Simba Rakadzikama

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo igadziriro yebumbiro remitemo iyo inodzivisa bazu rimwe reUnited States kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Enshrine muBumbiro remitemo rakarongerwa muna 1787, iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti simba rinoparadzirwa pakati pemitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye mapazu okutonga, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa akasiyana uye nzira dzokudzivisa dzimwe. Vagadziri veBumbiro remitemo, vanoshandisa mazana amakore ouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika noruzivo rwavo vamene rwokuzvitonga, vakatsvaka kuparira hurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe. Chirongwa ichi chinoramba chiri choungwanotangira ruzhinji rweAmerica, chinoumba rwisano iri yose inokosha yezvamatongerwe enyika uye chinobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira munhau yenyika.

Mapazi Matatu: Kuvakwa uye Kuchinja Simba

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinokamura hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rakapiwa masimba akananga anonyorwa munyaya nhatu dzokutanga. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuriwo zvako chati yesangano; igadziriro yamaune kuita kuti kudzora mutoro unogoveranwa.

Bazu Romutemo: Dare Sebazu Rokutanga

Bazu remitemo, rakatangwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, rine mutoro wokuita mitemo yehurumende. Iri bazi rakaumbwa neCongress, chigaro chebhiya ramabhiyamageni chinoumbwa neImba youmende neDare. Imba, ine mitezo 435 yokuvhota inogoverwa nevagari vehurumende, rakarongedzerwa kuratidzira kuda kwakakurumbira uye kutanga zvikwereti zvemari. Dare, navatambi vaviri vehurumende pahurumende pahurumende, rinopa mamiriro enyika akaenzana namasimba akasiyana akadai sokusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano zverautizi. Pamberia, dare rinova nesimba rechikwama chemari chinoshandiswa nehurumende kupedza kudzora mari. Iri chiremera chikuru chinobvumira kuti dare riise muteve mutezo wenyika, kutarisira kupfurikidza nokusarira dare vakuru vakuru vakuru.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Rinochengeta Mitemo

Bazu guru, rinorondedzerwa muChikamu II, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States uye rinobatanidza Vice Purezidhendi, Bitmate, uye masangano akawanda ehurumende. Basa guru raPrezidhendi nderokuputsa mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare. Purezidhendi anoshandawo soMutungamiriri Muchikuru wemauto ane zvombo, mufambiro wokumwe, kukurukurirana zvibvumirano, uye kugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vakuru (vadzorwa nedare). Bazu revakuru rakura zvikuru muurefumende chifo chokuvamba, bviti resimba raro guru rokuita mutemo rinoramba richiongororwa navose vari vaviri vadzori vemitemo uye mapazuro. Purezidhendi anogona kupesvedzera zvibvumirano zvemitemo kupfurikidza nekero yeHurumende yeUnion, kuronga zvikwereti, uye kushandisa simba rehurumende kumisa mutemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo

Bazu redare, rakaumbwa pasi peChikamu III, rinoumbwa neDare reChikamu chikuru nematare ehurumende akaderera akaumbwa neCongress. Basa raro guru nderokududzira revo yemitemo, kuishandisa kunhau imwe neimwe, uye kusarudza kana mutemo kana kuti zviito zvokutonga zvichiputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Dare Gurusa rine simba rokuongorora , chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo uye kuita mabasa evakuru vakuru vasina kubatana nedare. Iri bazi rinoita semutemendero yokupedzisira yenhau [Marbury v.. [FL].G]

Kuongorora Kwaunoita Nokudzikama

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvishandiso zvakati zvokuganhurira zviito zvezvimwe, kuvamba gadziriro ine simba yokutarisirana inoda batira pamwe nekurukurirano.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

Dare rine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasimba zvokutarisira uye kumanikidza bazu rinotungamirira:

  • O uzivi hwevhati: Kana Purezidhendi akasaipira mutemo, Congress inogona kuhuita kupfurikidza nokuchengeta voruzhinji vane mavhoti maviri namatatu muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare.
  • Kusimbisa uye zano: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kuKabhinati, judiary yehurumende, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakwirira. Dare rinopawo zano nemvumo pazvibvumirano, richida mavhoti maviri etatu nokuda kwokuitwa vabhinya.
  • Kurongedza nokubvisa: Imba inogona kushatisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi weSanihenzi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi hwakaipa.” Ipapo Dare rinoita kutonga uye rinogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri.
  • Simba rechikwama:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora ndyiko yose yehurumende; hapana mari inogona kutorwa muHwaro reMari pasina kunyoreswa mutemo.
  • Kupinzwa nokunzwa:[[FL:1] matare eCongress anogona kuisa zvapupu zvepopo nemagwaro, kunzvera mibato yebazu yokufumura tsvina, kunyengera, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

Purezidhendi anogonawo kushora Congress munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Simba reVET: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba kusaina mutemo, kuudzorera kuCongress nokuramba. Ikoku kunoda kuti Congress iunganidze mativi maviri ane mativi matatu kuti ikunde.
  • Kuronga marusando chaiwo: Purezidhendi anogona kuronga Congress nokuda kwerusando chairwo apo nhau dzekurumidziro dzinomuka, achimanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kukurukura nhau chaidzo.
  • Gadziriro yezvirongwa zvepurogiramu: Kupfurikidza nekero dzavose, Purezidhendi anokarakadza miitiro uye anogona kushandisa “chikuva chapamutemo” kukurudzira tsigiro yavose, achimanikidza Congress kuita pamusoro pezvinhu zvokutanga.
  • Mirairo nemirairo zvinoshanda: Nepo asati ari nzvero yakananga paCongress, Purezidhendi anogona kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira masangano ehurumende mukushandisa mitemo, nenzira inobudirira kuumba muitiro mukati memiganhu yemitemo iripo.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mapazi Ose Ari Ose

Vatongi vanogovera nzvero inokosha pakunzverwa kwemitemo navakuru vakuru:

  • [[FLT: 0] Tsvakurudzo yedare: Dare Rapamusoro namatare ehurumende akaderera anogona kurova mutemo upi noupi kana kuti chiito choukuru chinorwisana neBumbiro remitemo.
  • Kuiswa kwemirau: Dare rinosarudza revo yemitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress, inogona kuchinja nenzira inobudirira nzira iyo mitemo inoshandiswa nayo.
  • Upenyu: [ vatongi veFederal havasati vari pasi penhambo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvokusasarura pasina kutya matsive, kunyange zvazvo vachigona kubviswa kupfurikidza nokusaraira.

Kuongorora uku hakusi kwepakati; kunochinja nokushandisa, kutevedzera, uye kurwisana kwezvematongerwe enyika, zvichiita kuti gadziriro yacho itsungirire asi pano neapo kurwisana.

Mavambo Enhau Edzidziso Yacho

Murangariro wechekeso nedzikamo hauna kubuda muchinhu. Vagadziri vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nomufungiri weVenyurwe Baron de Montesquieu, ane 1748 anoshanda Mudzimu weMitemo[ [I] yaiitirana nharo kuti kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, masimba anofanira kuparadzaniswa uye kudzikamiswa pakati pamapazu akasiana. Chino chavagari veAmerica nehurumende yeBritain (cromasm) chakaita chidomasi nesimba rose rinodokugoverwa. Mukati meose. [5] Mubvumirano iyi inopesana nesimba remitemo ye 1787, vamiririre inodikanwa zvikuru kuti ive mvumo yakakwane simba guru kuti igovane. Chiteshino chemitemo chapamutemo chapamutemo chakananwa mukuita kuti chishamiso chaparo chishamiso chapamutemo chive. [5]

Mienzaniso Inokosha Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo Inoshanda

Nhau yeAmerica yakazadzwa nenguva dzinoshamisa apo kunzvera nedzikamo zvakaedzwa ndokusimbiswazve.izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidzira simba retsika nekuvadziko kwayo yapanhambo nenhambo.

Watergate Scandal: Congress v. Mutungamiriri

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate chema 1970 ndeimwe yemienzaniso ine simba zvikurusa yenzvero dzemitemo pamukuru mukuru. Pashure pokunge mbavha dzapinda mudzimbahwe reDemocratic Committee, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akaedza kufukidza kubatanidzwa kwehurumende. Congress akatanga kunzvera, metapete dzeWhite House, uye Dare reHouse Jaudiary rakavhoota nyaya dzechitsoropoti. Dare reSupreme Court rakamanikidzira Nixon kumanikidza Nixon kusunungura matepidhiyo ( United States v.Nxson[FLT], 1974]), rinoratidzira kuzvimirira mutongi. Pamberi pedo nokubvisa nyaya dzokusarusarusa. Nixon.U.S.

Judicial Review Yakagadziriswa: Marbury v. Madison (103)

Murangariro weMutongi mukuru John Marshall mu [FLT: 0] Madison wakasimbisa simba redare rokuhwirudzura mabasa eCongress ndokuazivisa kuva asina wirirano. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka yapakarepo yaibatanidza gakava duku, chisarudzo chakataura kuti “kwakananga iruwa nebasa redhipatimendi redare kutaura kuti mutemo uri.” Iri simba rehwirudzuro redare rakashandiswa mazana enguva kuputsa mitemo pahwaro hwemitemo, kubva kuuranda kumibato yemibato, kuita Dare Rapamusorosoro bhishopu pasinei zvapo nokushaikwa kwesimba raro.

Kurayira Kunopfuurira: Munondo Womutemo

Imba yaVamiririri yakashora mapurezidhendi matatu: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), uye Donald Trump (209 ne2021). Hapana akawanwa mhaka neDare, asi muitiro wacho umene unobatira sechenjero ine simba. Mitengo yaPrezidhendi Johnson yakabuda murwisano pamusoro porupratya rweReconstantion; Purezidhendi Clinton akabva mumhoshoro yomunhu oga; uye Purezidhendi Trump’s akavakirwa pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nenyanduro. Kutonga kumwe nokumwe kwakamanikidzira muganhu wenyika kuisa pamiganhuro, uye kubvisa muganhu mukuru nokuda kwokubviswa. Kuwedzera kuvapurezidhendi wehurumende, vatongi vehurumende vave vasina kupiwa mhaka uye vatongi vehurumende pamusoro pomutemo.

Muitiro Wokugadzwa kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Mapurezidhendi anoisa zvigadziko zviduku, asi Dare rinofanira kuzvisimbisa, kuparira muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika unowirirana nevavariro yechiremera nenzvero yomutemo. Hondo dzesimbiriro dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pevatongi Neil Gormoth, Brett Kavataugh, naAmy Coney Barrett dzakaratidza kuti iyi chekero inogona kuva inova inotsiva zvikuru, bva muitiro wacho unovimbisa kuti hapana rimwe sangano rinogona kuumba judiary. Kuramba kweDare kurangarira Purezidhendi Obama Merrickland muna 2016 amene kwakanga kuri kushandiswa kwokungwarira pamitemo, kuenzanisira kuti kunyange muiti anogona kuva anokwanisa kunzvera.

Kukosha Kwekero Nedzikamo Zvehurumende Inosarudzwa Nayo Yakanaka

Macheki nedzikamo hazvisi zvinonetsa zvebureaucratic; zvinokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira rusununguko, kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, uye kusimudzira kuzvidavirira. Nokuparadzira simba, masimba egadziriro ekurukurirano nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuderedza ngozi yokuti idi rimwe ripi neripi rinogona kuisa parisingadzorwi. Mutemo womutemo unosimbiswa apo bazi rimwe nerimwe rinogona kudenha kududzirwa kweBumbiro remitemo. Vagari vemo vanobetserwawo nokuoneka pachena: apo Congress anonzvera zviito zvechiremera kana kuti mutemo unohwirudzura, ruzhinji runowana nzwisiso mumashandire anoita hurumende yavo. Uyezve, tsika inogovera mifungo mizhinji yokupinda vagari vemo kuti vatsigiriki vatsiri vehurumende kuti vatsigire simba, kukumbira vamiriri vavo, kana kuti vapire kudenha dare kudenha hurumende.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvetsika

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kugadzira, kwakatangwa muzana remakore rechi18, kunogona kuita kuti munhu anyatsova nemukana uye asakwanisa kuita zvinhu, kunyanya munguva dzenjodzi.

Kuchinja Dzvene Nokuvhara

Kana rimwe boka rikadzora purezidhendi uye rimwe richidzora kamuri rimwe kana kuti ose ari maviri eCongress, kuongorora kunogona kuchinja kuva mavharo. Mitemo yeFilibuster muDare, kumira kwemari, uye kuramba kusimbisa kuti maminei anogona kumisa utongi. Somuenzaniso, hurumende ya2013 yakavhara Act yeAffordic kana kuti 201819 inodzima rusvingo rwemuganhu inoratidzira kuti simba rechikwama chinogona sei kuodza hurumende apo mapoka ezvematongerw enyika anenge akadzika midzi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti vagadziri vemapuraneti vanogona kuisa pfungwa panzvimbo yakapoteredza pasi penyika uye kuti kudzorwa kwemazuva ano uno unova zvitopedzerwa zvombo.

Kunyanyodzora Nokuwedzera Kwesimba reUnitary

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akawedzera chiremera chevakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, zviito zvokutungamirira, uye kupindira kwemauto pasina kutenderwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti izvi zvinokanganisa kuenzana kwakarongedzerwa, zvichichinja purezidhendi kuva munhu anenge aita seasingashandisi. War Power Powers Resolution ya1973, yakapfuudzira Porezidhenti Nixon, yakaedza kuderedza mano apurezidhendi okuisa mauto kune dzimwe nyika, asi kubvumirana kwacho kwave kusingawirirani. Kushandiswa kwokusaina mashoko kuti vatsaure mitemo yakamutsawo kupesana kwechinangwa chomutemo.

Kutyisidzira Kurusununguko Rwokutonga

Bazu redare, kunyange zvazvo rakadzivirirwa noupenyu, harisati riri risingatapurwi nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kugadzwa kwazova kunopesana zvikuru, uye vamwe vatsoropodzi vanopomera kuti vatongi vanosarudza nhau dzakavakirwa zvikuru papfungwa kupfuura pamutemo. Nhamburiko dzokukudza Dare Gurusa, kuisa ganhuriro dzenguva, kana kuti kubvisa matare akaderera ehurumende anotyisidzira kuzvimirira uko kunogonesa vatongi kubatira sevapi vezvamatongerwe enyika. Sangano inotsamira pakuvimbwa navanhu mujaji, uye kudenha chiremera charo kunogona kunetesa chivimbo ichocho.

Denho Yokusabvumirana

Kunyange apo bazi rinopa chekero yakajeka() yakadai sechisarudzo chedare kana kuti rimwe bazu redare redare duku(*) rinogona kudzivisa. Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akaramba nenzira yakakurumbira kuita kuti chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chidzivirire nyika dzeCherokee. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, masangano ebazu makuru pane dzimwe nguva akafuratira zviputu kana kuti akagovera mhinduro dzisina kukwana kukunzvera kwedare, kuchitungamirira kukuparira hondo dzapamutemo. Pasina kudisa kuwirirana nokuzvidira, macheki anobva ava mapfumo.

Kudzokera Kurevererwa Kwazvino Uno Nokushandiswa Kwenyika Chaikoikwo

Mitemo nedzikamo zvinoramba zviripo muWashington. Congress inoshandisa simba rayo rokutarisira kuti ipe mhosva pachinhu chiri chose kubva pamhinduro yesarudzo kuchengeteko. Dare Rapamusorosoro rinopedza nharo huru pamusoro pekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri, mitemo yepfuti, uye mirau yemhoteredzo. Purezidhendi anopfuurira kushandisa simba nemirairo yehurumende. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, tsika yakaedzwa nezvinoitika zvisina muenzaniso: kusatenderwa kwapurezidhendi kaviri, kuramba kwehurumende kubatira pamwe nokunzvera kwemibatanidzwa, uye kusarudza kunorwisana kwaida kuti matare arambe kurwisana. Chiitiso chimwe nechimwe chinosimbisa kuti gadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo inoramba kuva yakakodzera.

Gadziriro yacho inotambanudzwawo kupfuura mwero wehurumende. Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rinobatanidza paradzano yamasimba, uye vagari vemo vanogona kutarira kushanda muhurumende dzavo vamene dzenyika. Kukwanisa kukwidza hurumende, maruramiro okutaura norusununguko, uye dziviriro dzemuitiro wakafanira zvose zvinotsamira pakushanda kunopfuurira kwecheki nedzikamo.

Mugumisiro: Gadziriro Inoda Kungwarira

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri yokuzvibatira kana kuti kuzvibatira. Inotsamira pavagari vemo vakaziviswa, vabatiri vavanhu vakazvitsaurira, uye kuzvipira kumwe kumitemo yebumbiro remitemo. Apo simba rinoiswa mungozi, rusununguko runenge rwava mungozi; apo macheki anoremekedzwa, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vanobudirira. Marongedzero aro akaronga hurumende ingamanikidza mapazu akasiyana kubatira pamwe na(apo kukwikwidza. Sezvo nyika ino inotarisana nedenho itsva, kubva kukuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kusvikira kukusagadzikana kwenyika yose. Simba rinogara renzvero nedziyo dzinovadziko dzinova mumitengo mumitengo yayo: kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vaidzwe, kuti mitemo ipesanwe pachena, uye kuti hapana munhu kana boka ringazviisa rimene pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo. Vagarikidzani vanofanira kugara muchikwereta, kutaura, uye kusimbisa kuti chiyero chinopfuudzirwa kudzivirira maruramiro eUnited States.