Kunzwisisa Kubudirira Kwepamutemo: Kukwegura uye Kusasarura

Kuwiriraniswa kwemitemo yezera nemitemo yekodzero dzokuremara kunoumba nzvimbo yakakomba yebasa nemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu. Nepo mutumbi mumwe nomumwe womutemo uchikurukura mavara akadzivirirwa akasiyana, kushandira kwawo vashandi vakwegura vane urema kunoparira mirangariro yapamutemo yechienzi. Nyaya inonzvera kuti Age Discrimination in Observatory Act (ADEA) neAmerican ane urema hwekurukurirano, uchipa nhungamiro kuvashandirwi, vashandirwi, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinonyora izvi zvinoitika zvakaoma.

Mavambo Omutemo Wezera Rakasiyana

ADEA, yakaitwa muna 1967, inodzivirira vanhu vane makore 40 navakuru pakusarura mabasa pahwaro hwezera. Mutemo unoshanda kuvashandirwi vane vashandi 20 kana kuti kupfuura uye unofukidza kubhadharwa, kupfura, kusimudzirwa, muripo, uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu ebasa. Gadziriro dzinokosha dzinobatanidza zvirambidzo zvokusa kubatwa (rusarurano nemhaka yedonzo) uye shatiso dzinoparadza (kushandisa kunokuvadza nomutoo usingadzorwi vashandi vakura, kunyange kana vasina kutora rutivi pachiso chavo).

ADEA inobvumirawo vashandirwi kuita chiito chinorambidzwa neimwe nzira apo zera rinenge riri chikwaniriso chebasa chakakurumbira (BFOQ) chinodikanwa chine mufungo kushanda kwenguva dzose kwebhizimisi. Zvisinei, dziviriro yeBFOQ inorangarirwa zvishoma. Kusafanana nemimwe mitemo inorwisana nekusasarura, ADEA haibvumiri kutaura kwemhoteredzo dzebasa dzinorwisana nezera rimwe nerimwe mudunhu rimwe nerimwe, kunyange zvazvo mamwe matare akaziva kutaura kwakadaro pasi pemigariro yakati. Vakuru Vashandi Vanobetsera dziviriro dziviriro yeADE DE DE DEV DECT Act (OBPA) vakashandura ADEA kuti vashore zvakananga nhambo yezera mubetsero dzavashandi.

Hwaro Hwokusawirirana Kwekodzero

ADA, yakapfuudzwa muna 1990 uye yakagadziridzwa muna 2008 neADA Amendments Act (ADAAA), inorambidza kusarura vanhu vakakwaniriswa vane urema pabasa, pokugara, zvokufambisa, uye zvokukurukurirana nekombiyuta.ADA inotsanangura kurema kwomuviri kana kuti kwepfungwa kutadzisa vanhu kuita zvinhu zvinokosha muupenyu, kukanganisa kwakadaro, kana kuti kuonekwa sevanokanganisa.

Vashandirwi vane vashandi 15 kana kuti kupfuura vanofanira kupa pokugara pakakodzera vashandi vakakwaniriswa vane urema kutoti kuita kudaro kuchiparira nhamo isakafanira. Muitiro wokukurukura nawo chinhu chinokosha kuADA: Vashandirwi navashandi vanofanira kupinda mukurukurirano yezvitendero zvakanaka kuti vazive pokugara panobudirira. ADA inorambidzawo kutsiva vanhu vanoomerera pakodzero dzavo pasi pomutemo.

Uko Mitemo Miviri Inowirirana: Mushandi Akwegura Asingadzoreki

Maererano nemashoko anobva kuBureau of Labor Statistics yeUnited States, vashandi vane makore 65 nevakuru vanoshuma urema hwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura vashandi vaduku.

Kukurukurirana kwacho kunoita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu anoverengeka anobatsira:

  • Kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzokugara dzine mufungo nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu ezera: Vashandirwi vangarangarira nenzira isiriyo chikumbiro chomusha wakwegura chokugara (mutoo, nzvimbo inomira nokuda kwehosha yemajoini) sechinodikanwa chisina kufanira zvikuru kupfuura chikumbiro chomusha muduku.
  • Mirangariro pamusoro pamano akavakirwa pazera nourema: Vabati vemifungo yendangariro ingachengeta mirangariro yokuti mushandi akura ane urema ndi "pamusoro pegomo" kana kuti asingagoni kudzidza unyanzvi hutsva, hunotungamirira kumabasa akaipa.
  • Rongedzero yeBenefit: Zvimwe zvirongwa zvokushanda zvinogadzirwa noutano kana kuti mudyandigere zvingasiyanisa zera neurema munzira dzingaputsa mutemo mumwe kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri.
  • Zvisarudzo zvokuderedza simba: Mukati mekubviswa, vashandi vakura vane urema vangaitirwa donzo nenzira isingaenzaniswi kana vaiti vechisarudzo vachitsamira pakunzvera kwokurangarira kwokurangarira kana kuti zvitengo zvinoderedza zvinotapura boka iri nenzira isingaenzaniswi.

Kubvumirana Kwepamutemo Kwezvinotaurwa Nemabatanidzwa

Somuenzaniso, mushandi akwegura ane urema paanobatwa zvisina kunaka, angataura kuti anenge anzi neADEA, ADA, kana kuti ose ari maviri anoongorora mashoko oga oga, asi chinyorwa chechokwadi chingavapowo.

Mamwe mashoko angabatanidza kuwiriraniswa kwemharano ne(danho rinoitika nemhaka yokusanganiswa kwezera nourema, panzvimbo pezvimwe zvinhu zvoga.

Misiyano Mikuru Mudziviriro Yapamutemo

Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwakaita ADEA neADA kunokosha pakunyora mashoko maviri:

  • Makirasi akadzivirirwa: ADEA anofukidza zera ramakore 40 napamusoro; ADA inofukidza vanhu nourema (hapana ganhuriro yezera).
  • [[[FURO]] Masumo e-Employer: ADEA inoshanda ku20+ vashandi; ADA inoshanda ku15+ vashandi. Mimwe mitemo yenyika ine zvikumbaridzo zvakaderera.
  • [[[FOL:0] Zvinodikanwa zvokuvakwa: ADA inoraira pokugara pakafanira nokuda kwourema; ADEA haidi pokugara pakavakirwa pazera bedzi.
  • Miuyo inoparadzanisa: ADEA inobvumira kutaura kweshata, asi vashandirwi vanogona kudzivirira kushandisa zvinhu zvine mufungo kunze kwezera (RFOA). ADA inobvumirawo kutaura kwemiuyo inopesana asi nemipimo yakasiana pasi pe "mipimo inoyera" dziviriro.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Mitemo: Mitemo yose iri miviri inobvumira kudzosa muripo, muripo wemberi, uye kukuvadza (pazasi pekepisi pasi peADA). ADEA inogoverawo zvirango zvakaparadzwa muzvinoitika zvokuputsa kwamaune.
  • Kubviswa kwemishonga yokutarisira: Zvose zvinoda kuisa pomero neEEOC pamberi pokukwidza mhaka mudare rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mawirirano enguva ehurumende achisiyana.

Kukura Kunokosha Kwomutemo Wenhau

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvedare zvakaumba kubatana pakati pezera nomutemo werurema. Cleverand v. Policy Management Systems Corp., 526 U.S. 795 (1999), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kukwidza nokuda kweSocial Security Disability Inishuwarensis (SSI) betsero dzingangounza ADA kana dzichigona kutsanangura kusagadzikana pakati pokutaura kuti urema hweSSDI uye kuva munhu anokwanisa kuita mabasa anokosha ane nzvimbo yokugara ine mufungo. Ichi chisarudzo chakakodzera zvikurukuru nokuda kwavashandi vakura vangashandisa nokuda kweSSDI pashure pokuva nezera rakaremara.

Mu Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc., 557 U.S. (2009), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti ADEA Placttiffs rinofanira kubvumikisa kuti zera rakanga riri "kungova" chisakiso chechinhu chinotyisa, kwete chinongova chisakisowo zvacho chinosunda. Uyu mupimo wakakura unopesana nomupimo weADA, unobvumira kutaura kwemipimo yakavhengana (uko urema hunofanira kuva chinhu chinosunda bedzi). Nokuda kwomushandi akura anobvumikisa zera riri rose riri maviri nohuremu, anobvumikisa chisakiso chezera kuva anodenha kana kuti chirema. Dare rakakura kuti riitewo basa rimwe nerimwe.

Imwe nzvimbo inokosha inobatanidza kufambidzana pakati peADEA neADA mukubetserwa kwegadziriro. EOC v. United Airlines, Inc., 673 F.3d 412 (61 Kir), mhaka yakanyorwa kana kepisi yedanho renguva refu revashandi vakura yakaputsa ADEA (kubvira vashandi vakura vanopfuura 60 vaigona kuwana mwedzi mishomanene yebetsero kupfuura vashandi vaduku). dare rakawana kuti meputi dzakadaro dzinogona kuva dzinova dzinopa mhosva dzoutsotsi kutoti dziitwe nendyiko dzinoruramiswa nendyiko yokugovera betsero dzavakuru. Ikoku kuenzanisira kuti zera nokurema mukubetsera mukubetsera.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Nyika dzakawanda dzine mitemo yadzo dzimene inorambidza rusaruro rwezera nehurema, pane dzimwe nguva ichipa dziviriro dzakafara zvikuru kupfuura mutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, California Fair Accounting and House Act (FEHA) inofukidza vashandirwi vose vane vashandirwi 5 kana kuti vakawanda uye haishandisi mupimo we "asi" wezvirevo zvezera. Mitemo ingazivawo zvakajeka kusarurana kana kuti kugovera mishonga mikuru. Vatengi vanofanira kurangarira zvose zviri zviviri zvikamu zvehurumende nehurumende apo vatengi vanopa mazano.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Kuvashandisi

Vashandirwi vanofanira kuita matanho okushingaira kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vawirirane neADEA panguva imwe cheteyo:

  • [ Mamaneja okurovedza netsvimbo yeHR pakuziva nokudzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pazera neurema, kubatanidza fungidziro yokusaziva pamusoro pavashandi vakwegura vakaremara.
  • [ Kubatanidza muitiro wakasimba wokukurukura nokuda kwezvikumbiro zvokugara zvisingadzingi zvinodikanwa zvavashandi vakwegura se “rutivi bedzi rwokukura." Zvikumbiro zvose zvokugara zvinofanira kurangarirwa pamipimo yavo, pasinei zvapo nezera romushandi.
  • Kuyera kushanda kwemiitiro yokuyera [ kubvisa mirangariro yezera iri pakati pemakore ingatapura zvikuru vashandi vakura nourema (mutoo, fungidziro pamusoro pokuchinjika kana kuti simba).
  • [ Kunzvera kunobetsera mapurani nokuda kwegadziriro dzingava netapuro yakapesana pavashandi vakwegura vane urema, zvakadai sekepisi dzebetsero dzourema dzinosiana nezera.
  • Zvisarudzo zvebhizimisi zvebhizimisi nokungwarira. Pakugumisa kana kuti kuderedza mushandi akwegura nourema, vashandirwi vanofanira kuva nezvikonzero zvakajeka, zvisingapidiri pachena zvinotsigirwa noufakazi hwedonzo. Nhevedzo ku "nhau dzebasa" kana kuti "nhau dzechipfuva" dzinogona kukoka kuwiriraniswa pasi pemiraudzo yose iri miviri.
  • Zano remitemo painogadzira mitemo yokuderedza inoita kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti havasati vachingonanga vashandi vakwegura kana vashandi vakaremara. Shandisa mipimo yezvakajeka yakadai semitsetse, unyanzvi, uye kushanda panzvimbo pemitongo inodzorwa.

Misungo Inowanzoshandiswa Nevashandirwi

Vashandirwi kazhinji kazhinji havanzwisisi kuti ADEA neADA dzinowirirana sei.zvikanganiso zvinozivikanwa navose zvinosanganisira:

  • Imbofungidzira kuti nemhaka yokuti mushandi akura, urema hwavo hunotarisirwa kuti huvepo, saka hahudi kugara pasi peADA. ADA haina zera rakasiyana neravo.
  • Kupa zvinhu zvinomanikidza vashandi vakura vakaremara kuti vaende, zvingaita kuti munhu atsive kana kuti apedze zvinovaka.
  • Kushandisa kunzverwa kwomuviri kwougwinyi kana kuti bvunzo dzezvokurapa izvo zvinonzvera zvikuru vashandi vakwegura nourema pasina kubvumikisa kuva nebasa namabasa anoshuviwa.
  • Miitiro yakadaro ingakanganisa ADEA uye kana ichikonzerwa nezvinonzi nevekare vakaremara, ADA.

Kukurudzirwa Kwevashandirwi

Vashandi vakura vakaremara vanodavira kuti vakasarurwa vanofanira kuita matanho anotevera:

  • [ Chinyorwa chiri chose: Chengeta mapepa ekurukurirano dzose, zvikumbiro zvenzvimbo yokugara, kuhwirudzura, uye mabasa akashata ebasa. Nguva dzinonetsa.
  • Fire pomero yakakodzera nguva neEEOC: Nguva imazuva 180 kubva pachiito chokupedzisira chokupa mhosva (mazuva 300 muhurumende ane sangano remiitiro yebasa yakaisvonaka). Kukundikana kunyora panguva kunogona kuvhara mhaka inotevera.
  • Kukumbira nzvimbo yokugara pakuvamba: Kunyange kana ukafungira rusaruro rwezera, kukumbira nzvimbo yokugara nokuda kwehurema kunogona kunyandura dziviriro pasi peADA uye betsero kusimbisa chinyorwa chezvinodikanwa zvako.
  • Tsvaka zano rapamutemo: Gweta rakawanwa muzvose zviri zviviri zera nehurema rinogona kuyera kuti imashoko api akasimba zvikurusa uye kana mutemo wehurumende uchigovera dziviriro dzokuwedzera.
  • [[FLT: 0] Fungai nharo dzapamhene: Kana wakawana rusaruro runoratidzika kuva rwakabatanidzwa navose vari vaviri zera rako nourema (mue., maneja akati "wakwegura zvikuru uye unorwara zvokusagona kupfuurira), iva nechokwadi chokutaura kuti mumitoro yako yeEEOC nezvinyorwa zvapamutemo.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nekurangarira

Sezvo vanoshanda vanokura (nhamba yavaAmerica vane makore 65 navakuru vanokarirwa kupeta kanenge kaviri panosvika 2060(8) kusarura kwezera neurema kuchawedzera kuva kunokosha. Vagadziri vemitemo navatsigiri vakakumbirawo dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwavashandi vakwegura vane urema, kubatanidza kugadziridzwa kuADEA kuzotsiva muedzo unosunda, kuwiriranisa neADA neTitle VII. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvakakarakadzawo kuziva "sanzi pamwe" kana kuti kuronga kunzvimbo yeADE kutsiva dare renyika.

Uyezve, EEOC yakaisa mikana yekuita mabasa anokosha pazera uye pakusarura. Mumakore achangopfuura, EEOC yakaunza nyaya dzinonetsa vashandi vanoshandira dzinobata vashandi vakwegura vakaremara zvakasiyana, zvakadai semitemo yokumanikidzwa kuti vazorega basa pamabasa mamwe angapesanawo neADA kana mushandi achikwanisa kuita mabasa anokosha okugara. Sayenzi yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu inoitawo basa iri iri kuwedzera kutsamira pamichina inobatsira, vashandi vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti maturusi okushandira anowanika uye kuti kurovedza hakutsigiri mirangariro yedzidzo yezera rokudzidza.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] EEC’ADE peji ne ADA National Network nokuda kwenhungamiro yokubvuma. Sangano reBasa reBasa [ rinopa zvishandiso zvinoshanda nokuda kwavashandi, nepo [SM]SM [ inogoveraro dzinogamuchirwa.

mhedziso

Kubatanidzwa kwemitemo yezera yorusaruro nemitemo yekodzero dzokuremara kunosimbisa kudikanwa kwokuchinja maitiro okurwisana nerusaruro nokusasarura. Vashandi vakura vane urema vane kodzero yokudzivirirwa zvakazara nezvose zviri zviviri ADEA neADA, uye vashandirwi vanofanira kudzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvinovabata zvisina kururama pazvikonzero kana kuti zvimwe pamhatsa yezvose zviri zviviri. Nokunzwisisa mipimo yemitemo, zvinetso zvinoshanda, uye zviri kumuka, vatengi vose vanogona kubetsera kukuva nemabasa akabatana uye akakodzera nokuda kwokuva vanhu vakuru vakaremara.