Dare reUnited States Supreme rakabatira somupikisi wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvaro pakodzero dzavagari vemo zvakachinjazve zvikuru nzanga yeAmerica. Kuvambira pakuparadza kusvikira kukuenzana kweroorano, zvisarudzo zveDare zvose zviri zviviri zvakadzivisa ndokufambisira mberi donzo reruramisiro. Nyaya ino inonzvera mhaka dzeDare Gurusa rinopesvedzera zvikurusa pakodzero dzavagari vemo, kunzvera mashoko adzo enhau, kurangarira kwapamutemo, uye tapuro inogara. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo zvakatanhamara kunokosha kunokosha kunokosha mukunzwisisa sei kuenzana kwechikwane, rusununguko, uye muitiro wakafanira muBumbiro remitemo.

Nheyo Dzapakuvamba Nezvipingamupinyi

Pamberi penhambo yazvino uno yekodzero dzavagari vemo, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakabudisa mitemo inoverengeka iyo yairondedzera (8) uye kazhinji kazhinji yakaganhurira (kusvika kwa) maruramiro avagari vemo.

Sandford (1857)

Ded Scott v. Sandford inorangarirwa zvikuru sechisarudzo chakaipisisa cheDare reHurumende reAmerica. Mutongi mukuru Roger Taney akanyora kuti vaAmerica veAfrica, vangave vari varanda kana kuti vakasununguka, havangagoni kurangarirwa savagari vemo veU.S. naizvozvo vakanga vasina kumira kuti vakwirire mudare rehurumende. Dare rakakurira Missouri Kubvumirana, kutonga kuti Dare rakanga risina chiremera chokurambidza uranda mundima dzehurumende. Ichi chisarudzo chakakomba uye chakakurumidzisa rwisa hondo yeChizvarwa chenyika. Chakamira sechiyeuchidzo chakasimba chokuti vaSabhudiaria vanogona kuva mhinganidzo yekodzero dzavagari vemo apo rinokundikana kuziva rudzi rwomunhu rwose. Mhaka yacho gare gare gare yakanga ichitonga nenzira inoitwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. [8], [4]

Ferguson (1896)

Plessy v. Ferguson akatsigira murairo wetsika worusaruraganda pasi pedzidziso "yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana". Homer Plessy, uyo akanga ari nomwe navachena uye mumwe wa8 Black, akaputsa namaune mutemo weLouisiana unoda kuti motokari dzenjanji dzakasiana nokuda kwavatema navachena. Dare Guru, muchisarudzo chapamusoro, rakaramba rugwaro rwaPercey's kuti mutemo wakaputsa Police dziviriro yaClause. Mutongi Henry Billings Brown akanyora kuti usati wareva kuva muduku sezvitoro zvakanga zvakaenzana. Muganhuro zvine simba, John Marshall Harlan akazivisa, "Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo yedu imhenje-mhenje, uye haazivi kana kushivirira masangano akaparadza mativi ose avanhu."

Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo Dzinoputsika

Pakati pezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri rakaunza nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro zvakaparadza kusarura pamutemo uye kufutunura dziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo. Idzi nhau dzakabuda musangano rakafara rekodzero dzavagari vemo uye dzakaratidzira kuchinja kwezvimiro zvenzanga.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education inozivikanwa sechisarudzo chavanhu chakakurumbira zvikurusa munhau yeDare Rapamusorosoro. Dare rakazivisa nokubvumirana kuti paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende yakaputsa Kudzivirira kwaManei. Murangariro mukuru weMutongi Earl Warren wakaramba dzidziso yakaparadzana neyakaenzana, ichiti "zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzaniswa hazvienzaniswi chose. Chisarudzo chakadzorwa naPlesty v. Ferguson ndokugovera hwaro hwepamutemo hwenhamburiko dzekubvisa basa rehurumende munyika yose.

Mhaka yacho yakavamba apo Oliver Brown Sud Court yakatanga kukuvadza Topeka, Kansas, dare rechikoro pashure pomwanasikana wake Linda rakarambidzwa kunyoreswa kuchikoro chepuraimari chevachena bedzi. NAACP Legal Defense Fund, yakatungamirirwa naThurfaill Marshall (uyo gare gare akava Mutongi weDare guru reAfrica weShountarendine), akapikisa kuti kukuvadza kwendangariro yavana vaBrack. Court yakadudza kunzvera kwendangariro kutsigira mhedziso yayo. Muchisarudzo chakatevera, [[FLD:0] Brown v. Board yeD yeDyjiss II [FFLT:55] [1955], Dare rakaraira kuti dese Conception commented Activestions) Acts. Pasinei zvapo nokuramba kukuru kwemite yemiteoredzirome, Browrown yakadzo dzakadzoronzeverwa seyamubatanidzwa muna 1964656565666564.

Mwoyo weAtlanta Motel neUnited States (1964)

Chikamu cheAtlanta Motel neUnited States chakatsigira Thit II yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vemo cha1946, icho chairambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose. Masangano akaramba kubatira vatengi vechiBlacktem ndokudenha mutemo sesimba reCongress rakakwirira pasi peChambery Claus. Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumirana kutonga kuti rusaruro rwedzinza mudzimba dzakatapurwa zvikuru mune zvokutengeserana zvenyika imwe, kuchipa Hurumende chiremera chokudzirambidza. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa kuva nemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yemo, kuvimbisa hotera, nzvimbo dzokudyira, mafiriji, dzimwe nzvimbo dzemitambo, uye zvimwe zvivako zvavoruzhinji zvaisagona kuramba basa rakavakirwa padzinza.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Rudo Virginia yakaita kuti mitemo yehurumende irege kubvumirwa nemitemo yedzinza rakasiyana. Richard Loving, murume muchena, uye Mildred Jeter, mukadzi muBlack, vakaroorwa muWashington, D.C., asi apo vakadzokera kuVirginia vakapomerwa kuputsa mutemo weReadence yeReaunity. Vakava nemhaka yemhosva uye vakatongerwa kuva gore mutorongo, vakaregeredzwa pamugariro wavakasiya Virginia. Pashure pokunge murevereri wavo wedare guru akakumbira, Dare repamusoro rakaputsa mitemo yose inorwisana nehurumende. Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akarangarira kuti rusununguko rwokuroora idziviriro yakarurama neCeat Claus. Kutonga kwapamutemo kwakaiswa pamugariro wapakati weroorano mu 16 munyika uye kwakanyorwa dzinza rakaenzana. "Muteshivistero wedu, Sternernern, kana kuti arofe nedzinza romunhu arege kuroorwa. Kudzoswa kweChirevotiti.

Kuva Woga, Rusununguko, uye Kuzvishandira

Dare Repamusorosoro rakakudza zvishoma nezvishoma dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo muidzi nharaunda, kazhinji kazhinji richiisa zvisarudzo mumaruramiro orusununguko nokuva voga norusununguko pasi peGungwe Retsika reClaus.

Wade (1973)

Roe Roe Rorevey akagadza kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yavakadzi yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri. Mhaka yacho yakabva kumitemo yeTexas iyo yakaputsa kubvisa mimba kwakawanda kunze kwokuponesa upenyu hwaamai. "Jane Roe"(a piclonym nokuda kwaNorma McCorvey/*challhelder yaidzosa mutemo pavakadzi vose vane mimba. Dare repamusoro, muchisarudzo cha 7-2, rairangarira kuti maruramiro okuvanda pasi peKirendment Resmentation’s Clausleace anobatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi kugumisa pamuviri. Mutongi Harry Blackmun anokamuranisa pamuviri pavakadzi vatatu.

Roe v. Wade akava chimwe chezvisarudzo zvakaitiranwa nharo zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Chakasimbiswazve mu Parents v. Casey (1992, iyo yakatsiva gadziriro inoyera ne "mutwaro usingakundiki". Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT]] (20222), Dare rapamberi raro roudzorosa uye Casey, rinodzorera mupimo wokubvisa mimba kuzvinhu. Pasinei zvapo nokuchinja kwaro, mafaro anoramba ari pakati pekurukurirano dzekodzero dzokubereka.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Lawrence v. Texas yakatonga mitemo yehurumende yaidzosa kuva pedyo kwohuhuhumwe. Mhaka yakavamba apo mapurisa akapinda mumusha waJohn Lawrence ndokumusunga naTyron Garner nokuda kwokuputsa "mufambiro wevatano yevatano yevatano yetexas". Dare Gurusa, muchisarudzo chapamberi pechisarudzo chehurumende, chakatonga chisarudzo charo chapakarepo mu [FLT: 0] Bawickers v. Hardwick[[[FLL:1] [1986] uye rakarangarira kuti Mutengi woMuitiro waClaus Claus unodzivirira maruramiro avakuru okuita vatano pachivande. Murangariro waAudzo woga wakasimbisa kuti kusatendera mufambiro wetsika kururamisa utsotsi. Lawrence v. Texas yakanga iri nheyo kurutsigiriro yepamutemo kurukirame.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Obergefell v. Hodges vanonyoresa pamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano munyika yose. James Obergefell naJohn Arthur, varoorani voutere vamwe chetevo vapamutemo muMaryland, sud Ohio nokuda kwokuramba kuziva roorano yavo pashure porufu rwaArthur. Dare Gurusamende rakatonga 5-4 kuti Dare reMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo rinovimbisa maruramiro okuroora vakwanyina voutere vamwe chetevo. Mutongi Kennedy anorangarira kuti roorano yakabatanidza nheyo dzetsika dzomunhu oga oga, chiremera, uye kuva nohuenzani. "Vanokumbira chiremera chakaenzana mumaziso omutemo," Kennedy akanyora. "Bumbiro remitemo rinovabvumira izvozvo." Chisarudzo chaichinodikanwa kuti vapinze mapepa ose okunyoresa eroorano kuroorano kumibatanidzwa neanopfuura mativi ose ezvibvumirano zvevatano uye vazive mudzimwe nyika.

Kupa Kodzero Nokutora Rutivi Rwehurumende

Dare Repamusorosoro rakataura nezverusaruraganda nokutonga kuchishandisa nyaya dzinodudzira Dare Rekodzero Dzevanhu uye Voting Rights Act ya1965.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Shelby County v. Mubati akarerutsa nzira yokufumura yakashandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoi udzoi hwaida kurongwa kwehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Voting Rights Act ya1965 yaida nyika nenharaunda nenhau yemiitiro yokuvhotera kuti awane mvumo kubva kuU.S. Department of Justice pamberi pokuita chinjo dzipi nedzipi. Gadziriro yokufumura, yakavakirwa pa 1964 na 1968, yakanga isina kugadziridzwa. Mutongi mukuru John Roberts's's 5-4 airangarira kuti muitiro wacho unoputsa nheyo youchangamire hwehurumende hwakaenzana uye wakanga usina kudzorwa.

Chisarudzo chakashatisa nenzira inobudirira chinodikanwa chekare, sezvo Congress yakakundikana kuhwirudzura mutoo wacho. Mumhinduro, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagadza ganhuriro dzokuvhota, kubatanidza mitemo yemifananidzo yorumano, yakaderedza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kubviswa kwemivhoti mirobhoti. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti Shelby County v. Horer akagonesa kudzvinyirira muvhoti uye kudzivirira kwakaneteswa nokuda kwavavhoti vashoma. Vatsi vanotaura kuti yakadzorera chiremera chehurumende uye kuti zvimwe zvirongwa zveVoting Rights Act zvinoramba zvichichengetwa. Mhaka yacho inosimbisa kuti kudzikamisa sei kutarisirwa kwehurumende neFoleration mumavhotation.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

United States v. Nixon akataura ganhuriro dzesimba rapurezidhendi mukati mechinya. Kunyange zvazvo isiri nhau yekodzero dzavagari vemo dzegamuchidzanwa, yakasimbisa kutonga kwomutemo neruramisiro yakaenzana pasi peBumbiro remitemo(a guru rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akataura ropafadzo yechiremera yokudzivisa kurekodwa kwetepi nezvinyorwa zvenhau dzechiNgezi. Dare guru rakaramba kutaura kwake, riine mhaka yokuti kudikanwa kwoufakazi mumuedzo weutsotsi kunopfuura fariro yaPurezikuru yekodzero dzavagari vemo. "Hayi dzidziso yokuparadza masimba, kana kuti kudikanwa kwekurukurirano yenzvimbo yepamusoro-pamhenero," Chivisoti chomutemo mukuru waGwaro chakanyorwa, "can, ropafadzo isingakwaniwi, yaMongameli wekudzivisa dare mumigariro mumigariro yedare mumigariro yose yemhosva." Chibvumirano chamashoko chamashoko anozivisa pamusoro penyika inopfuudzorwi pamusoro penhau yake.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Nedziviriro Yakaenzana

Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsanangura Bumbiro Remitemo kuti rinofanira kumiririrwa nemutemo, kutongwa zvakanaka, uye kudzivirirwa pakusarudzwa kwedare rinoita kuti munhu atore mhosva.

Wainwright (1963)

Gidheoni akavimbisa kodzero yokupa zano nokuda kwavapomerwi mumhaka dzehurumende. Clarence Gidheoni akapomerwa mhosva yokupaza muimba yezvitima zveFlorida uye aisagona kuva negweta. dare raitonga rakaramba kugadza rimwe, uye Gidheoni akawanira mhaka mhaka. Aimirira ari mutorongo, Gidheoni akaisa chikumbiro chakanyorwa noruoko kuDare guru. Dare racho rakabatana raidavira kuti kodzero yeSikisith Amendment yokupa zano kupfurikidza neGajimendemented Sound Sound Proces Claces Claus. Mutongi Hugo Black akanyora kuti magwetal "zvisaitwe, kwete humbo hwezvipfura." mhaka yaGidheoni yakatungamirira kurangano yavose mhiri kwamaruwa munyika uye inoramba iri dziviriro nokuda kwenheyo yenheyo yeGeneth Rendexfacessss.

Batson naKentucky (1986)

Batson v. Kentucky yakarambidza kubviswa kwevanganzi vatongi pahwaro hwedzinza bedzi. Dare rakatanga mutoo wenhano nhatu dzokuyera rusaruro rwedzinza mukusarudzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi: kutanga, mukwirirwi anofanira kuita prima facie anoratidza dzinza; chechipiri, mutongo unofanira kupa rondedzero yedzinza yenhangemutange; yechitatu, dare rinotonga rinosarudza kana tsananguro yacho iri pamutemo. Batson inoshanda kumhaka dzouganda uye kurusarura vanhurume. Mhaka yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kumuitiro wenhau yakakurumbira wevatema veBlackher kuvimbisa kuti vachena vose vaikwidzerirwi, vanoshandisa kudzivirira kunoitwa mumutemo.

mhedziso

Chiratidzo chenhau dzepaLand Court Supreme pakodzero dzavagari vemo zvose zviri zviviri chakaratidzira ndokuumba kunzwisisa kwenyika kwakaenzana, rusununguko, uye ruramisiro. Kubva pakuramba kwaDred Scott kuva mugari wemo kusvikira kuObergefell kugamuchirwa kweroorano, rwendo rweDare rwave rwakasiyana asi pakupedzisira rwava runopfuurira. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinovakirwa pamiuyo yapakuvamba kana kuti kugadziridza zvikanganiso zvapakuvamba. Mhaka dzinokurukurwa pano/Brown, Loving Roe, Lawrence, Obergefell, Shelby County, uye vamwe (5) zvinoramba zviri pakati pekurukurirano yazvino pamusoro pekuvhotera, rusununguko rwokubereka, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye LGBTQ+.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo hakusati kuri kungovawo zvako muitiro wedzidzo. Zvinopesvedzera upenyu chaihwoihwo: anogona kuroora, anogona kuvhota, anogamuchira muedzo wakarurama, uye kana mutemo uchibata vanhu vose nechiremera chakaenzana. Sezvo vadudziri venguva yemberi neruramisiro vanopfuurira kududzira Bumbiro remitemo, nhaka yeiyi zvinyorwa ichatungamirira (uye chizvarwa chitsva) uye chinodenhwa nechizvarwa chitsva. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakabatana, kufunda nhau dzekodzero dzeSupreme Court kunokosha kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuedza kweAmerica muhurumende yogando uye kurwisa kunopfuurira nokuda kwomubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru.