Kupindira Kunoita Mitemo, Kutungamirira, uye Kutonga Mukutonga Kwezuva Nezuva

Kubatana kwemasimba emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare injini yokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Nepo mabhuku anorondedzera aya mapazu seakaparadzana, mukushanda anoramba achiwirirana, kutaurirana, uye pane dzimwe nguva kurwisana. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu anoshanda pamwe chete sei — uye kunorwisana sei namasangano emitemo yedu, kunodzivirira maruramiro edu, uye anoita kuti hurumende izvidavirire. Nyaya ino inopfuudzira kupfuura rondedzero huru dzokunzvera rondedzero dzinooneka pakati pamapazu matatu, ichishandisa mienzaniso yenguva inowirirana nenhau kuratidza kuti tsika ino inoshanda sei muupenyu hwezuva riri rose.

Bazu Romutemo: Harisi Mitemowo Zvayo Yokunyora

Bazu remitemo, zvikurukuru Dare reU.S., rinowanzorondedzerwa sedare rokugadzira mutemo. Asi mabasa aro anotambanukira kure kupfuura kunyora mabhiri. Musangano unodzorawo bhajeti rehurumende, kugadza kwapurezidhendi, kusimbisa zvibvumirano, uye mufambiro webazu guru kupfurikidza nokunzwa nokunzvera. Baobaral . .Nzvimbo yeBare of Sexs (535, inogoverwa navagari vemo) uye Dare (100, mitezo miviri paruwa) zvakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa fariro dzenyika dzinogara dzichivakwa nedzakakuravana.

Gadziriro yeDare: Uko Basa Chairoiro Rinoitika

Matare akamira akaita seDare reImba yeMutudia kana kuti Dare reMari reDare reSamende reMitemo rinokarakadzwa, rinoita kuti mutongo uvimbe nezvapupu zvine unyanzvi, uye ronyora mabhiriti vasati vasvika pauriri. Mahofisi echimbishi anodzidzira kuva mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha, kubva pakurima kusvika pakusabatana kwemakombiyuta. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira unyanzvi hwezvirongwa asi inoparirawo mikana yemabhotoro kuti iedze kuvhura. Somuenzaniso, Dare repaimba paTowersty and Reformation rinowanzoongorora zviito zvebazi, kufumura, kufumura, kushatisa, kunyengera, kana kuti kushatisa.

Simba Rechidyiro

Kudzora kweCongress pakushandisa mari kwehurumende ndeimwe yenzvero dzayo dzakasimba zvikurusa pabazu guru. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress simba kumari yakafanira, kureva kuti purezidhendi haagoni kupedza mari pasina mvumo yemitemo. Simba iri rakashandiswa kuganhurira zviito zvavakuru vakuru, zvakadai sokudzivisa kubhadharwa kwemari nokuda kwemimwe mibato yehondo kana kuti kuisa migariro kubhajeti yemari yemitengo. Government Accompability Office (GAO) inobetsera Congress mukunzvera mari inoshandiswa navakuru vakuru, kubudisa mishumo inowanzotungamirira kukuchinja.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Kutarisira Congress ibasa rinopfuurira. Matare anodana vakuru vemasangano nevakuru vakuru vanotarisira kuti vapupurire pasi pemhiko, vachida tsananguro dzezvisarudzo zvemitemo. Mienzaniso yedare rapamusoro inobatanidza kubvunzurudza kwedare uye kubvunzurudza kwapaImba muCapitol. Kutonga uku hakungopi mitemo chete asiwo kuumba pfungwa dzavose. Masangano anogonawo kupupurira uye kumanikidza zvapupu, kunyange zvazvo kurwisana nebazi guru panzvimbo inobvunzurudzwa uye kubvunzurudza zvinenge zvichiitwa mudare kazhinji kacho.

Bazi Rinotungamirira: Kubva kuna Purezidhendi Kuenda Kuutongi Hwehurumende

Bazu ravakuru vakuru rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, asi rinobatanidza chishandiso chikuru chokutarisira: madhipatimendi 15 edare, mazana amasangano (seEPA, FDA, uye FBI), uye vashandi vomuhurumende vanopfuura mamirioni maviri. Basa rebumbiro remitemo rapurezidhendi roku “ngwarira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nenzira yokutendeka” rinopa chisarudzo chikuru mukushandisa mitemo. Uku kuchenjera kunoitwa kupfurikidza nemirayiro yehurumende, zviziviso, uye kugadzira mitemo.

Mirairidzo Yavane Chinzvimbo Chikuru Nenhungamiro Dzapurezidhendi

Mirayiro inodzora ine simba romutemo wamasangano ehurumende, asi inofanira kudzika midzi munyika dzapamutemo kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo. Mapurezidhendi anoshandisa kugadza muitiro pasina kumirira Congress. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Purezidenti Obama’s Defered Action for Childhoows (DACA), kurambidzwa kwerwendo rwaPrezidenti Trump kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim-majority, uye Purezidhendi Biden’s pachinjo yemamiriro okunze. Matare anowanzohwirudzura mirairo youtungamiriri kuvimbisa kuti havasati vapfuure simba rapurezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira chirambidzo mu [FLT:] . Hawaii , , .[FLT.[FLD1] [2018]) asi akavhara zvinhu zveDCA mukutonga kwapakuvamba.

Muitiro Wokutonga

Masangano eFederal anopa mitemo kuti ishande nemitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Ikoku kunobatanidza mutoo murefu wokunyora, tsinhiro dzavose, uye chinyorwa chokupedzisira muFederal Register. Munsi meAdministrative Procediture Act, masangano anofanira kururamisa mitemo yawo ndokupindura tsinhiro dzinokosha. Uku kugadza mitemo kunogona kuva nemiuyo mikuru muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kuronga mipimo yebudiriro yezvokudzivirira zvokudya, kana kuti kurondedzera dziviriro dzemvura dzakachena. Bazu redare rinogona kudzora mitemo iri “yezvo uye yakashata, sezvinooneka mu Virginia v. [PAFLT:1]]

Mitemo Yokumwe Nemishonga

Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru wemitemo namukuru mukuru wemauto ane zvombo. Nepo purezidhendi achigona kutaurirana zvibvumirano, izvo zvinoda Dare reSanihendi mbiri dzamatatu nokuda kwokuparadza. Kudzivisa ichi chipingamupinyi, purezidhendi anowanzoshandisa zvibvumirano zvehurumende, izvo zvisingadi tendero yeDare. Uku kusawirirana pakati pesimba revakuru vakuru neromutemo munhau dzokunze. Somuenzaniso, Iran Nuclear Deal (2015) yakanga iri chibvumirano chikuru, kwete chibvumirano, uye gare gare gare yabviswa napurezidhendi anotevera, achiratidzira kuva negadziriro dzemitemo.

Bazi Rokutonga: Vari Kuwana Mujeri, Vanounzwa, uye Magadhi

Bazu rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inobatanidza matare oruwa (matare edare), matare edunhu ekwidza (matunhu), uye Dare Gurusa. Matare ane simba rokuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu(). Dare rine simba rokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvevakuru vakuru. Simba iri, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803], rinoita kuti bazu redare redare reSangano rive rinowirirana rikwanise kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri Dare nepurezidhendi.

Masvikire Anoita Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusoro rinotonga vanenge 70-80 pagore kubva pa 7 000 dzezvikumbiro. Nhau dzinowanzobva mukukwirira kwezvisarudzo zvedare rakaderera kana kuti mumatare makurusa ehurumende apo mubvunzo mukuru unobatanidzwa. Dare rinopa colterari kumhaka dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare enhu. Zvisarudzo zvechimiro chechinhu chiri chose pamusoro pechinobviswa pamuviri ([[FLT:]]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT: 3, 20), 20222]) kubvumira chiito (]

Kusarudza Nguva Youpenyu uye Kudzikama Kwepfungwa

Vatongi vehurumende vanosarudzwa napurezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa neDare. Vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, kunoitirwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunoita kuti kutonga kuitwe kukwikwidzaniswe zvinotyisa, sezvo kugadzwa kumwe kunogona kuchinja dzikamo yepfungwa dzedare kwamakumi amakore. Kunonoka mukusimbisa Mutungamiriri wehurumende Obama Mermack Garland muna 2016, kuchiteverwa nokusimbiswa kwokukurumidza kweMutongi Amy Coney Barrett muna 2020, kunoratidzira kuti muitiro wokugadza wava sei chibvumirano chenhau chezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro Yemakemikari Nedzikamo Zviri Kushanda

Vagadziri vamapazu matatu vakagadzira kuti ave “akaparadzana asi anowirirana,” achigadzira simba apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa nedzimwe. Hedzino nzira huru dzekunzvera(ne kuti vanotamba sei mukudzora chaikoiko:

  • .Iregispad pamusoro poudzori: Congress inogona kukurira dare ramapurezidhendi nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Inogonawo kuisa muvhoti ndokubvisa purezidhendi, sezvikaedzwa katatu munhau yeU.S. (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump).
  • Kushanda pamusoro poMutevedzeri: Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, kudana Congress kupinda rusando chairwo, uye kubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inodudzira kuti mitemo inomanikidzirwa sei. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, saPurezidhendi weDare, anogona kuisa vhoti dzinoputsa taisi.
  • judicial pamusoro pazvose zviri zviviri: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isingatsiviwi (kuhwirudzurwa kwedare) ndokuraira bazu guru kumisa zviito zvisiri zvapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, mu Protown Comment Comment=Bheep & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayyer[ [1952], Dare rapamusoro rakavhara Purezidhendi Truman kubvutira kwapa zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea.
  • Chirevo pamusoro poMutongi:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kukunda zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, kuchinja ukuru hweDare Rapamusorosoro (simba risingawanzoshandisi asi risingatyisidziri), uye kugadza ganhuriro yematare omubatanidzwa.
  • Kupa mhaka pamusoro poMutongi: purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende uye anogona kupa kanganwiro nokudzorwa nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, kunze kwemhaka dzekusateererwa.

Iyi nzvero inoita gadziriro umo pasina bazi rinogona kuita rimwe nokure. Affordble Care Act (ACA) inogovera muenzaniso wakajeka: Congress yakaipfuudza, Purezidhendi Obama akaiisa zita, uye denho dzakawanda dzapamutemo dzakasvika Dare Rapamusorosoro. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius [20], Dare rakatsigira murairo womunhu oga oga sowedzero yemitero asi yakaganhurirwa Médicaid. Gare gare gare, Congress akachinja mativi eAA, uye Purezidhendi Tru Revolson akabudisa zviratidzo zvokunetesa mamwe magadziriro. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rakaita basa mukugadziridza mumiitiro yokupedzisira.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yerwisano Nebatira Pamwe

Murairo Wokutama: Kurwisa Kutatu Kwamabhinya

Kutora nzvimbo kunoratidzira kuisa mutongo wenguva dzose wehondo. Congress inogadza mitemo yokubuda (muchib., Immignant and Nationality Act), asi apo inotadza kuivandudza, purezidhendi anoshandisa zvirango zvehurumende kuzadza nzvimbo. Purezidhendi Obama akagadzira DHAMA pashure peConvement pashure pekunge padama reDREAM Act. Apo Purezidhendi Trump akaedza kugumisa DCA, Dare Rapamusoro rakavhara murairo wake mu Kudzorwa kweHomeland Security v. Regens dzeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia[FLT] [FLT1] [20]), achitonga kusava nomuitiro wakafanira. Policendicelcel adaiwo DCA aidzoresa chiito chapamhindi, iyo gare gare gare gare, yakaden mumatare ose edare rinohwirira, pamitevedzo yedare repamutemo, anodzosera zviremera zvehurumende.[Forttions]

Kuchinja Kwemhoteredzo: Dzidziso yeKevron Nekuderera Kwayo

Kwemakumi amakore, nheyo ye [[FLT: 0] Chavenson [kubva [[FLT:]] Chaveron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 1984]) yakarayiridza matare kuti achengetedze tsananguriro dzemasangano ane mufungo dzemitemo. Izvi zvakapa bazu repamusoro rakafara mukudzora kushatiswa kwemhepo, chengeteko yebasa, uye misika yemari. Zvisinei, mu [FLT:] Light Entroults Enprises v. [FLT:] [FLD] [20], Dare guru redare pamusoro pechibhaudzo, transformed Regence kudzokera kudare repamusoro rejeri renhau renyika.

Simba Rehondo Nokushandiswa Kweuto

Constitution inopa Congress simba rokuzivisa hondo, asi purezidhendi, somutungamiriri mukuru wemauto, akaisa mauto asina kuzivisa kwepamutemo. Chisarudzo cheWar Powers ya1973 chinoda kuti purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 okuita mauto neganhuriro kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo yedare. Vatungamiriri vemativi ose ari maviri vakapikisana nechiremera chemitemo, chinotungamirira kunzvimbo dzakachena pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kupindira muLibya hakuna kubvumirwa neDare remitemo, kuendesa kumatare anoramba kumira. Kupindira kuno kuno kunoramba kutongwa kuno. Bazu rimwe nerimwe richitaura maruramiro aro.

Basa Ravanhu: Kubatanidzwa Nokuzvidavirira

Kupfuura mapazu matatu epamutemo, vagari vemo vanoita basa rinokosha mukuita basa rokudzora. Nhungamiro dzinosarudza kuti ndiani anozadza mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Voter voout, mipiro yenhimbe, uye kuronga zvinoiswa pakutanga zvavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Bazu rokutonga, nepo rakadzivirirwa pakusarudza kwakananga, rinopesvedzerwa nomuitiro wokugadza (*) uye naizvozvo navavhoti vanosarudza purezidhendi navagadziri.

ZVINOTAURWA nevechikwata zvinosanganisirawo kunyorerana nevamiririri, kupindira mukutonga kwevanhu pamitemo inokarakadzwa, uye kukwidziridza mhosva dzokudenha zviito zvehurumende.

Masangano enzanga anogona kumanikidza chiito chapakati pevbhurukwa. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rakatungamirira kumutemo wechiratidzo (Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vemo cha 1964) uye zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro ( Brown v. Boka reDzidzo[). misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, sangano #MeToo rakasunda Congress kunyanyoval reResciation resciances nejain jasition kuti vataure kusazvibata kwadziri kwakaitwa navatongi. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kufambidzana kwehurumende hakuganhuri kumapazu matatu; igadziriro inobatanidza vanhu veAmerica.

Mugumo: Muitiro Wekunetseka uye Wakadzikama

Kubatana kwemasimba emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare hakusi muitiro wokufungidzira, wokufema unoumba kurapa, kutama, mipimo yemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yenyika. Vavambi vakanzwisisa kuti simba raizonangidzira ngwariro nenzira yomuzvarirwo kana rikasadzorwa, naizvozvo vakagadzira hurumende yamasangano akaparadzana anogoverana masimba. Masangano aya anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, anokoka, uye pakupedzisira anodzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti bazi rimwe rizvitonge.

Kunzwisisa uku kufambidzana kunopa vagari vemo simba rokupinda nenzira inobudirira zvikuru nehurumende yavo. Paunoona purezidhendi achisaina murairo wechiremera, anotarira kutaura kweDare Rapamusorosa, kana kuti kurava pamusoro pekutongwa kwedare, uri kupupurira kuparadzana kwemasimba ari mumabasa. Kudzidza zvakawanda, nzvera zviwanikwa zvakadai [.Gov nokuda kwemashoko emitemo, Imba yePUNITE.] Kana kuti vanhu vakangogara.