyuka, kurukurirano, uye kubvumirana pamativi anoverengeka akasiyana. Nhano imwe neimwe yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo unokarakadzwa unosanorongwa usati wasvika mabhuku omutemo. Iyi nhano-shure inoputsa rwendo irworwo, kubva pamavambo epfungwa kusvikira kukuumbwa kwokupedzisira kwomutemo mutsva, ichigovera nhungamiro inotanhanhanhanhano inodzo inodzorwa kumumwe wemibato mikurusa yehurumende.

Bhuku raGenesisi roMutemo weHurumende: Kurwisa uye Kupiwa Tsika

Rwendo rwomutemo wehurumende runotanga kare muiti wemitemo asati apinda muuriri hwenzvimbo. Ichochi chinotanga nepfungwa. Iyi pfungwa inogona kubva mumhatsa yakasiyana- siyana yamanyuko. Kurwisana nedanda rinodzivisa kunganyandura muitiro unodzokororwa. Boka rinonyandura rinomirira bhizimisi rakati ringakarakadza chinjo kumirairo yebhizimisi. Sangano rehurumende ringawana mukaha mumasimba echipo. Masimba ebasa, kunzvera, kana kuti chiteshi chemiitiro chomuiti wemitemo amene idzoro itsarudzowo.

Kana pfungwa yangoumbwa bedzi, mashoko chaiwoiwo omutemo anofanira kubudiswa. Uyu muitiro wemiitiro yemiitiro yakakwirira. Nepo muiti wemitemo angava nenharidzano yakafara, mutauro wapamutemo unofanira kuva wakananga kudzivisa miuyo isingakanwi uye kugonana nedenho dzinobvira dzedare. Hurumende zhinji dzinoshandisa rugwaro rusingatsigiri, runowanzonzi Lgislative Counser Counser, Office of Legislative Services, kana kuti Revis of Screctes. Ava vanyori vadzori vashandurira pfungwa yemitemo yemitemo mumutauro wepamutemo. Vanovimbisa kuti rugwaro runokarakadzwa ruko rwemitemo iripo, runowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo, uye nenzira yakarurama.

Kutsigira kutsigira inhano inotevera inokosha. Mudzimwe nyika, mutsigiri mukuru ndiye mutsigiri mukuru wemutengi wemitemo uye achaifudza kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemitemo. Co-sponsiss vanowedzera mazita avo kutsigiro yezviratidzo, izvo zvinogona kuratidzira mwero wemari yetsigiro yebipartis kana kuti ukoshi hwayo kunzvimbo. Mudzimwe nyika, mune miganhu yechiverengero checo-ponssvers kana kuti mitemo pamusoro peapodziro inogona kuwedzerwa. Chikamu ichi chokutanga, nepo chinoratidzika kuva chinodzora, chinoisa nheyo nokuda kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Chirevo chakafara, boka rakasiana- siyati , rine bviro yokufambira mberi kupfuura inotangwa nomunhu mumwe muiti wemitemo pasina kutsigirwa.

Kutanga Nokuverenga Kwokutanga

Mupepa rakanyorwa uye rinopiwa mutsigiri, muitiro wemitemo unotanga. Mutsigiri anosuma mutengi kupfurikidza nokuupa kuna mabharani mukuru kana kuti munyori wekamuri ravo rinotsaukana. Muhurumende zhinjisa, ichi chiito chinoperekedzwa ne "kutanga kurava," mukati macho musoro wepepa unoraviwa zvinonzwika, uye unogoverwa nhamba yemitemo. Nhamba iyi igweta remitemo retsangara rasara rerwendo rwayo (g., HB 101 yeHouse Bill 101, kana kuti SB 202 yeDare Bill 202). Nhamba iyi inoshandiswa mumapepa epamutemo, makarenda, uye miitiro yezvirongwa zvehurumende.

Mitemo yesumo inosimudzirwa inosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzine misi yakatsiga yokupinza mabhii mukati merusando rwemitemo, nepo dzimwe dzichiregerera zvikuru. Hurumende yakafanana neCalifornia ine "makore maviri" rusando, umo mabhii akatangwa mugore rokutanga anogona kupfuudzwa kusvikira kugore rechipiri pasina kuda kudzorerwazve. Dzimwe nyika dzine marusando enguva dzose apo rusando rupi norupi rusina kupfuura runofa panoperera makore maviri, ruchida kutangazve kwakakwana murusando inotevera. Rutivi rwamabhiri rwapa rungatangwa runogona kuva runokatyamadza; chirongwa chikuru chezvikwereti chingaona zviuru zvezvikwereti zvichipinzwa murusarumwe. Rudzi rwokutanga runosimbisa nokukurumidza kudikanwa kwekugadziridza zvinoshanda: gadziriro yedare. Kurava kwokutanga kurava nzvimbo yemitemo murusarusa rwedare nechikamu charo.

Muitiro Wedare: Uko Mabhiri Anosainwa

Gadziriro yedare irechisarudzo. Inowanzonzi "rokushandira dare rechibvumirano," ndipo apo udzame hwounyanzvi hwebhiridha hunonzverwa, kukurukurwa, uye kazhinji kazhinji kunyorwazve. Pasina tendero yedare, chibvumirano hachiwanzofambiri mberi kuuriri nokuda kwevhoti nekamuri rakazara. Simba redare rokuumba, kunatsa, kana kuti kuuraya mutemo mukuru uye rinokosha kukushanda kweimba yehurumende.

Basa Rematare Akamira

Dare rimwe nerimwe rakarongwa kuva zvechigarire, mapoka akanangana anozivikanwa sematare akamira. Matare aya anofukidza nzvimbo dzakadai sePuriculture, Education, Health, and Human Services, Judiary, Trams, and Fours naFractal (inobata nebhadharo nemari yehurumende). Subberson, nzvimbo ine simba inowanzoitwa nenhengo yeboka revoruzhinji, inodzora purogiramu yedare. Chigaro chinosarudza kuti zvii zvikwereti zvichanzwa uye munhevedzano ipi. Chigadziko chedare chinorondedzerwa nemitemo yekamuri racho, kuvimbisa kuti zvikwereti zvinodzorwa nenyanzvi huru pamusoro penhau yacho. Somuenzaniso, mutezo wezvirango pamusoro pezvirango zvichadzorwa kuDare rezvokuraumeri, kwete Dare reDzidzo.

Kunzwa Kwavose Nouchapupu

Rimwe ramapfundo anowanika zvikurusa egadziriro yomutemo nderokuteerera kwavose. Iri ibanza guru nokuda kwavagari vemo, nyanzvi, vagamuchiri, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vagovere muuyo wakananga. Zvapupu zvinogona kupupurira mumunhu, mutsamba, kana kuti nenzira inowedzera. Vanogona kutaura mukutsigira mutemo, mukupesana nawo, kana kuti kupa zvikarakadzo zvokugadziridza. Kunzwa kwavose kunoshanda basa rinokosha redemocracy, kubvumira kutora rutivi rwehurumende uye kugovera vagadziri vemitemo vane mifungo chaiyoiyo yazvo. [Renational Conference of Legastitus (NCSL))) (wwww.w.org/eleclas-om's/astertisteat) inogovera zvinhu pamashandiro ehurumende, kubatanidza miitiro yakanakisisa uye kuisa kupupurira.

Kuratidzirwa Negadziridzo

Pashure pokutonga kwavose, dare rinopinda mudanho "rokudzosa. Mukati mokupa mari, mitezo yedare inokarakadza, kurukurirano, uye vhoti pakugadziriswa kwegweta. "shamwari" ingajekesa mutauro unovhiringidza kana kuti kuvhara chikanganiso. Kudzorwa kwemifungo yemifungo yedare kungachinja chose chose chinangwa chegweta, pane dzimwe nguva senzira yokuvhota zvakakwana kuti ipfuure, kana kuti kuratidzirazve kusava kwayo. Muitiro wokudzo unogona kukurumidza kujekesa zvikwereti zvayo kana kuti kutambanudza pamusoro pezvikwereti zvakawanda nokuda kwemisangano yakaoma kana kuti murairo wezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuchinja kwechibvumirano chimwe nechimwe kunokurukurwa uye kunovhoteranwa nemitezo yedare.

Kuraira nokupa paburi rePigeoni

Pashure pokubhadharwa, dare rinovhota kana rikakundikana kutumira pepa racho mukamuri rakazara. Vhoti yakanaka inonzi "Do Pass" rumbidzo. Dzimwe nguva, matare anopa ``Kupfuura seAmended" rumbidzo, inoratidzira kuti mutengo unofanira kufambira mberi asi bedzi nokuchinja kwakaitwa panguva yokupa. Kana dare rikakundikana kuita basa papepa, kana kuti kuvhota pariri, pamutemo wafa zvinobudirira nokuda kwerusando irworwo. Irwo runowanzonononongedzerwa so "pigeonling" kana kuti "tabling" dare, naizvozvo, rinobatira sechisero chine simba, rinosimbisa kuti bedzi, mutemo unosvika pasi peteji yacho yose. Chitsauko chikuru chezvikwereti chinoiswa mudare rinofa mudare rinochengeta masuo.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokukurukura Mudare Ramavambo

Apo mutengo unoshumwa zvakanaka kubva kudare, unoiswa pakarenda nokuda kwokurangarira uriri. Dare reMitemo mukamuri rimwe nerimwe rinodzora chaizvoizvo kuyerera kwomutemo kuuriri, richitema nhevedzano umo zvikwereti zvinokurukurwa. Uyu mubato une simba wokuronga, sezvo kunonoka mukarenda kunogona kuderedza zvakakomba mikana yegwendero isati yapera purogiramu.

Kurava uye Gakava Zvinotonga

Gadziriro dzose dzenharo. Mitemo yekurukurirano inosiana, asi kazhinji kazhinji, mutsigiri anovamba kupfurikidza nokutsanangura donzo repepa nedonzo. Mitezo ipapo inochinja kutaura kana kuti kupesana negweta. Kugadzikisa kunogona kupiwa kubva pauriri mukati meiyi kurukurirano, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichida kuti bvumirano dziitwe mukunyora pachine nguva mberi. "Vespiri" kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza kuhwirudzuraniswa kwepepa nokurangarirwa kwechibvumirano, nepo "Vhauswo" iri rugwaro rwokupedzisira pamberi pevhoti. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda chirevodzo kuti chiraviswe zvizere pamazuva matatu akaparadzana, kunyange zvazvo mutemo uyu uchigona kusimudzwa nokuvhota.

Nzira Dzokukurukurira Nadzo Mashoko

Hurumende dzinoshandisa mitoo inoverengeka kunyora vhoti. inzwi rinoshandiswa nokuda kwenhau dzisiri dzoutongi apo mugumisiro wakajeka. vhoti yeboka inhamba apo mitezo inomira kuti iverengerwe. Chivhoti inovhota mumwe nomumwe wemitezo, uko kuri kuti zvikwereti zvinokosha kana kuti zvikwereti zvenharo zvakasarudzwa. Roll vhota inhau yechinyorwa chavose, inobvumira kuti vamiririri vavo vaone kuti vasai. Ruzhinji rwemitezo iripo uye inovhota, kutora bhita bhii iripo (zvinowanzova voruzhinji yemitezo yose), inodikanwa kupfuudza mutongo. Kana mari yepepa ikagamuchira vhoti hurusarudzo parwo, inoziviswa "muteveripo" muimba yacho.

Dare Rechipiri: Kupfuura Bhiro Romushonga

Kana mutengo wangopfuura mumwe, unoendeswa kune mumwe kamuri kuti utangezve. Mashoko anotumirwa nenzira yakarongwa kune mumwe muviri, pamwe chete nekopi yakanyura yegweta rinobatanidza kugadziridzwa kwezvose zvinoitwa mukamuri rokugara. Kamuri rechipiri rinofanira kupfuura mumutauro mumwe chetewo kuti riende kuna gavhuna.

Muitiro uri mukamuri rechipiri hausi chitambi cherabha. Kana imba yechipiri ikapinda mumichina yose yemitemo zvakare: kutanga kurava, dare rinonongedzera, kunzwika kwavose, kurukurirano youriri, uye vhoti yokupedzisira. Kamuro rechipiri rine simba rakazara rokuramba mutengo, kuupfuudza pasina chinjo, kana kuti kuupfuudza nemhesano. Kana imba yechipiri ipora rugwaro rwacho pasina chinjo, runonzi "concurrence," uye rugwaro rwacho runopiwa zvakananga kuna gavhuna. Zvisinei, ikoku hakuwanzova kwemitengwa nokuda kwomutemo mukuru. Kazhinji, imba yechipiri inokarakadza kugadziriswa, kutumira rugwaro kutebhedharo yaro.

Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana: Matare Omusangano

Kana makamuri maviri asingagoni kubvumirana pamutauro wokupedzisira wepepa, dare redare rinoungana rinoumbwa. Iri idare rechinguvana, rinoumbwa nenhamba duku yemitezo inobva mukamuri rimwe nerimwe, kazhinji kazhinji mitezo yakakwirira yamatare anokosha aibatanidzwa mumatanho apakuvamba epepa. Iyi mitezo inogadzwa naSheaker weHouse neKentenari Majority (kana kuti Purezidhendi weDare).

Dare remusangano rinoita misangano yokusaidzira bvumirano. Vavariro ndeyokubudisa shanduro imwe yemitemo iyo makamuri ose anogona kugamuchira. Muuyo webasa ravo i "mushumo wokubvumirana," iyo iri shanduro yakakwana, yakanyorwazve yepepa. Uyu mushumo unozopiwa kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwokuvhota. Kana matare ose ari maviri akanyoreswa kunzvimbo ino. Kana kuti mahofisi ose ari maviri akarambwa. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuigamuchira mushumo wose kana kuti kuiramba chose chose. Iyi `itora kana kuti kuisiya) inonangidzira simba rinokosha mumaoko enhengo dzedare redare. Kana matare ose ari maviri achibvumira musangano wacho, mutongo unonyoreswa uye unotumirwa kuna gavhuna. Kana mumwe kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvikamu zvichiramba, bhiritimendingafa, kana kuti dare idzva ringaedzazve kuedzwazve.

Chiito Chokupedzisira Chokuvhiya: Nhano Yokupedzisira

Mutengo wacho, zvawapukunyuka murwi wemitemo, unogara padhesiki romubati. Sarudzo dzomubati dzinosiana nebumbiro remitemo asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza zviito zvinotevera:

  • [[FOL:0] Chiratidzo muMutemo: Mubati anobvumirana nomutemo ndokuuita pamutemo wapamutemo. Izvozvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinoperekedzwa nomutambo wavose.
  • [[FOLT:0] : Mutongi anoramba mutengo ndokuudzorera kunzvimbo inobva vhu neshoko rinotsanangura kuramba.
  • Remekedza Kuva Mutemo Usina Chisaini: Mudzimwe nyika, gavhuna haagoni kungoita chiito. Pashure pechiverengero chakati chamazuva (kazhinji kazhinji 10, kunze kweSvondo, kana kuti mazuva 30 kana dare remitemo raiziviswa), mutemo wacho unova pamutemo pasina siginicha yagavhuna. Ichi chinogona kuva chisarudzo chakafanira kana gavhuna asingadi kutendera zvizere mutengo asi asingadi kuuda.
  • Mutsetse-Mutemo: Wakasiana nepepa rokuranganisa (madhiritsi), mutsetse-chinhu vhato unobvumira gavhuna kurova zvinhu zvakati kana kuti zvitsama zvemadhora apo anenge achitendera mutengo wasara. Ikoku kunopa simba guru pamusoro pebhajeti rehurumende nokupedza mavambo.

Veto Inodzosera Kudzorwa

A gubernonatorial vhato haisati iri hayo mhedziso yomutemo. Hurumende dzinogona kukunda muganhu kupfurikidza nokupfuudzazve pamutemo nevhoti hurusa. Chinodikanwa chinowanzova zvikamu zviviri zvemitezo inosarudzwa mukamuri rimwe nerimwe. Ichi danda rokuisa zvinhu rakakwirira kujeka, uye vhato harina kuwanikwa. Zvinoitika chaizvoizvo panhau dzinonyanya kuoneka kana kuti purogiramu inokosha apo chigaro chinodzorwa chinonzwa chakasimba zvakakwana kuunganidza mavhoti ari madikanwa. [National Garvations Association (NGO)] (https.w.w.w.g.org/) chinogovera mashoko akakwana pamusoro pezvikamu zvenyika imwe neimwe uye masangano akakwirira, kusimbisa nhau dzinobatanidza nyika imwe neimwe.

Misi Inobudirira Nokubatanidzwa

Kana mutengo wangosainwa nagavhuna (kana kuti wava mutemo kupfurikidza neimwe gadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo), unozivikanwa nenzira yapamutemo se "stable lagn" mutemo hausati uchitongoshanda nguva dzose. Mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inobatanidza "musi unoshanda" wedigiri. Mitemo yakawanda inoshanda pazuva chairo, zvakadai saJanuary 1 wegore rinotevera, kana kuti mazuva 90 pashure pokunge rusando rwemitemo rwapera. Uku kunonoka kunobvumira masangano ehurumende kugadzirira kushandisa mutemo uye kunopa vagari vemo nguva yokunzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvitsva. Zviito zvokukurumidzira, zvakadai semiraniso yekurumidzira inodikanwa kuchengeta Hurumende ichishanda kana kuti ityisidziro yavose inoda kudzivirira vanhu nokukurumidza, inogona kuita mubato nokukurumidza pachiratidzo chagavhuna.

Pashure pomusi unobudirira, mutemo mutsva unoumbwa muvhoriyano yapamutemo yemitemo yechigarire, unozivikanwa se "bumbiro remitemo renyika," "mirau yakashandurwa," kana kuti "mitemo yakarongwa". Iyi bvumirano inoronga mutemo kupfurikidza nenhau. Somuenzaniso, mutemo mutsva pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvomudzidzisi uchabatanidzwa mumusoro wedzidzo webumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Iri sangano rakarongwa inzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo kuti isvikirike kuna vose, vasarumbidzi, vatongi, uye masangano enyika. Masangano akafanana ne [Open State] (tspps.org/s) anogovera zvishandiso zvakaisvonaka nokuda kwezvikwereti zvedzidzo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemitemo yehurumende nokuwana mitemo.

Kunzwisisa Rwendo Rwehurumende

Muitiro wokupa mutemo wehurumende wakaoma kunzwisisa noune uye unonatswa zvikuru. Inobatanidza masuo akawanda, mikana yeipindwa pachena, uye masimba akaparadzana akagadzirirwa kudzivisa mutemo wokukurumidza kana kuti unorangarirwa zvisina kutsaurwa. Kuvambira pakunyora nokunzvera kwokutanga kusvikira kukurukurirano dzouriri nehwirudzuro, nhano imwe neimwe inowedzera kuzvidavirira uye inovimbisa kuti ruwara rwamanzwi rune mukana wokunzwika. Iyi gadziriro yechekerero nedzikamo, nepo pane dzimwe nguva ichinonoka uye chinokangaidza, ibwe rekona retsika, inodzoresa.

Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunopa vagari vemo simba rokuita zvinobudirira zvikuru nehurumende yavo. Kana kuri kupupurira pakutonga kwavose, kunyorera muiti wemitemo kuti ataure pfungwa, kutevera kufambira mberi kwegweta kupfurikidza nokupa dare, kana kuti kungovhota nemurangariro wakaziva kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, kutora rutivi mutsika ino kunokosha kuutano hwayo. Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji ihurumende iri pedyo zvikuru nevanhu, uye muitiro wayo wemitemo unogadzirirwa kuti iwanike. Nokunzwisisa nhano dzakarongwa pano, munhu upi noupi kana kuti sangano anogona kudzora zvakanaka uye kuita basa mukuumba mitemo inodzora vanhu vavo.